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ECM 6.2: PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL TEMPERATURE

CONTROL
1. OVERVIEW OF ECM, M&V PLAN, AND SAVINGS CALCULATION FOR ECM
The Fort Irwin national training center building 602, Fort Irwin, CA 92310 is a small office
occupancy type 5,000 square foot building with a well maintained packaged heat terminal
pump with constant volume fan HVAC system. The building is constructed of CMU block walls
and metal roof, double pane clear windows with thermal break totaling 30% window to wall
ratio, florescent lighting and a combination of open and single person offices. Internal loads are
estimated to be 0.8 W/sf for lighting, 1 W/sf for equipment, hot water of 30 Btu/person,
occupancy density of 250 sf/person. Schedule is assumed to be 5 days per week office
occupancy, 1 day per week cleaning occupancy with no occupants on holidays. Infiltration is
assumed as a peak of 1 air changes per hour under peak temperature difference and wind
speed.

1.1 ECM DESCRIPTIONS KNOWN PROBLEMS & PLANNED SOLUTIONS;

a) Building occupants have expressed that they experience discomfort from radiant heat
gains related to western and southern horizontal solar influx. These uncontrolled solar
gains are a cause of excessive cooling energy consumption. As a remedy the Inflector®
metalized window fabric will be used to reflect solar gain back to the outdoors.

b) Drafts from poor air sealing cause infiltration related discomfort. This uncontrolled
infiltration is a cause of excessive heating energy consumption. As a remedy a contagious
vapor permeable air barrier will be installed.

a) Temperature fluctuations from the outdoor environmental conditions cause the building
indoor temperatures to not meet thermostatic set points causing occupant discomfort.
These indoor temperature fluctuations cause excessive heating, cooling and fan energy
consumption. As a remedy the Infinite R Phase Change Material product will be applied
to the bottom of the attic and as an integrated layer within the CMU block wall during the
installation of an ascetic clip on metal wall finishing system.

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Fig. 1 Phase Change Material “PCM” thermodynamic principal infographic.

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M&V GUIDELINE AND OPTION
This project will use an abridged methodology including option B, all perimeter measurement,
option C while building regression analysis of utility bills and option D, calibrated simulation.

1.3 M&V ACTIVITIES

The project will measure wall and attic temperatures and heat pump electrical energy
consumption.

1.4 SAVINGS CALCULATION METHODS

b) Occupant comfort will be determined from baseline and performance period temperature
sensor data per Option B, and used to determine the financial value improvement of
thermal comfort in terms of improvement of occupant productivity. Per ASHRAE 55
2010 a thermal comfort survey will be taken of occupants before and after the energy and
comfort measures are implemented. Per option D, a calibrated simulation will be used to

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determine long annual values by means of calibration with short term sensor data
collection.

c) Electric energy savings will be determined from current transducer measurements from
baseline and performance periods. Annual baseline energy consumption will be
determined by means of empirical regression analysis of historical utility bills. Per
option D, a calibrated simulation will be used to determine long annual values by means
of calibration with short term sensor data collection.

2. ENERGY BASELINE DEVELOPMENT

d) Temperature sensors and current transducers will be installed for 1 month prior to energy
conservation measure installation.

e) Historical utility bill data will be corrected for variation of occupancy related internal
loads and outdoor weather conditions related thermal loads.

f) An Energy Plus thermal simulation will be calibrated to available data and ran for a
typical meteorological year for the location and serve as the annual baseline.

2.1 VARIABLES AFFECTING BASELINE ENERGY OR WATER USE

a) Internal loads per hour of day.

b) External loads per hour of day.

c) Uncontrolled infiltration.

d) Uncontrolled radiant solar gains.

2.2 BASELINE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE FACTORS

a) Uncontrolled infiltration.

b) Uncontrolled radiant solar gains.

2.3 GOVERNMENT WITNESSING OF BASELINE MEASUREMENTS

Onsite employees and government contracted project management engineer (FIRST-
NAME)Hossam will witness the baseline measurements.

2.4 BASELINE DATA COLLECTED

The information gathered during the Feasibility Study includes the following information
a) Temperature trends for the south wall, attic and office mean air temperature.
b) Current transducers measuring amperage, current and power factor to result in

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cooling and heating energy.

c) Historical energy meter data.

2.5 BASELINE DATA ANALYSIS

a) Temperature trend data will be plotted to determine the ideal phase change material.
b) Historical energy consumption will be analyzed using option C for whole building utility
data empirical regression in order to develop weather and occupancy normalized baseline
energy consumption.
c) ASHRAE 55 2010 comfort data collected for the baseline will be analyzed in order to
determine specific areas of the baseline building that have experienced discomfort and to
quantify discomfort problems numerically.

3. PROPOSED ENERGY AND WATER SAVINGS CALCULATIONS AND

METHODOLOGY
3.1 ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY
d) Temperature trend data will be plotted to determine the ideal phase change material.
e) Historical energy consumption will be analyzed using option C for whole building utility
data empirical regression in order to develop weather and occupancy normalized baseline
energy consumption.
f) ASHRAE 55 2010 comfort data collected for the baseline will be analyzed in order to
determine specific areas of the baseline building that have experienced discomfort and to
quantify discomfort problems numerically.

3.2 ASSUMPTIONS AND DATA SOURCES

The assumptions used in the Baseline and Post-Installation calculations include the
following:
Performance case includes the following changes from the baseline case:
a) Window radiant reflective shades will reduce cooling energy and overheating of south
and west offices.
b) Air sealing of wall with vapor permeable air barrier, foam air seal of wall plugs air seal
of plugs, air sealing of attic soffits, recessed lighting and ductwork.
c) Outbound insulation with a contiguous R value of 1.8 W/m2-k will be added to the
CMU wall along with an aesthetic metal curtain wall.
d) Thermostatic setpoints will be set to California Energy Commission thermostat setting
are 75F for cooling and 68F for heating will be used during the performance period and
the PCM will be used to maintain comfort temperatures. Occupant human comfort will
be determined by pre and post energy conservation measure installation. It is expected

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that the occupants will “feel” more comfortable with higher cooling and lower heating
setpoints that follow california title 24 standards.
e) All other inputs will remain the same as the Baseline

3.3 CALCULATIONS
Sample formulas:
The Heat flux method can be used to determine the energy savings of installed PCM without
measurement of HVAC system energy or demand by calculating the total absorbed heat
(cooling) and rejected heat (heating). Also the heat flux method can be used to confirm energy
savings resulting from measurement of HVAC system energy by comparing the trends of energy
or demand savings to the reduced HVAC loads. The formula to calculate the heat absorbed or
released with a Heat Flux sensor is: HeatFlux [W/m2] x AREA= numerically Positive THEN x AREA
x PCM Thermal Capacity = kWh Heating Energy Saved ELSE/IF numerically Negative THEN x
AREA x PCM Thermal Capacity = kWh Cooling Energy Saved.
The following depiction highlights the use measurement of heat flux as a method to plit a
standard phase change diagram as would be typically be done using DSC tests in a laboratory,
but on the building scale. Placing the temperature measurement at the PCM on the X axes and
total stored heat measured by the heat flux sensor at the PCM in the Y axis, The Phase Change
material thermal energy storage as a function of temperature can be diagramed, similar to the
phase change region in the generic example below.

In order to verify this heat flux behavior, the following process will be followed:
● Heat flux sensors shall be thermoelectric generator type with amplification and a total
accuracy of no more than 0.4 W/m2 and no less than 1 W/m2.
● Measured data shall be in 15 minute or smaller time steps and averaged hourly.
● Temperature and heat flux data shall be correlated and processed in order to show total
heat absorbed, stored and released by the PCM in relative terms as compared to the
control area.
● The measured heat flux energy at the PCM shall then be used in data analysis to locate
and confirm the cooling and heating effects of PCM in the measured energy consumption
and demand from the HVAC system.

3.4 SAVINGS OR BASELINE ADJUSTMENTS

a) Calibrated Energy Plus model will be used for all baseline adjustments.

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3.5 ENERGY AND WATER RATES

Unknown

3.6 PROPOSED SAVINGS

Unknown (This will be determined with energy model) Proposed annual energy and
energy cost savings are presented in Table 1.

Table 1: ECSM 6.1 Proposed Annual Savings for ECSM 6.1

Total Electric Electric Natura Natural Total Costs

Energy Energy Energy l Gas Gas Cost
Use Use Cost Use
(MBtu) (kWh) (MBtu)
Baseline Period
Performance
Period
Savings
Notes:
1. MBtu = 1,000,000 Btu

4. OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE COST SAVINGS

It is expected that the 10+ year old packaged HVAC equipment will have an extended
lifetime of 2 years from the improvements of the building envelope, resulting in a savings of
approximately $2,500.

5. DETAILS FOR OTHER SAVINGS

Productivity of office workers can be calculated with an empirical model developed by
Lawrence Berkeley laboratory. It is expected that occupancy productivity improvements on
this project will outweigh energy savings in terms of annual facility net operational
investment.

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6. POST-INSTALLATION M&V ACTIVITIES

6.1 VARIABLES AFFECTING POST-INSTALLATION ENERGY OR WATER USE
The Post-Installation energy use is affected by weather patterns, building infiltration,
building internal loads, and building envelope improvements.

6.2 POST-INSTALLATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE FACTORS

The Post-Installation performance factors are HVAC (Packaged Heating, cooling & fan)
system efficiencies (based on polynomial performance characteristics for indoor and
outdoor loads) radiant gains from windows, infiltration through doors, roofs and walls and
conduction through wall and roof insulation systems.

6.3 GOVERNMENT WITNESSING OF POST-INSTALLATION MEASUREMENTS

Onsite employees and government contracted project management engineer (FIRST-
NAME)Hossam will witness the post installation measurements.

6.4 POST-INSTALLATION DATA TO BE COLLECTED

d) Temperature trends for the south wall, attic and office mean air temperature.
e) Current transducers measuring amperage, current and power factor to result in
cooling and heating energy.
f) Energy meter data.

6.5 POST-INSTALLATION DATA ANALYSIS

a) Wall and roof temperature trend data will be plotted to demonstrate PCM activity

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at its transition temperature.

b) Energy consumption will be compared to baseline using option C whole building
utility data empirical regression in order to determine PCM effectiveness
separated from weather and occupancy normalized energy consumption less the
calculated energy savings from window radiant heat gain reduction, infiltration
convective heat loss reduction and wall conductive heat exchange.
c) ASHRAE 55 2010 comfort data collected for the performance period will be
analyzed in order to determine the effect on specific areas identified in the
building that historically experienced discomfort and to quantify comfort
improvements numerically.

7. PERFORMANCE PERIOD VERIFICATION ACTIVITIES

7.1 VARIABLES AFFECTING PERFORMANCE PERIOD ENERGY OR WATER USE
The Performance Period energy use is affected by weather patterns, building loads, and
building envelope improvements. A calibrated Energy Plus model per option D will be
utilized to predict long term performance. This will enable the sensor measurement
periods to be minimized to a period that includes typical performance periods used in
model calibration.

7.2 PERFORMANCE PERIOD SYSTEM PERFORMANCE FACTORS

Energy Plus model meeting minimum calibration requirements.

7.3 INTENT OF PERFORMANCE PERIOD VERIFICATION ACTIVITIES

To fully calibrate Energy Plus model resulting in accuracy per INMVP, ASHRAE 14 and FEMP
measurement and verification requirements.

7.4 SCHEDULE OF PERFORMANCE PERIOD VERIFICATION ACTIVITIES AND

MEASUREMENTS
It is expected that the timeline for measurement and verification for this project is 6
months, however calibrated model may shorten the measurement period or sensor
measurements may extend the measurement period.

7.5 GOVERNMENT WITNESSING OF PERFORMANCE PERIOD MEASUREMENTS

Onsite employees and government contracted project management engineer (FIRST-
NAME)Hossam will witness the baseline measurements.

7.6 PERFORMANCE PERIOD DATA TO BE COLLECTED

g) Temperature trends for the south wall, attic and office mean air temperature.
h) Current transducers measuring amperage, current and power factor to result in

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cooling and heating energy.

i) Energy meter data.
j) Calibrated Energy Plus model data outputs.

7.7 PERFORMANCE PERIOD DATA ANALYSIS

The results of the annual inspections and data review will be included in the Annual
Report.
a) Wall and roof temperature trends plotted to demonstrate PCM activity at its
transition temperature.
b) Energy consumption compared to baseline using option C whole building utility
data empirical regression in order to demonstrate PCM effectiveness relative to
baseline.
c) ASHRAE 55 2010 comfort data for the performance period compared to
performance period.
d) Calibrated Energy Plus model demonstrating annual typical energy and comfort
performance for the building.
e) Combined cost benefit lifecycle cost analysis.

Overview:
This project aims to measure and verify the energy absorption of phase change
materials within a small office building. The intent of the study is to demonstrate the
annual cooling and heating energy savings, peak electrical demand reduction and
comfort improvement to the building.

The thermal zone has a single office with a thermostat. The spaces within the zone
contain multiple primary uses ranging from: single office, to main lobby, to conference
room. Due to this use variance, and fact of one thermostat location; throughout the day,
offices and conference rooms frequently become overheated or undercooled. Offices
have been known to overheat during the day when there are solar gains from the south
glazing and/or when there is high occupancy during company meetings in conference
rooms or in offices.

Presently, to address temperature fluctuations the occupants have set the thermostats
to 72F. California Energy Commission thermostat setting are 75F for cooling and 68F
for heating will be used during the performance period and the PCM will be used to
maintain comfort temperatures.

Data Measurement Points:

● Attic floor, Wall and office zone temperatures for baseline and performance

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period.

● RTU amperage, current and power factor for baseline and performance period.

● Directional heat flux will be measured for short term during performance period.

Dependent Variables: RTU heating, cooling and fan energy.

Independent Variables: Ceiling and wall Heat Flux & Temperature, building internal
loads + schedule, outside air temperature, solar gains.
Study Process:
A calibrated energy Plus model will be used per IMPV option D in order to predict the
energy savings from the PCM energy conservation measure. Infinite R PCM will be
installed along with room temperature sensors and current transducers. The calibrated
energy Plus model will be used per IMPV option D in order to predict the energy savings
from the PCM energy conservation measure. The measurement equipment will be used
to isolate the PCM energy savings, per IMPV option B. This abridged method will allow
for the fastest statistically valid results.
Expected Results:
Room temperatures will remain comfortable, while reducing early morning heating and
midafternoon cooling. The test will run for 6 months, through spring and early summer
and result in a report showing how the measurement and verification correlates to the
model. This study will prove under normal business operation within a commercial office
setting Infinite R PCM will stabilize temperature fluctuations to result in reduced
mechanical conditioning throughout a normal business day.
PCM Specification:
The product will use the Infinite R PCM 23C product from Innovations Solutions Inc.
The thermal capacity rating ‘M100’ represents a total thermal capacity of 100 Btu per
square foot of heat abortion (cooling) and inversely 100 Btu per square foot of heat
rejection per thermodynamic cycle. See cut sheet
The temperature transition temperature rating ‘23C’ s ideal for tight comfort control
requirements with cooling set points of 23°C (73°F) and heating set points of 20°C
(68°F). Q23 will absorb heat when temperatures rise above 22°C (72.6°F) and reject
heat when temperatures drop below 21°C (69.8°F)

Regression analysis and empirical model:

1. Utility bill analysis. Baseline energy usage is identified by regression analysis of

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historical energy consumption joined with outdoor air temperature to provide

outside air temperature normalized energy consumption.
Thermal Simulation Calibration:
● Models must have mean bias error (difference in total % between the control and
performance model for entire period) and within ±10% and root mean squared
error within ±30% when hourly totals.
Mathematical or empirical model confidence level:
● Model, be it mathematical or observation based shall be used to predict annual
performance with confidence levels that are the inverse sum of the root squared
mean error between control and performance cases without ECM and the root
mean squared error of the model and the test data during the test period.    
Data Processing Methodology:
● Data shall be collected at a minimum of 15-minute time-steps and averaged
hourly for noise reduction.
● Measured data should be binned into daily load profiles.
● Heating and cooling balance point temperatures are found and correlated with
heating and cooling degree days with a base temperature that matches the
building heating and cooling balance point. (the balance point is the point in the
slope of a "R" statistical analysis that indicates the mean outside air temperature
is below a certain point for heating and above a certain point for cooling)
● Independent variables may be used in regression models including, occupancy
schedules, or preferably measurements that indicate the contributions of internal
loads.
● Daily Max, Min and Mean ambient outside air temperature may be used for
indication of diurnal weather dependent load profile.

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Fig 2. Building floor plan.

Notes;
1. Cell transmission gateway is located in the MECH room.

2. Zone air temperature, attic floor temperature and external wall are measured in Office #1

3. Current transducers and energy meter is attached to the power box located in the MECH
room and connected to the cell gateway.

Fig 3. Wall Infinite R PCM & Insulation retrofit application.

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Fig. 3 Infinite R PCM & Insulation Attic retrofit application.

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