LECTURER:ENGR. UGO.

OHAERI

• COURSE TITLE: microprocessor in control &

instrumentation
• COURSE CODE: CTE 421
• LECTURE BATCH 2
 Microprogrammed Control Unit

• Microprogrammed Control Unit is a relatively

logic circuit that is capable of sequencing through
micro-instructions and generating control signal
to execute each micro-instruction.
• Control Unit: The control Unit is an important
portion of the processor.
• The control unit issues control signals external to
the processor to cause data exchange with
memory and I/O unit. The control Unit issues also
control signals
• The control Unit issues also control signals
internal to the processor to move data between
registres, to perform the ALU and other
internal operations in processor.
• In a hardwired control unit, the control signals
are generated by a micro-instruction that are
used to control register transfers and ALU
operations.
 Control unit design approaches

• How can we use the concept of

microprogramming to implement a Control
Unit ?
• There are two approaches of Control Unit
Design and implementation:
• - Microprogrammed implementation
• - Hardwired logic implementation
Figure 7.2 Control unit with decoded inputs
 Approach of hardwired logic

• Principe:
• - The Control Unit is viewed and designed as a
combinatorial and sequential logic circuit.
• - The Control Unit is implemented by using any of a
variety of “standard” digital logic techniques. The
logic circuit generate the fixed sequences of control
signals
• - This approach is used to generate fixed sequences
of control signals with the higher speed.
• The control unit operates by performing consecutive
control storage reads to generate the next set of
control function outputs. Performing the series of
control memory accesses is, in effect, executing a
program for each instruction in the machine's
instruction set -- hence the term microprogramming.
• The two basic tasks performed by a microprogrammed
control unit are as follows:
• - Micro-instruction sequencing: the microprogrammed
control unit get the next mico-instruction from the
control memory
• - Micro-instruction execution: the microprogrammed
control unit generate the control signals needed to
execute the micro-instruction.
• The control unit design must consider both affect the
format of the micro-instruction and the timing of the
Figure 7.3. Branch Control unit of Microprogrammed Control Unit with with a single address field
 Memory systems

• Basic information about memory chips and

programming
• A memory chip is an electronic component which
can store a program, data or both. In this context,
a program is a series of commands (command
string) for a microprocessor (= computing unit).
Data could consist, for instance, of temperature
values taken by a temperature measurement
system, or any other data.
•
 The program / data is stored in the memory chip by a
series of numbers - zeros and ones (=bits). A Bit can
either be a zero (0) or a one (1).
• The most commonly used term is the Byte, which
contains 8 bits and can accept 2 to the 8th power =
256 different values
• The terms Kilo and Mega with regard to Bytes were
also adapted to the binary nature (zero or one) of the
digital systems. Here, Kilo means 1024 (= 2 to the
10th power) and Mega means 1024 * 1024 =
1048576. Therefore a Kilobyte is 1024 Bytes and a
Megabyte is 1048576 Bytes.