Filtration Filtration is @ mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of solids from fluids {liquids or gases} by interposing a medium through which only the fluid can pass. After filtration the filtrate is transparent liquid free from insoluble solids, colloidal hazes, or insoluble liquid drops Classification Of Filtration filtration and filters can be Classified several ways: 1. By driving force The filtrate is induced to flow through the filter medium by hydrostatic head (gravity), pressure applied upstream of the filter medium, vacuum or reduced pressure applied downstream of the filter medium, or centrifugal force across the medium. Centrifugal filtration is closely related to centrifugal sedimentation. 2 By filtration mechanism Although the mechanism for separation and accumulation of solids is not clearly understood, two models are generally considered and are the basis for the application of theory to the filtration process. When solids are stopped at the surface of a filter medium and pile upon one another fo form a cake of increasing thickness, the separation is called cake filtration. When solids are trapped within the pores or body of the medium, its termed depth, filter-medium, or clarifying filtration. 3. By objective The process goal of filtration may be dry solids (the cake is the product of valve}, Clarified liquid (the filtrate is the product of value), or both. Good solids recovery is best obtained by cake filtration, while clarification of the liquid is accomplished by either depth or cake filtration. 4. By operating cycle Filtration may be intermittent (batch) or continuous. Batch filters may be operated with constant-pressure driving force, at constant rate, or in cycles that are variable with respect to both pressure and rate. Batch cycle can vary greatly, depending on filter area and solids loading, 5. By nature of the solids Cake filtration may involve an accumulation of solids that is compressible or substantially incompressible, corresponding roughly in filter-medium filtration to particles that are deformable and to those that are rigid. The particle or particle aggregate size may be ofthe same order of magnitude as the minimum pore size of most filter media (1 to 10 um and greater), or may be smaller (1 um down to the dimension of bacteria and even large molecules}. Most filtrations involve solids of the former size range: those of the latter range con be filtered, if at all, only by filter medium type filtration or by ultrafilfration unless they are converted fo the former range by aggregation prior to filtration. These methods of classification are not mutually exclusive. Thus filters usually are divided fist into the two groups of cake and clarifying equipment, then into groups of machines using the same kind of driving force, then further into batch and continuous Classes. This is the scheme of classification underlying the discussion of filters of this subsection. Within it, the other aspects of operating cycle, the nature of the solids, and additional factors (e.g., types and classification of filter media) will be treated explicitly or implicitly. MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN FILTRATION The process of filfration involves several mechanisms: 1] Straining - has been identified os the principal mechanism that is operative in the removal of suspended solids during the filtration of settled secondary effluent from biological treatment processes. It occurs when the opening between the media members [fibers, screen mesh, corugated metal, etc.) is smaller than the particle diameter of the particle the filter is designed to capture. @.) Mechanical - particles larger than the pore space of the filtering medium are strained out mechanically. b.| Chance contact - particles smaller than the pore space are trapped within the filter by chance contact 2.] Sedimentation - is the process of allowing particles in suspension in water to settle out of the suspension under the effect of gravity. The particles that setile out from the suspension become sediment, and in water treatment is known as sludge. In this mechanism, particles settle on the filtering medium within the filter 3.) Impaction - occurs when a particle is so large that it is unable to quickly adjust to the abrupt changes in sireamline direction near a filter fiber. The particle, due to its inertia, will Continue along its original path and hit the filter fiber. This type of filtration mechanism is most predominant when high gas velocities and dense fiber packing of the filter media is present. 4.) Interception - occurs when a particle which is following a gas streamline comes within one particle radius of a filter fiver. The particle touches the fiber and is captured, thus being removed from the gas flow. 5.] Adhesion - particles become attached to the surface of the filtering medium as they pass through.6.) Flocculation - By using the flocculation process, suspended and colloidal impurities are reduced to a form suitable for sedimentation so that they can be removed from the water by means of filtration or sedimentation devices. It can occur within the interstices of the filter medium. 7.) Adsorption - takes place when molecules in a liquid bind themselves fo the surface of a solid substance. Adsorbents have a very high intemal surface area that permits adsorption. 2.) Chemical Adsorption - occurs when gas or vapor molecules chemically react with adsorbent material or with reactive agents impregnated into the adsorbent. Potassium permanganate is a common chemisorbent, as it reacts with many common air pollutants, including formaldehyde and sulfur and nitrogen oxides b.) Physical Adsorption - Physical adsorption or physio-sorption results from the intermolecular attraction (VanderWaals forces} of gas or vapor molecules to a surface. 8} Biological growth - Biological growth within the filter reduces the pore volume and enhances the removal of particles with any of the above removal mechanisms. Filter-Medium Characteristics 1, Breaking Tenacity (g/denier) 2. Abrasion Resistance 3. Resistance to Acids 4, Resistance to Alkalines 5. Resistance to Oxidizing Agents 6. Resistance to solvents 7. Specific Gravity 8. Maxirnum Operating Temperature Breaking Tenacity Breaking tenacity is the breaking strength of fibers, or the maximum load that can be supported by the fiber. For man-made staple fibers, 1 mm length samples are pulled until failure. Breaking tenacity is measured in grams per denier. Extremely low forces are encountered in evaluating fiber properties, requiring instrumentation with gram level accuracy. Abrasion ResistanceAbrasion resistance refers to the ability of materials and structures to withstand abrasion. It is a method of wearing down or rubbing away by means of friction. This ability helps to keep the material's original structure and look. Abrasion resistance resists mechanical wear. Abrasion-resistant materials are useful for both moving and fixed paris in settings where wearing is an issue Resistance to Acids Acid resistance depends on the nature of the material, the redox properties of the medium, the nature of the anions, and theconcentration and temperature of the acids. Resistance to Alkalines A property of filter media describing its ability to resist fading, discoloring, or deteriorating when exposed to alkaline (low-pH) substances such as soaps and adhesives. Alkali resistance is an important property when a paper is intended to be used in the packaging of such materials. Resistance to Oxidizing Agents Resistance to oxidizing agents is the ability of metallic materials to resist chemical degradation of the surface caused by the action of air or other gaseous mediums at high temperatures. Ref: (htips://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com /Oxidation+ Resistance] Resistance to Solvents Chemical resistance is the strength of a material to protect against chemical attack or solvent reaction. It is the opposite of chemical reactivity. It determines a material’s resistivity to corrosive environments. Ref: https://www.corrosionpedia.com /definition/17 60/chemicatresistance Specific Gravity Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance fo the density of a reference substance; equivalently, it is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of a reference substance for the same given volume. Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Specific_gravity Maximum Operating Temperature Maximum operating temperature - The operating temperature is the range of ambient temperature within which a power supply, or any other electrical equipment, operate in. This ranges from a minimum operating temperature, to a peak or maximum operating temperature, outside which, the power supply may fail.Ref: https://www.sunpower-uk.com /glossary/what-is-operating-temperature/ CLASSIFICA Filters that mv as semi-conti ae are classified operationally Filters in which is filtration and backwash operations occur simultaneously are classified as continuous. Within each of these two classifications, there are a number of different types of filters depending on bed depth (e.g., shallow, conventional, and deep bed}, the type filtering medium used (mono-, dual, and mult:medium), whether the filtering medium §s stratified or unstratified, the type of operation (down-flow or upfiow), and the method used for the management of solids (surface or intemal storage]. For the rmono- and duatmedium semi- continuous filters, @ further classification can be made based on the driving force |e.g., gravity or pressure) Types of Filters Gravity filters Gravity filters are cornmonly used in applications where liquid-solids separation is required in @ variety of different applications for finish water treatment. Gravity filters can incorporate various types of media such as silica sand, anthracite coal, greensand, and granular activated carbon (GAC) to meet each plant’s water treatment needs. In addition, gravity filters allow for easy inspection during operation and typically have a smaller profile. Pressure filters Pressure filters are used for the filtration from groundwater or high quality surface water that does not require clarification. Vacuum filtersJn ferms of meaia: Perforated plates Perforated metal, also known as perforated sheet, perforated plate, or perforated screen, is sheet metal that has been manually or mechanically stamped or punched to create a pattem of holes, slots, or decorative shapes. Materials used to manufacture perforated metal sheets include stainless steel, cold rolled steel, galvanized steel, brass, aluminum, tinplate, copper, Monel, inconel, titanium, plastic, and more Sand Filters Slow sand filters normally operate at a rate of 1.0 - 10 m3/m2.d Rapid sand filter normally operate at a rate of 100 — 200 m3/m2.d TYPES OF DEPTH FILTERS The five types of depth filters used most commonly for wastewater filtration are: 1. Conventional down-flow filters: Single-, dual, or multimedium filter materials are utilized in conventional down-fiow depth filters. a. Single-medium Filter - Typically sand or anthracite is used as the filtering material. b. Dualmedium Filter - Usually consist of a layer anthracite over a layer of sand. «. Multimedium and Deep-bed Monomedium Filter - Developed to allow the suspended solids in the liquid to be filtered to penetrate farther into the filter bed, and thus use more of the solids-storage capacity available within the filter bed. 2. Deep-bed down-flow filters: The deep-bed down-flow filter is similar to the conventional down-flow filter with the exception that the depth of the filter bed and the size of the filter medium are greater than corresponding values an conventional filter. (Because of the greater depth and larger medium size, more solids can be stored within the filter bed and the run length can be extended.) 3. Deep-bed up flow continuous-backwash filters: In this filter the wastewater to be filtered is introduced into the bottom of the filter where it flows upward through a series of riser tubes and is distributed evenly into the sand bed through the open bottom of an inlet distribution hood. The water then flows upward through the downward-moving sand. The clean filtrate exits from the sand bed, overfiows a weir, and is discharged from the filter. Because the sand has higher setiling velocity than the removed solids, the sand is not carried out of the filter. 4, Pulsed-bed filter: The pulsed-bed filter is a proprietary down-flow gravity filter with an unstratified shallow layer of fine sand as the filtering medium. The shallow bed is usedfor solids storage, as opposed to other shallow-bed filters where solids are principally stored on the sand surface. (An unusual feature of this filter is the use of an air pulse to disrupt the sand surface and thus allow penetration of suspended solids into the bed.) 5. Travelling-bridge filters: The travelling-bridge filter is a proprietary continuous down- flow, automatic backwash, low-head, granular medium depths filter. The bed of the filter is divided horizontally into long independent filter cells. Each filter cell contains approximately 280 mm of medium. Treated wastewater fiows through the medium by gravity. FILTER MEDIA. * All filters require a filter medium to retain solids, whether the filter is for cake filtration or for filter-medium or depth filtration. * Specification of a medium is based on retention of some minimum pariicle size at good removal efficiency and on acceptable life of the medium in the environment of the filter. TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION OF FILTERS |, Fabrics of Woven Fibers - most common type of filter-medium * Construction characteristics of the filter cloth: 1. Weave Style Number Weight Count Ply 2 7 ee Yam Number * Four types of weave extensively used as filter media: 1. Plain Square Weave 2. Twill 3. Chain Weave 4, Satin * Weave - may be made from any textile fiber, natural or synthetic