Assignment Of Biochemistry

Submitted to = Sir Iqbal Alvi

Submitted By = Huzaifa Farooq

Department = BS
MICROBIOLOGY
Semester = 1st
Question:-
Why fats are considered rich source of energy? Discuss
with  reference to metabolism and ATPs production?

ANSWER:-
Before going to explain the fats metabolism and
production of ATP,s from the Fats its important to know
what are Fats. So First of all I am going to explain what
are fats.

Fats:-
Definition:-
The complex molecules thatare composed of fatty acids
and glycerol are known as Fats.
Fats are made from collection of molecules called
Triglycerides. If this collection is liquid at room
tempreture it is reffered as oil and if this collection is
solid at room tempreture it is reffered as a fat.
 Types Of Fats:-
Fat is organized into two subgroups: saturated fat, and
unsaturated fat. Unsaturated fat is further classified as
monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, and trans-fat.
These different classifications determine the effects of
these fats on an organism, and the roles that they have
in metabolism:-

Saturated Fats:-
The fat that is composed of a glycerol backbone with
three fully saturated fatty acids attached are known as
saturated fats. Saturated refers to all the carbons in the
backbone being sp3 hybridized, with two hydrogen atoms
covalently bonded per carbon.
This class of fats have higher viscosity and energy
content than their unsaturated fats.
Unsaturated Fats:-
Unsaturated fat is composed of a glycerol backbone with
three fatty acid chains where there is at least one
sp2 hybridized carbon. This forms a double bond
somewhere in the chain.

Types Of Unsaturated Fats:-

The unsaturated fats are classified by the position of the
unsaturation. This designation is denoted by the omega
(ω) symbol, then the number of carbon with the
unsaturation. Unsaturated fats are further divided into
some types which are given below:-

Monounsaturated Fats:-
The type of unsaturated fats which have only one double
bond in is fatty acid portion is known as
monounsaturated fats.

Polyunsaturated Fats:-
The type of unsaturated fats which have two or more
double bonds in is fatty acid portion is known as
monounsaturated fats.
 Types Of Poly Unsaturated Fats:-
The poly unsaturated fats are classified by the position of
the unsaturation. This designation is denoted by the ω
symbol, then the number of carbon with the
unsaturation:-

1) Omega 3:-
If the first double bond is on the third carbon atom from
the methyl end this type of poly unsaturated fats is
known as omega 3 fats

2) Omega 6:-
If the first double bond is on the sixth carbon atom from
the methyl end this type of poly unsaturated fats is
known as omega 6 fats
 3) Omega 9:-
If the first double bond is on the ninth carbon atom from
the methyl end this type of poly unsaturated fats is
known as omega 9 fats
Functions Of Fats:-
Fats perform a lot of functions in the body of a living
organism but according to my assignment I am only
explaining the function that is asked in assignment thai is
Fats as a source of energy.

Fats As An Energy Source:-

Fats store energy. They store more energy than
carbohydrates or proteins, which is why your body keeps
them in reserve.
Fats contain 2.25 times the calories per gram than
protein or carbohydrates. Fats contain 9 calories per
gram while protein and carbohydrates contain 4 calories
per gram.

Catabolism Of Fats:-
The catabolism of fats for tha production of energy
contains the following steps:-

Lipolysis:-
Lipolysis is the metabolic pathway throug
which lipid triglycerides are hydrolyzed into
a glycerol and three fatty acids.
To obtain energy from fat, triglycerides must first be
broken down by hydrolysis into their two principal
components, fatty acids and glycerol. This process, called
lipolysis, takes place in the cytoplasm.
It is used to mobilize stored energy during fasting or
exercise, and usually occurs in fat adipocytes.

Beta-Oxidation:-
Beta-oxidation is the catabolic process by which fatty
acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol in
prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to
generate acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle.
Lipid metabolism is efficient in terms of ATP production.
However, lipids aren’t soluble in the blood so their stores
can be difficult to access. Therefore they aren’t relied on
for the production of large amounts of ATP in a short
time but rather are used when carbohydrate supplies are
limited.

Ketosis:-
Ketosis refers to an increased concentration of ketone
bodies within the blood. The most common ketone
produced is acetic acid. It is caused by metabolism of
predominantly fats in the absence of sufficient
carbohydrate metabolism. It is thus a feature of
starvation, diabetes mellitus as insulin is not available to
transport glucose to cells and occasionally occurs when
diets consist almost entirely of fat. When carbohydrates
are unavailable for energy the body switches
to metabolism of fatty acids. The body takes these from
adipose tissue i.e rhe body’s fat stores.The fatty acids
generated can either be broken down for energy or may
be converted to ketone bodies within the liver. Some
ketones can be excreted in the breath and give it a sweet
smell.

Conclusion:-
When Carbohyddrates are unavailable for the energy
production the body switches to the Metabolism of Fats.
The body take these from adipose tissues where the
adipose are the storage tissues of fats and then these
fats are catabolized for the production of energy.
Fats store energy. They store more energy than
carbohydrates or proteins, which is why your body keeps
them in reserve.
Fats contain 2.25 times the calories per gram than
protein or carbohydrates. Fats contain 9 calories per
gram while protein and carbohydrates contain 4 calories
per gram.
These all were the reasons which shows that fats are the
rich source of energy