DANIEL’S PATHWAY TO 250

Negro: Temas a repasar luego (se me ocurren mientras corrijo)

Rojo: malas Form 16
Azul: malas Form 17
Verde: malas Form 19

GENETICS
1. Entero (B&B)
2. Genetic concepts. No lo pusiste mal en el Form 17 pero estas bien flojo!
3. Pedigree. Pedigree.
4. Likelihood
5. Hardy Weinberg
6. Modes of inheritance
7. Mosaicism
8. MELAS and the other genetic pathologies
9. Uniparental disomy
10.Prader Willi & imprinting
BIOCHEM
1. Cystic fib: rev pathophys.
2. Cell trafficking: revisa esa pagina entera, y las patho COPI COPII clathrin
3. RNA Splicing: skipping exons
4. ETC
5. Urea Cycle ammonia genesis: importancia y relacion de glutamato,
glutamina, alanine
6. Cell biology, ogan review y vaina
7. Pag 71 to 74 DIT
8. Lipids (cholesterol)
A) Metabolism, hormone sens lip. CONIO
 B) Lipid lowering drugs (CONIASO DANIEL CONIASOOOOO)
C) Who increases catabolism of LDL cholesterol?
D) Who inhibits cholesterol uptake?
E) Who inhibits HMG CoA?
F) Who stimulates PPAR-alpha receptors?
G) Dyslipidemias & Pathos
9. Glycolysis
10. Gluconeogenesis: el parrafito ese
11.Site of action & reaction:
-A) Glucose 6 phosphatase,
-B) HMG-Coa lyase
-C) Hormone sensitive lipase
-D) Lipoprotein lipase
-E) Long-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase
-F) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
-G) Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
-H) Hexokinase
-I) Phosphofructokinase
-J) Phosphoglycerate mutase
-K) Pyruvate kinase
-L) HMP pathway
-M) Lens dislocation difference between Marfan & Ehler
12. Vit D metabolism pathway
13. Donde tan y que hacen:
-A) Collagen
-B) Elastin
-C) Fibronectin
-D) Hyaluronan
-E) Laminin
-F) Chondroiti sulfate
-G) Glycosidase
-H) Glycosyltransferase
-F) Sulfatase
14. Site of action & reaction:
A) Carnitine palmytoil phosphotransferase 1
B) Fumarase
C) Glucose 6 phosphatase
 D) Glycogen phosphorylase
E) Succinate dehydrogenase
15. McArdle: porque no se eleva el lactic acid?
16. Ehler Danlos synd
17. FABRY dis,
18. Neurofib
19. Pseufoxanthoma elasticum
20. Cell transport: ATP dependent vs Carrier mediated diffusion vs Group
translocation vs Phosphorylation linked transport vs Proton gradient
mediated transport; Active vs Passive?
21. Vitamins. To de ellas.
22. Catecholamine synthesis & enzymes
IMMUNO
1. Vaccines: types, mnemonics, inactivated, conjugated, toxoid… All!
2. Influenza presentation
3. Drugs: MoAs and to
4. Pathos
5. Transplant rejection. X2 Form 19.
6. Lymphatic drainage: sigmoid colon (Dirty USMLE tenia un video jevi)
7. Hypersensitivity reactions de Dirty USMLE
MICRO
1. Basic characteristics: wall differences, peptidoglycan…
2. Beta hemolyitic vs alpha hemolytic
3. Bacterial genetics : Bacteriophage transduction, Natural transformation ,
Plasmid transfer, Point mutations in the capsule genes, Slipped strand
mispairing
4. Viral genetic changes tambien revisalos
5. MICRO DRUGS: nombres, categorias, MoA & resistance, datos azarosos!
6. Micro algorithms for organisms (Grams and viruses)
7. Malaria cycle, forms of parasite, dif Tx
8. HIV & HIV drugs. Revisalo otra vez.
9. Zoonotic diseases: Bartonella on immunocomp vs immunocompr
10. HPV pathoph: E6 y to ese coro. (descrita en Repro)
11. Vancomycin resistance MoA
12. Viral gene segment reassortment analysis
13. Outer membrane: only on Gram -
14. Candida albicans: confundi con Staph au. Porque decia Gram purple, pero
ignoraste que no se veia Beta hemolitico en el agar sangre (comiendose la
sangre a su alrededor, BUDDING)
15. Pseudomona confundida por E coli: green pigment diffusible, oxidase
positive, gram – rod
16. Gram + cocci in pairs and chains, catalase -, nonhemolytic: Enterococcus
faecalis; descarta Strep pneum cause es un alpha hemolytic.
17. Gram + & Gram -. Siempre debes repasar esto
18. Virus algorithm. Siempre debes repasar esto.
19. Bacterial toxins & their mechanisms. LA PEGATE EN EL 17.
20. E coli. Types & vir facts
21. Genital sex inf organisms & type of lesions; STDs
22. Carcinogenic organisms
23.

PATHO
1. Cell injury, reversible vs irreversible injury
2. Apoptosis: Pathoma Chapter 1-3. Segun un pana ahi habla de ventricular
cells not being rapidly proliferating cells. Cortical thymocytes no son
eso.
3. Ubiquitin y ese coro en apopt.
4. Metastases, osteoblastic vs osteolytic lesions (anotaste algo de UW al
final de hemato)
5. Bone lesion and cause on Mult Myel
6. Oncogenes
7. Tumor supressors
8. Pathology entero (BCL, cyclin D)
9. Li fraumeni (breast cancer, osteosarcoma): impaired regulation of
apoptosis, but how exactly? Por cual mechanism?
10. Grade vs stage
11. Es Smoking siempre el mas grande CA precursor over cualquier cosa
existente? Confirma eso. Segun un NBME, smoking es aun un stronger
predisposing risk factor for pancreatic cancer que antecedentes de
gallstone dis, BMI 34, DM 1, hypercalcemia.
 12. Donde estan, que hacen y si se relacionan con apopt o que: lysine
acetyltransferase, lysosomal protease, serine protease, tyrosine kinase,
ubiquitin ligase.
13. Amyloidosis
14. Wound healing
15. Carcinogens y su cancer
16.

PHARM
1. Formulas & calculations!
2. To ombe
3. Isoproterenol vs la otra vaina
4. Ese par de pags
5. Enzyme kin de Pharm: Km Michaelis Menten carajo
6. La mielda de Lineweaver-Burk plot
7. pKa?
8. Kinetics
9. Dynamics, to
10.2nd mess pathways
11.Adrenergics: Agonists, blocker, selective, non selective (labetalol,
phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine, trimethapan, hydralazine)
12.Cholinergics, muscarinics, sympathetics
13.1st elimination calculation
14.Partial agonist analysis
15. Half life, loading dose & 2nd order kinetics calculation
FORM 19
16.Allosteric activator, Allosteric inhibitor, Catabolite activator, Catabolite
repressor, Covalent modifier of the enzyme, Covalent modifier of
phosphorylase kinase.
17. Receptor binding graph, efficacy vs potency.
18.

PUBLIC HEALTH (BIOSTAT)

1. Overview
2. Blinding y eso de los estudios (me salte eso de Boards & Beyond; me salio
caro carajo)
3. Dif. ANOVA de Chi square
4. Un calculo de incidencia que no le llegue
5. Un analisis confidence interval,aumento en el ancho
6. Low sensitivity test colonoscopy
7. Aging effects on body
8.

CARDIO
1. Resistance, pressure & flow + calculations.
2. Starling curve
3. Ausculation focos places
4. Murmurs
5. Maneuvers
6. Vasculitis
7. Periciarditis vs cardiac tamponade
8. Bacterial endcard vs rheum hd
9. Nitrates due to risk of causing hypotension
10.CHF pathophysio: incre. Vasc. Pressure y to eso, Hidrostatic, oncotic,
capillary… todas esas pressures
11. Shock types (review). Pathophys., Physiologic substances use and their
effects: 0.9% saline, 20% albumin
12.Ventricular cardiac muscles are not rapidly proliferating cells. Wouldn't be
affected by vincristine.
13.Flow rate calculation Q= V x A. Velocity por cross-sectional area. Si vel. En
segundos, convierte a minutos .ej: 20 cm/sec seria 20 cm/sec x60. Lo que te
de lo multiplicas al Area.
14.Increase in pulmonary lymph flow by IV normal saline 0.9%
15.Fish oil MoA tx dylipidemia. Antagonizes VLDL cholesterol secretion
16.Evaporation of sweat to reduce body temperature back to normal after a
run
17.Myxoma: "heterogenous" pedunculated mass, LA, 19 y/o.
18. Reentranchyarr y to ese coro.
19. Ankle edema in CHF is due to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.
Tienes que master ese pathoph.
20. When hypotension, dehydration: Sympathetic efferent act increases but
Parasymp decreases. Eso esta en FA under Barorec & Chemor hypot: rev de
B&B
21. Body response to carajito nadando: central blood volume increases, serum
ADH decreases, ANP increases.
22. Physiologic response to temperature changes: cardiac and others.
23. Cardiac physiology. Vascular.
24. Anginas: Patho, Pharm, to.
25. Wegner granulomatosis.
26. Aneurysms: atherosclerotic, dissecting, mycotic, psudoaneurysm, saccular
27.MI changes in time and complications
28. Fibromuscular dysplasia, hyalne arteriolosclerois, intimal fibroplasia,
periarterial fibroplasia (que ostia es fibroplastia?), perimedial hyperplasia
29.SHOCK pathophysiology & FLUID MANAGEMENT TODO NO SE NA DE
FLUIDS.
30.Antiarrhytmic drugs
FORM 19
31. STEMI vs non STEMI infarcts.
32.EKG leads, meaning and arteries.
33. Cardio vacular physio
ENDOCRINO
1. Thyroid cancers
2. Serine, threonine, to esa mielda rara. revisado
3. DM drugs
4. Hyper vs hypot: causes. Types. TO.
5. Revisate endocrino actually.
6. Pathos
7. Pharm.
8. El coro de ADH, SIADH, insipidus, central vs nephr, pathop.
9. GHRH synthetizes GH by cAMP Gs adenylyl cyclase
10. Hormones and their 2nd mes path
11. Adrenal steroids & congenital adrenal hyperplasias. Pathway & enzymes.
Also drugs que afectan ese pathway. LA MEDIO PEGATE EN EL FORM 17.
12. Primary adrenal adenoma has decreased renin activity
13.
GASTRO
1. Chron vs ulc
2. Celiac
3. Gastro patho: ischemias vs thrombosis y to eso
4. Irrigation
5. Colonic & intestinal pathos. (Cancers)
6. Cowden dis
7. Gardner syn
8. Muir Torre syn
9. Neurofibr.
10. Peutz Jeghers synd
11. DRUGS (cimetidine, Ca carbonate, Mg trisilicate, famotidine, ranitidine,
scopolamine)
12. Cirrhosis: pathop, cardio changes, fluids, Tx neomycin use to kill ammonia
generating bacteria
13. Histopathologic identification of ECF cell on biposy
14. Gastrinoma: substance produced identification. La puse mal por
seleccionar mal por error, pero me la sabia.
15. Que inervan: Hypogastric, inferior rectal, perineal, sacral sympathetic
16. Hernias page: pleuroperitoneal membrane
17. Pectinate line. To en esa pag de FA.
18. Wilson vs Hemochrom
19. Tubular adenoma
20. Types of polyps and their relations: hyperplastic, inflammatory, juvenile,
Peutz Jegher….
21. Types of CA’s
22. Hepatitis: alcoholic (Mallory bodies) and to
23.Gastro drugs, especially antidiarrh

HEMATO
1. Leukemias
2. Coagulation cascade, tiempos, medidores…
3. Thrombos (B&B o Pathoma review)
4. Thalassemias
5. DRUGS Hemato. DRUGS.
6. Warfarin DIT
7. DRUGS Onco
8. Non Hodkin lymphomas
9. Multiple myeloma
10.Heme synthesis and porphirias
11. Leukemoid reaction vs leukoclastic response vs leukopenia vs leukoplaquia
12. Repasa: Fanconi anemia, G6PD def, hereditary spheroc, sickle cell dis,
thalassemias,DIC
13.

MUSC/SKEL
1. Hand & arm muscles
2. Leg muscles
3. Rotator cuff
4. Muscle conduction and contraction
5. DERMATO: skin capas y los gaps y eso
6. Bullous vs la otra
7. Dermatomyositis, vs la otra
8. Pathos
9. Osteoporosis
10.Precocious puberty effect of epiphyseal plates
11.Osteog imp.: pathoph
12.Pain that radiates down the leg: diferencia clinica de disc rupture, from
sciatica, from torn muscle, from fracture of lumbar vetebra, Rotator cuff
muscles
13. Pharm
14. Miasthenia gravis. Confundi la presentacion con Lambert Eaton
15.Weight bearing exercise (like taking a long walk outside daily) to
decrease risk of hip fractures
16. Drugs: Alendronate, etc.
17. En cual estaba RANK y en cual RANKL. Osteoprot?
18. Lower ext lesions and their nerve level exit. Trata de correlacionarlo con
los dermatomes if possible. Femoral L2-L4. Sciatic L4-S3.
19. Burn degrees: frist, second, third, rhus dermatitis, allergic reaction to
the sun
20. Lichen and the other conditions, Rosacea,
 21. Skin CA’s, actinic keratosis, keratoacanthoma, Merkel cell ca, malignant
melanoma, basal cell carcinoma.
Form 19
22. Tight junctions, types of junctions, que celulas tienen cuales junctions.
23. Arachidonic acid pathway: a que nivel COX era inhibido por aspirin;
entre quine y quien. Revisala entera. Leukos, prostag, prostac.
24. Leg muscles and actions. Obturator…
NEURO
1. MLF lesion and function
2. Lateral lemniscus
3. Rubrospinal tract
4. Tumors:
A) Anaplastic ependymoma
B) Extranodal primary CNS lymphoma
C) Glioblastoma multiforme
D) Small cell carc. Metast. 2 bain
5. Headaches: Tx y to lo de FA carajo
A) Migraine
B) Tension
C) Cluster
D) Intracraneal mass
6. Neurocutaneous disorders
7. PosCom art lesion effect on vision
8. Anesthetic properties (to lo del papelito):
A) blood gas part coef
B) brain glood paart coef
C) brain gas partition coef
9. Edinger Westfal nucleus, ganglion cells, to ese MoA
10. Neuro drugs
11.Seizure types:
A) Absence
B) Complex partial
C) Generalized-tonic clonic
D) Simple partial motor
E) Simple partial sensory
12. Brain cuts anatomy: Coronal, sagittal, etc.,
13. Brainstem cuts. Diferentes Alturas y estructuras.
14. Charcot Marie & the other demyelinating
15. Skull holes & components
16. Neuro cells, function
17. Stroke changes
18. Cerebral edema as cause of coma by aspirin in children. Aspirin to treat
viral infection ->liver damage -> ammonia increases -> crosses BBB ->
converted to glutamine (osmolyte) -> draws in water -> cerebral edema
19. Substance P induced pain. Tx capsaicin. Seleccione mal sin querer, pero
me la sabia
20. Acute, painless monocular vision loss, cholesterol emboli. Mal analisis.
Me preguntaron a donde llego el embolo para ocasionar eso, pero
respondi de donde most likey vino.
21. Cavernous sinus anatomy & patho.CNs & other structures. LA PEGATE
EN EL 17.
22. Dermatomes & mnemonics. X2; que esta que nivel.
23. Movement disorders & common brain lesions
24. CN def effect. Made?
25. Dantrolene use and MoA
26. Rev hemorrhages
FORM 19
27.Gross brain primary motor cortex location.
28. Facial nerve lesions (UMN vs LMN).
29. Neuromuscular blocking drugs; which ones are agonist, partial,
competitive…
30. Pupillary light reflex. Damage. Edinger Westphal nuclei.

31.PSYCH
1. Quick overview
2. Adjustment disorder AD
3. Anxiety and types
4. AD w/ depressed mood
 5. Avoidant per dis
6. Bipolar dis
7. Dysthymic
8. Major dep
9. Schizoaff
10. Delusional
11. Brief psychotic
12. DRUGS
13. Drug abuse: intox & withdrawal. LA PEGATE EN EL 17.
14.

RENAL
1. Entero (B&B) En especial lo que me salte de BnB
2. Acute tub nec
3. Glomerulonephr
4. IgA nephropathy
5. Intestitial nephritis
6. Papillary necrosis
7. Pyelonephritis (acute vs chronic)
8. Polycystic dis (dominant vs rec
9. Acid base shit
10. Tubular acidosis why potassium citrate to treat?
11.Fanconi
12.Li fraumeni
13. Renal tumors: RCC y ese combo de menores pathos
A) Tubular ischemia
B) Acute and chronic injury
C) Necrosis
D) Hydronephrosis
E) ADPKD
F) ARPKD
G) Nephroblastoma
H) Fibromuscular dysplasia
I) Nephritic vs nephrotic de Dirty USMLE. Fija la larte de linear vs
Cmooth
14. DROGA CONO!
 15. Goodpasture pathoph. Renal affection
16. Uretheral calculus clinica (ese tipo de dolor que interpretaste como
diverticulitis, si fuera eso fuera en viejo, no en un pana de 26 y/o).
Aprovecha pa repasar los tipos de calculos y sus etiologies.
17. Changes in glomerular dynamics & pathologic outcomes: B&B habla de
eso creo. TE LO APRENDES
18. Increased hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space is the mechanism
behind the renal failure in BPH.
19. Urgency vs lo otro
20. Electrolyte abnormalities
21.

REPRO
1. Progestin challenge test; why withdrawal bleeding?, Why is there
bleeding en el progesterone withdrawal? Review la fisio normal y
entiende la anomalia
2. Intermediate mesoderm, paraxial mesoderm, surface ectoderm
3. REPRO entero (B&B)
4. Pouches y ese coro
5. Klinef, Turner….. Cromosomal manif
6. Menstrual cycle by days!: when is estradiol increased but prgesterone
decreased? Day 12 segun NBME.
7. PCOS (pathophys, axis, Tx)
8. Theca, y esas celulas (Daniel, tu entiendes todo esto, recuerda; solo
debes prestarle atencion un rato repasando y todo volvera rapido).
9. Como estaban FSH y LH en la meno, estrogen & progesterone effects
and regulation en meno, ovul y to actually- repasa ese relajo).
10. De donde salen, con que se relacionan o cerca de que tan, como se
pueden lesionar:
a) dome of the bladder
b) obturator nerves
c) pelvic parasympathetic nerves
d) penile urethra
e) ureterovesical junction
11. Eclampsia vs the others.,
12. PATHOOO
 13. DRUGS!!
14. Concepts: allantois, blastocyst, decidua basalis, decidua capsularis,
trophoblastic tissue
15. Teratogens and substance abuse effect on babies: opioid with mala en
el form 13 y ahora cocaine induced preterm form 15
16. Klinefelter biopsia atrofia testicular 47 XX7
17. Newborn w/ absent aorticopulmonary septum and endocardial
cushions. These come from the ectodermal neural crest
18. PCOS: LH increased, testosterone increased (from theca cells), insulin
increased
19. Clomiphene is usually the answer for infertility with NORMAL anatomy
and NORMAL appearing labs
20. Sildenafil contraindicated in patients using nitrates
21. Repro anato: quien irriga que y donde ta. Creo que FA cubre lo basico.
22. Que irrigan la: iliaca externa, il interna, pudenda interna, median sacral,
obturator
23. Infant & child development milestones
24. Puberty milestones for both sexes
25. Hormones in Repro: efecto de LH, FSH en both men and women.
26. Reproductive weeks in DAYS y que pasa en cada una. Recuerda que el
mayor riesgo es en el embryonic period weeks 3-8 o 21 to 56. Escribelo
en un tab si quieres pa que lo memorices jevi. No me van a tuyir en eso!!
27. Embryol derivatives
28. Male/female genital homologs. LA PEGATE EN EL 17.
29.OCP’s. Como funcionaban? Como afectaban el axis?
30. Endometrial hyperplasia.
31. Lichen sclerosus vaginal.
32. PATHO.
33. PHARM
34.UW notes de dif Dx
Form 19
35. Pharyngeal pouches, derviates y los deriv de los otros prim structures.
36.

RESPIRATORY
1. Lung recoil physio
2. Compliance, pressures y to es
3. Lung cancers
4. Bhor?
5. Haldane?
6. High altitude changes,
7. Exercise changes. X2 Form 19.
8. Smoking effect on respiratory tract
9. High altitude changes: hematocrit increase, increase oxygen delivery to
muscles
10. Vocal cords sequence reaction to irritation
11. Asbestosis
12. Semio
13. Lung sounds dependiendo la cosa (B&B?)
14.