Module 1:

Intellectual Revolution
that Defined Society

Prepared by: Mr. Joey Estorosos

What is Intellectual Revolution?
• Intellectual revolution is the period where paradigm shifts occurred. It
is where the scientific beliefs that have been widely embraced and
accepted by the people where challenged and opposed..

• During this century and a half of scientific innovation, numerous

achievements were made in science and astronomy. The modern
scientific method of observation, hypothesis, experimentation,
analysis and conclusion was sculpted and refined in this era, and
important discoveries were made concerning gravity, the skeletal and
muscular systems of the human body and the rotations of the
planets.
What is Intellectual Revolution?
• The rise of scientific and intellectual activity that took place during
the Scientific Revolution is important because it laid the
foundations for many of the modern scientific disciplines, and in
some cases drastically altered our view of ourselves, the world and
humanity's place in the universe.
Early Astronomers
Aristotle (384 -322 B.C.)
A student of Plato.

• Heavier objects falls faster than

lighter objects. This concept survived
for more than 1500 years.

• Based his concepts on Greeks four

elements; earth, water, air, and fire.
Later added aether as the fifth
element.
Claudius Ptolemy (100 A.D -170 A.D.)

• He was the most influential of

Greek astronomers and
geographers of his time.

• He propounded the geocentric

theory of the solar system. With
Earth as its center which thought
to be true by most of the people
at that time.
The Aristotelian Universe
The Aristotelian Universe
Ptolemy Universe “Geocentric
Model”

• Placing Earth as the center of

the universe while the rest of
the heavenly bodies revolves
around it.

• Making earth as the center

of Creation, and thus where
human were created.
The Aristotelian Universe

• The church agreed with Ptolemy because his theory

did not contradict biblical texts of the genesis. The
theory prevailed for 1400 years.
 Scientific Revolution Leaders

Nicolaus Copernicus
Sigmund Freud

Charles Darwin Issac Newton

The Copernican Revolution
 Copernicus’ concept became the foundation
of astronomical views.

Johannes Kepler Tycho Brahe Galileo Galilei

stationary earth Moon’s irregularities

planetary motions
model
1. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
(A Catholic Cleric)
• Copernicus’ revolution paradigm shift from
the Ptolemaic model of the heavens, which
described the cosmos as having Earth
stationary at the center of the universe.

• Proposed the Sun-centered universe

(Heliocentric System).

• Earth is not special and no different than

any other planet. But being a catholic cleric,
he did not insists his findings which is
against the church beliefs.
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)

• Possesses the most sophisticated

observatory of his day. His data
findings supports Copernicus
findings together with his student
Johannes Kepler.

• But being an arrogant nobleman,

he still believe in Aristotelian
Universe.
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

• A student of Brahe.

• Planetary motion conforms to

mathematical formula.

• Elliptical orbits of the planets and

the sun at the center.

• Planets do not move at uniform

speeds in their orbits.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

• His investigation of the laws of

motion and improvements on the
telescope helped further the
understanding of the world and
universe around him.

• Discredit the current belief of the

time — that all things revolved
around the Earth.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
• He was ordered to turn himself in to the
Holy Office to begin trial for holding the
belief that the Earth revolves around
the Sun, which was deemed heretical
by the Catholic Church.

• The Church sentenced him to light

regimen of penance and
imprisonment.

• Some 300 years later, the Church admit

that Galileo was right and clear his
name.
The Darwinian Revolution
2. Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)

• This has brought a great impact on how

people approach Biology forever.

• This revolution provided a different approach

than the "theory of Creation".

• The ideas that species change over time

through natural processes and that
different species share common ancestors
seemed to contradict the Genesis account
of Creation.
The theory of evolution has two points;

1. All life on Earth is connected and related to each other.

2. This diversity of life came about because of the modification in

populations that were driven by natural selections.
Natural selection is often described as survival of the fittest, where
fitness refers to the ability to survive and reproduce.

The individuals with the best traits will survive and have the opportunity
to pass on it’s traits to offspring.
The Newtonian Revolution
3. Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727)

• Questioning the God’s control of the natural

world with his theory of gravity. Explained
with mathematical principle why apple falls
from the tree.
• God was thought to be in control of all forces
of nature, so a mathematical explanation for
an occurrence in nature was in direct
opposition to beliefs held by the church.
The Concept of Universal Gravitation
That every body attracts every other body with a force
proportional to the product of the two masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them

The two objects pull on each other - the

earth pulls the apple to the ground, but
the apple also pulls back on the Earth.
The Freudian Revolution
4. Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939)
• Freudain revolution may be viewed as the
discovery of a way of locating in mind
objective entities which can be studied like
physical things.

• Believed that human beings choose to

believe in God, who represents a powerful
father-figure, because they want to fell
secure and absolve themselves from guilt.
• He provides a psychoanalysis of religion,
which he views as a false belief system or
an illusion.
Three Main Structures of Personality

• Freud described that the brain can be

segmented into compartments. Where
the id is the set of uncoordinated
instinctual trends, pleasure seeking;
the ego is the organized realistic part;
and the super-ego plays the critical and
moralizing role.

• The unconscious mind governs

behavior to a greater degree than people
suspect.
Summary

The scientific revolution is an important time in history. Not

because of important scientific discoveries, but because scientists
started separate science and religion. By removing religion out of
the equation, science became more based in fact and quantitative
reasoning not some beliefs. The said paradigm shift made way for
science to do so many scientific discoveries about the natural world.

Without religion pulling back, scientific knowledge about the natural

world knew no bounds.
Do you still believe human being is the center
of creation?

Click the link below to watch a short clip about how vast the
universe and the complexity of the human body.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWGWO2thgqw

Prepared by: Mr. Joey Estorosos