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BGP
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*** BPG Packet Types ***
1. Open - Starts BGP session.
2. Keepalive - Keeps BGP session alive by sending periodic messages.
3. Update - Updates about a prefix (withdrawn routes, path attributes, network l
ayer reachability)
4. Notification - In case of any error, notification message is sent to peer and
session is closed.
*** BGP Path Attributes ***
(A) Well Known Mandatory - Presence is mandatory, must be recognized by all BGP
implementations.
1. as-path - List of all ASes through which update traversed.
2. next-hop - Changes only from AS to AS.
3. origin - Origination of an update. EGP (e), IGP (i), Unknown (?).
(B) Well known Discritionary - Presence is not mandatory but if present must be
recognized.
4. Local-pref - Best path to leave the AS.
5. atomic-aggregate - Indicates summarization done.
(C) Optional Transitive - May or may not be recognized by BPG speaker. If not un
derstood forwarded to other BGP implementation.
6. Aggregator - Router ID and AS no. of router who did summarization.
7. Community - Different BGP speakers can be grouped and implemented with polici
es. Not restricted to any physical boundaries or medium.
(D) Optional Non-Transitive - May or may not be recognized. If not understood, u
pdate is dropped.
8. MED - Best path to enter AS (just a suggestion to neighbor AS which it may no
t necessarily follow).
*Then there is another attribute Cisco proprietary 9. WEIGHT.
*** Order of Preference ***
1. Weight - Highest
2. Local-pref - Highest
3. AS-path - Shortest
4. Origin - Lowest (e-lowest, i-medium, ?-highest)
5. MED - Lowest
* BPG Keepalive Timer = 60 seconds, Hold Timer = 180 seconds.
*** BGP States ***
1. Idle - BPG is waiting for a start event (config of BPG or clearing of BPG ses
sion).
2. Connect - Router is establishing TCP connection with neighbor. Open message s
ent.
3. Active - First phase of TCP 3 way handshake is over and waiting response from
neighbor. If connection fails router goes back to idle state.
4. Open Sent - BPG is waiting for a Open message from its neighbor in response t
o the sent Open message. If successfully received, send keepalive.
5. Openconfirm - BGP waiting for keepalive message from neighbor and if received
successfully then BGP transits to Established.
6. Established - BGP session is established successfully.
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OSPF
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*** Types of LSA ***
1 - Router LSA. Generated by all routers. Describes all directly connected links
. Limited within area.
2 - Network LSA. Generated by DR. Describes all connected neighbors on BMA or NB
MA. Limited within area.
3 - Summary LSA. Generated by ABR. Describes a route to neighbors in different a
reas.
4 - Summary LSA. Generated by ABR. Describes a route to ASBR to neighbor outside
the area.
5 - External LSA. Generated by ASBR. Describes routes received from non-ospf dom
ain. Appear as E1, E2.
6 - Non Cisco.
7- NSSA External LSA. Generated by ASBR inside NSSA. When leaving the NSSA area,
LSA 7 is converted into LSA 5.
*** Types of Area ***
1. Backbone Area - Area 0. Core area. OSPF originates from here.
2. Non Backbone Area - Other than area 0. All these areas must directly connect
to area 0.
3. Stub Area - Single entry/exit point.
4. Totally Stub Area -
5. Not-So-Stubby Area