NIR Fluorescence of Gentian Violet - pg34

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Deep red to near infrared (NIR) ﬂuorescence of gentian violet-treated latent

prints
Article in Journal of Forensic Identification · January 2000
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International Association for Identification
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Journal of Forensic /dentification

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Editorial Board
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Patti E. Blume Antonio A. Cantu Carey L. Chapman
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Stephen C. McKasson Alan L. McRoberts Clyde11 Morgan
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The Journal of Forensic Identification (ISSN 0895-173X) is the official publication of the
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Ridge Skin Identification, Document Examination, Firearms Identification, Imprint Evidence,
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Vol. 50, No. 1
January/February 2000
Journal of Forensic Identification ISSN:0895-173X
Table of Contents
Technical/Case Report
Schallamach Pattern on Shoe Outsole
Acknowledged by Court in Footwear
Identification (K. J. Deskiewicz) . . . . . . . .
Really Making an Impression (R. L. Hammer, Sr.)
Improving Contrast in Photographs of Latent
Fingerprints on Bottles (J. A. Levi) (A. Leifer) .
Obtaining Identifiable Fingerprints from
Mummified Hands: Two Quick and Accurate
Methods (J. D. Saviano) . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Article
Identification of Blood Prints on Fabric Using
Amido Black and Digital Enhancement
(P. Warrick) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Deep Red to Near Infrared (NIR) Fluorescence
on Gentian Violet-treated Latent Prints
(S. K. Bramble) (A. A. Cantu)
(R. S. Ramotowski) (J. S. Brennan) . . . . . . . 33
Book Review
Crime Science Methods of Forensic Detection
(reviewed by D. L. Bibby) . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Association Business/Announcements
Announcement and Call for Papers . . . . . . 55
Message from the Executive Secretary . . . . 56
1999-2000 IAl Appointments . . . . . . . . . . 58
Technical material appearing in the Journal of Forensic Identification is

indexed by the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) and the
Criminal Justice Periodical Index (CJPI) accessible through DIALOG. Cop-
ies of articles from this publication are available in microform from UMI
Article Clearinghouse, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106,800-521-
0600 toll-free, (313) 761-4700 collect from Alaska and Michigan, 800-343-
5299 toll-free from Canada.
1999 Committee Reports
Forensic Art Subcommittee . . . . . . . . . . 69
Special Notice from the Forensic Art
Subcommittee Chair .. 70
Forensic Art Certification’sbard . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Bloodstain Pattern Identification Subcommittee 73
Bloodstain Pattern Identification Certification
Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Nominations Requested
Dondero Award . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Good of the Association . . . . . . . , . . . . 77
Brian Dalrymple Retires . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Request for Research and Scholarship
Program Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Latent Print Certification Board . . . . . . . . . 80
Crime Scene Certification Board . . . . . . . . 84
Footwear Certification Board . . . . . . . . . . 87
New Members. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Addenda
Upcoming Educational Opportunities . . . . . . 97
Job Announcements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Golden Years (D. L. Grieve) . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Back to Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Instructions for Submissions . . . . . . . . . . 117
Case Report
Schallamach Pattern on Shoe Outsole

Acknowledged by Court in Footwear
Identification
Kevin J. Deskiewicz
Pennsylvania State Police

Bureau of Forensics and Criminal Identification
Harrisburg, PA
Abrasions which occur perpendicular to the direction of force on a

shoe outsole appear as a series of fine wavelike distortions on the flat
areas of the outsoles. These abrasions are similar in appearance to
friction ridge skin characteristics and are compared to known standards
in much the same manner. These accidental characteristics are referred
to as a “Schallamach pattern”, after the engineer who first studied them
[1]. These characteristics may also be referred to as “feathering” [2].
On December 19, 1997, an automotive center was burglarized in

Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. A window was shattered in the front of the
business and the glass fragments which fell into the building were
stepped on by the perpetrator as entry was made. Several glass frag-
ments were collected from the crime scene and submitted to the Penn-
sylvania State Police Crime Laboratory for examination and
comparison to a pair of shoes. The shoes were taken from a suspect
who was arrested that same night in the local vicinity.
During the examination of the glass fragments, five shoe im-

pressions were found to be consistent in tread design, size and wear
with the suspect shoes. As the impressions were on glass, there was
fine detail available for examination which is not usually found in
impression evidence. Two glass fragments had Schallamach patterns.
Journal of Forensic Identification

50 (1), 2000 \ 1
A portion of one pattern is shown in figure 1, and the corresponding
area of the suspect shoe is shown in figure 2. The areas on the outsole
where the Schallamach patterns were located, as well as one non-dis-
tinct accidental characteristic, are shown in figure 3.
Figure I
Schallamach pattern from glass fragment

(pattern formations are white)
In September, 1998, the positive footwear identification was pre-

sented in court and the scientific basis for the identification was ac-
cepted. This identification along with the investigative efforts of the
officers involved resulted in the defendant being convicted of burglary.
Although highly transient in nature and not often reproduced in

impression evidence, Schallamach patterns should be considered when
footwear examinations are completed. If suspect shoes are obtained
within a time frame close to the crime occurrence and a Schallamach
pattern is detected it makes the difference between possibly and posi-
tively placing someone at the scene.

2 / 50 (1), 2000
Figure 2
Corresponding area of suspect shoe

(pattern formations are black)
For further information, please contact:
Cpl. Kevin J. Deskiewicz

Latent Print Examiner
Pennsylvania State Police
Bureau of Forensics and Criminal Identification
1800 Elmer-ton Avenue
Harrisburg, PA 17110
(717) 772-3268, Voice
(717) 772-3267, Fax
References
1. Schallamach, A., "Friction and Abrasion of Rubber”, Wear, 1(5), April
1958 (printed in the Netherlands).
2. Tart, M. S.; Adams, J.; Downey, A. J.; Goodyear, J. G.; Ohene, A.,
“Feathering, Transient Wear Features and Wear Pattern Analysis: A Study
of the Progressive Wear of Training Shoe Outsoles”, Information Bulletin
for Shoeprint/Toolmark Examiners, 4( 1),1998.

50(1), 2000\3
Case Report
Really Making an Impression
Robert L. Hummer, Sr.
Indiana State Police Laboratory

Indianapolis, IN
The Indiana State Police Laboratory was recently asked to process

envelopes and sheets of plain white paper for latent fingerprints. They
had been used to send money through the mail in the unsolicited brib-
ery attempt of a county official, The items were first processed with 1,
8-diazfluoren-9-one (DFO) and then ninhydrin. Latent prints were de-
veloped during both processes and were preserved by photography. On
one of the sheets of paper marks were noticed that ran across the paper
that were not visible prior to processing with ninhydrin. This was
discussed with the Indiana State Police Forensic Document Unit. The
same marks appeared very faintly on the envelope in which this piece
of paper had been mailed. It was initially determined that these were
probably the result of the envelope being machine processed in the post
office.

50 (1), 2 0 0 0 \ 5
Some time passed before the evidence was processed with physical
developer. All of the items were processed and several additional
prints were developed and photographed. On one of the sheets of paper
was the impression of a $100 federal reserve note. Once again the
Forensic Document Unit was consulted.
On the paper were two impressions of the front and the back of a
$100 bill. The sheet of paper had been tri-folded to fit inside the
envelope which brought both sides of the bill into contact with different
areas of the paper. Possible explanations as to why the impression was
there were discussed.
One was that the bill could have had some greasy or oily substance
on it when it came in contact with the paper, and that substance was
transferred to the paper allowing it to be developed with the physical
developer.
The other possible explanation discussed centered around the inta-

glio method of printing that is used to place the black ink on U.S.
currency, This black ink would have an embossed appearance. While
the envelope was in the possession of the U.S. Postal Service, it may
have been subjected to extreme pressure. This may have occurred
while it was on the bottom of a pile of heavy mail or while being
machine processed. Both of these factors combined may have caused a
paper fiber disturbance which allowed the silver nitrate in the physical
developer to be deposited. This would be similar to what happens

6 / 50 (1), 2000
when tongs used to handle an item disturb the paper fibers. Some of
these marks are also visible in the photograph.
A conversation with the investigator revealed that the victim in this

case had been receiving $100 bills through the mail.
Upon comparing the latent impression to a $100 bill, it was deter-

mined that the latent impression was caused by some of the black ink
on the bill. It also appears as though there are actually two latent
impressions, as if the bill had shifted to the side approximately 1 mm
and caused a second impression. The physical developer did not appear
to react with any of the areas where green ink is used on the bill.
In the past, shoe and rubber glove impressions have been developed
with physical developer, but this is the first time an impression of this
type was developed in our laboratory. While the evidentiary value of
this impression may be slight, there is no question that a $100 bill had
been in contact with the sheet of paper at some time.
Sergeant Richard L. Hammer, Sr.

Indiana State Police Laboratory
8500 East 21 st Street
Indianapolis, IN 46219-2598
(317) 899-8521, Voice
(317) 899-8298, Fax

50 (1), 2000 \ 7
Technical Report
Improving Contrast in Photographs of

Latent Fingerprints on Bottles
Joseph A. Levi
Amihud Leifer
Israel National Police

Jerusalem, Israel
Introduction
Glass bottles are important exhibits for fingerprint searching, espe-
cially when they are used for producing incendiary bombs [ 1]. The
method commonly employed in obtaining fingerprint impressions from
glass bottles is photography using oblique illumination. Photography is
employed before and after treatment. The fingerprint impression is
received from light scattered from the ridges. In this process, two
factors adversely affect the contrast in the photograph:
1. The absence of a dark background;
2. Reflection from the interior surface of the bottle.
The first difficulty can be treated by inserting a rolled piece of black

paper into the bottle before photography. This gives better results than
placing the bottle on a black surface. This report will present a method
for preventing the second problem.
Method and materials

A black liquid is prepared by dissolving 3 grams of artist’s acrylic
black paint (i.e., Talens No. 735) per 100 mL water. The liquid is left
to stand for half an hour to let gases which could create bubbles escape.
Journal of Forensic identification

8 / 50 (1), 2000
The bottle is filled with the black liquid and stopped with a cork or cap.
If a cap is used, a small cone of plasticine should be inserted on its
inside to expel some liquid, thus preventing bubbles. While stopping
the bottle, a piece of absorbent paper is held around its neck, to prevent
liquid from dripping on the bottle. The bottle is laid down, fingerprint
up and is illuminated at an angle. The camera is positioned perpendicu-
lar to the bottle.
The black liquid serves two purposes: absorbing light, it serves as a

dark background and it greatly reduces reflection from the internal
surface of the bottle.
This can be shown using the equation for reflected light for normal
(perpendicular) reflection [2]:
where n1 and n2 are indices of refraction of the bottle glass and the
bottle’s interior respectively and R is the reflection factor. At other
angles a more complex equation applies, however, in our case, the
reflection is close to normal. Assuming nl=lS and an empty bottle
(n2=1) we obtain R=0.04, for a filled bottle (assuming n2=1.33)
R=0.0036 - a reduction by a factor of 11!
This method gives a significant improvement in the visibility of

latent and unstained cyanoacrylate-treated fingerprints. It can be also
used for glass tumblers if a suitable fixture is available for photograph-
ing the tumbler upright. The method is non-destructive, since there are
generally no fingerprints inside bottles.
Two other methods were tried:

1. Inserting a rolled piece of black paper into the bottle be-
fore photography;
2. Black background - placing the bottle on black paper.
Use of the black liquid method and comparison with the other meth-
ods is demonstrated in figure 1.

50 (1), 2000 \ 9
in?wior interior
suffaoe Surface
a. b. c.
Figure 1
Methods for photographing latents on bottles: (a) black

liquid; (b) rolled black paper; (c) black background.
The results of using this method and a comparison with those of the
two other methods are shown in figure 2. It is clear that the black liquid
method gives the highest visibility.
Joseph A. Levi
Photography Laboratory
Israel National Police
Jerusalem, Israel
972-2-530-9489
References
1. Shelef, R., et al, “Development of Latent Fingerprints from Incendiary
Bottles”, Journal of Forensic Identification, 46(5), 1996, pp 556-560.
2. cf. Levi, L., Applied Optics, John Wiley, 1968, pp 331-332.

10/50 (1), 2000
2a
2b
2c
Figure 2
Photographs of cynoacrylate-treated latents on bottles: (a)

black liquid; (b) rolled black paper; (c) black background.

12/50(1),2000
Technical Report
Obtaining Identifiable Fingerprints from

Mummified Hands: Two Quick and
Accurate Methods
Jeffrey D. Saviano
Metro Forensic Laboratory

Colorado Springs, CO
Introduction
Before attempting to identify the deceased through fingerprints, one
of the examiner’s first considerations is whether or not the body is
decomposed, and if so, to what extent. The condition of the hands of
the deceased varies as a result of both biological and environmental
factors. Dry heat, along with currents of air, will tend to prevent
bacterial decomposition (putrefaction). Instead, a body exposed to
such conditions will often become mummified [1]. The semi-arid cli-
mate of Colorado has presented the author with a number of opportuni-
ties to examine hands in which mummification has taken place.
The mummification of fingers presents both advantages and disad-

vantages to the examiner. The friction ridges appearing on the fingers
are, as a rule, remarkably well preserved. In addition, the epidermis
takes on a nearly indestructible quality which enables the examiner to
handle the fingers without fear of damaging the ridge structure. Unfor-
tunately, the tissue is often marked by deep creases and sunken areas
due to the loss of fluid prior to mummification. These creases, along
with the hardness or wood-like character of the fingers, make it difficult
to obtain identifiable fingerprints in the traditional manner.

50 ( 1), 2000\ 13
Ordinarily, the examiner would first remove the pattern area or pad
of the finger from the bone. The pattern area would then be cut and/or
scraped, with the aid of a small scalpel, until the tissue was thin enough
and pliable enough to conform to the examiner’s finger, and could be
inked and rolled as if it were the examiner’s own skin.
Extreme care must be used during the cutting and scraping process
to guard against damage to the epidermal tissue. One slip of the scalpel
can easily result in obliterating important ridge detail. Because of this,
the cutting and scraping stage can be very time-consuming.
In an effort to soften the tissue prior to cutting, the fingers are often
soaked in either an emollient or a re-hydrating solution such as sodium
hydroxide or potassium hydroxide [2]. While this can make the cutting
easier in some cases, it also extends the time it takes to obtain identifi-
able fingerprints. The entire process can take days, or even weeks.
It is imperative that the identity of the deceased be determined as

soon as possible, especially in a homicide case. Detectives must have
this information in order to further their investigation. The Coroner or
Medical Examiner must have a positive identification so that the body
can be released. The family of the decedent must also be informed so
that they may begin the grieving process. It was because of this ur-
gency that the author was led to consider alternatives to other methods
of obtaining fingerprints from mummified bodies. Once the examiner
abandons of the notion that fingerprints have to be impressions consist-
ing of black printer’s ink on pre-labeled white cards, the identification
of the deceased can be accomplished in much less time.
Method 1: Photographing the mummified finger

Throughout the years, photography has demonstrated its over-
whelming value to the field of forensic science. It is not unusual for
examiners to use photographs of latent prints for their comparisons.
And, it is well established that forensic photography is commonly
admissible as evidence in the judicial system. Therefore, consideration
was given to the feasibility of obtaining identifiable fingerprints by
simply photographing the pattern area of the mummified fingers.
The procedure is quite simple. Once the finger has been removed
from the hand, it is placed onto a copy stand, pattern side up. It may be

14/50(1), 2000
necessary to put something under the finger to prevent it from rolling
out of position - a small piece of paper towel will usually suffice.
Next, a suitable scale (such as the ABFO right-angle scale) must be

placed next to the finger. It is very important that the scale be posi-
tioned in such a way that it is on the same plane as the pattern area of
the finger (figure 1 ), so that a precise 1: 1 photograph can be produced.
A small pad of paper the thickness of the finger works nicely. Al-
though a photograph that is not life-size can certainly be used for
comparison purposes, a 1:l photograph allows the impression to be
entered into the Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) if
necessary.
Since the ridges and valleys of the epidermis present a three-dimen-

sional subject, the lighting for the photograph should be at an oblique
angle. A small hand-held floodlight works well because it can be
Photgraphing Ridge Detail On An Intact Finger
Camera Parallel Oblique Lighting

To Scale
0
e
Scale On Same Plane /
As Finger Surface ~~ + -= +.
-. --- - - - ~--- - a- Finger
Figure 1
Basic setup for photography of mummified fingers

(note that the film plane is parallel to the finger surface and
that the scale is on the same plane as the pattern area)

50(1),2000\15
repositioned easily while the photographer observes the finger through
the viewfinder of the camera. Due to the fact that different ridge
characteristics might be revealed depending on the direction of the light
source, it is best to take a series of photographs with the light at various
positions.
Another concern when utilizing macrophotography with three-di-

mensional objects is the inherent shallow depth of field. It has been
suggested by some authors that multiple photographs should be taken in
order to clearly record all of the ridges as they appear around the entire
first joint of the finger [3]. This might be true on those occasions when
the object is to classify rather than to identify the fingerprint, However,
as any latent examiner can attest, a relatively small area of ridge detail
is often all that is necessary for a positive identification. Consequently,
for most comparisons only one camera position is required to capture
sufficient detail (figure 2).
While fine-grain black and white film is traditionally used for

macrophotography as it applies to forensic situations, the author has
obtained satisfactory results using a 100 ISO color film as well. There-
Figure 2
Photograph of right thumb of mummified hand

(note the clarity of ridge detail)

16 / 50 (1), 2000
fore, the choice of film in this application is less important than a good
lens, sharp focusing, correct lighting and accurate positioning of the
scale.
It should be kept in mind that a photograph of a mummified finger

will be laterally reversed when compared to an inked impression on a
fingerprint card. For example, a loop that slopes to the right on the
fingerprint card will slope to the left on the photograph. For this
reason, it is advisable to have the negative printed “upside-down” (in
other words, with the emulsion of the film facing away from the emul-
sion of the printing paper) so that the characteristics will correspond
during the comparison. This is not to say that an examiner would be
unable to make an identification using a laterally reversed image, but if
there are to be court exhibits produced, it would be better for the jury to
see the two images in the same orientation.
Excellent results can often be obtained by photographing mummi-

fied fingers. In addition, the time it takes for an identification is consid-
erably less than with the conventional method involving cutting,
scraping, and inking of the fingers.
Method: Impressions with modeling clay

As mentioned previously, one of the disadvantages of working with
mummified hands is that the tissue is hard and wood-like. This is only
a disadvantage, however, when using the conventional method of ob-
taining inked fingerprints. The hardness of the tissue is actually benefi-
cial when using the modeling clay method.
The method involves the use of common modeling clay such as that
found in a craft store. Since the impression will be photographed, it is
best to use a clay of a medium color and shade such as gray or brown.
The examiner rolls a small amount of clay into a ball with his or her
hands. This helps to soften the clay slightly. The clay is then placed on
a firm, but movable surface such as a cutting board or a piece of
cardboard. The purpose of the movable surface is so that the clay can
be transferred to a position under a camera lens without damaging the
impression. The examiner then flattens the clay with a smooth object;
the side of a glass jar works well. Next, the finger is pressed into the
clay either straight down or as if rolling an inked print. The resulting
impression is then photographed (figure 3).
50 (1), 2000\ 17
Figure 3
Photograph of impression in modeling clay. The clay

conforms to the irregular surfacee of the pattern urea and
allows sufficient ridge detail to be captured.
Photography of the clay fingerprint is performed in much the same

way as is photography of the finger itself. It is again important to place
the scale so that it is on the same plane as the actual impression. This
can easily be accomplished by pressing the scale into the clay surround-
ing the print to a depth that is equal to the depth of the finger impres-
sion. Also, lighting is used at various positions and oblique angles due
to the three-dimensional aspect of the print.
The modeling clay is pliable enough so that creases and sunken

areas in the finger tissue do not present a problem as they would in the
ink and card method. When compared with the method of photograph-
ing the finger itself, the modeling clay method has one advantage: no
reversal of the negative is required because the clay impression is

18 / 50 (1), 2000
already in the correct orientation. Th.is allows comparison and court-
room presentation to be accomplished with less difficulty.
Conclusion
The conventional methods of obtaining inked fingerprints from
mummified fingers can be tedious and time consuming. If the principal
purpose of these fingerprints - to identify the deceased - is kept in
mind, the examiner will not have to be preoccupied with producing the
clearest and best possible inked fingerprint. Alternative methods such
as photography of the finger and the modeling clay method allow the
identification to take place in much less time, thereby enabling the
examiner to be of greater assistance to the agencies and people in-
volved.
Jeffrey D. Saviano
Criminalist
Metro Forensic Laboratory
Police Operations Center
705 South Nevada
Colorado Springs, CO 80903
(719) 444-7750
References
1. Simpson, K.; Knight, B., Forensic Medicine, Edward Arnold (Publishers)
Ltd., London, 1989, p 14.
2. Federal Bureau of Investigation, The Science of Fingerprints, Washington,

DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984, p 142.
3. Cowger, J., Friction Ridge Skin, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc.,
New York, 1983, p 32.

50 (1), 2000\ 19
Identification of Blood Prints on Fabric
Using Amido Black and Digital
Enhancement
Patrick Warrick
King County Sheriff’s Office

Seattle, WA
Abstract: Blood prints were developed on cotton fabric using amido black and digital
enhancement and were ultimately identified to a suspect in a homicide case. The court
trial centered on the digitally enhanced latent fingerprint and palm print used for compar-
ison with the defendant. After the defendant was convicted for murder in the first degree,
his appeal was based on the contention the trial court erred in admitting the digitally
enhanced latent images after conducting a Frye hearing. The Washington State Court of
Appeals reviewed the case and affirmed the conviction.
Introduction
On Sunday morning, May 14, 1995, Dawn Fehring, a 27-year-old
student, was found dead on the bedroom floor of her Kirkland, Wash-
ington apartment. Her nude body was near the foot of her bed with a
T-shirt and the top bed sheet wrapped loosely around her head. Blood-
stains were visible on the carpet near her pelvic area and bloody hand
transfer marks were seen on the fitted bed sheet that was still on the
mattress. An autopsy revealed that Fehring died from mechanical as-
phyxia to include both smothering and strangulation sometime the pre-
vious Friday evening. The sources of the blood at the scene were two
tears to the victim’s hymen and some bleeding from the victim’s
mouth. Kirkland Police Detectives collected the fitted bed sheet for
examination.

20 / 50 (1), 2000
During the investigation, Eric Hayden, a neighbor of Fehring’s,
became a suspect. Police interviewed Hayden during a routine canvass
of the area and he seemed nervous while talking to the detectives. He
was unable to provide an alibi for the night of the murder and told
police that he was out drinking with friends, but could not identify the
friends. His girlfriend said that Hayden had told her that he was too
drunk to remember where he had been on Friday night.
Unable to find any other physical evidence to connect Hayden to the

scene, Kirkland Police Department requested King County Sheriff’s
Office to examine the fitted bed sheet for any possible latent evidence.
King County latent examiners received the sheet eighteen days after the
estimated time of death for examination. The sheet was a light pink
cotton material with several faint blood transfer marks concentrated
mostly at the head and the foot of the bed.
Discussion was held on possible development techniques and the

decision was made to utilize amido black to try and enhance any blood
prints on the fabric. Amido black is a chemical dye solution that binds
to protein molecules in blood and yields a dark blue color [1].
Methods and materials

Blood enhancement
A section of material that showed the best amount of blood transfer
(figure 1) was selected and cut from the sheet for processing. It should
be noted that the fabric did not have any visible ridge detail and exhib-
ited only vague appearances of hand marks. Since it had been eighteen
days since the crime, the blood on the fabric was not “fixed” prior to
processing. The three solutions used for development were put into
glass trays for dipping. Because of the possibility of a large volume of
rinse solution being used, the decision was made to utilize straight
methanol for the rinse. Comparisons between using the acetic
acid/methanol rinse versus straight methanol rinse have shown no dif-
ferences in latent development or long term stability of the ridge detail
on the item.
Working solution: 2g amido black (naphthol blue black)

100 mL glacial acetic acid (99.7% purity)
900 mL methanol (methyl alcohol)

50 (1), 2000 \ 21
Rinse solution: methanol
Final rinse solution: distilled water
The item was immersed in the working solution and agitated for
approximately 15 seconds. Because of the absorbency of the cotton
fabric, the entire item immediately took on a very dark blue/black
color. After being agitated, the item was held over the tray to allow the
excess solution to drain off, then it was immersed in the rinse solution
and agitated. After several seconds the excess dye began rinsing away.
There was so much working solution absorbed by the fabric, it became
necessary to replace the rinse solution with fresh methanol to remove
the remainder of the excess dye, The resulting ridge detail visible on
the fabric was quite amazing (figures 2,3,4).
After the rinse solution, the item was placed in a final rinse solution
to remove the methanol from the material and then allowed to air dry.
Based on the development of latents on the first piece of fabric, four
other sections were cut from the sheet for processing. Eventually, the
entire sheet was processed prior to trial.

22 / 50 (1), 2000
Figure 2
Same section of sheet as figure 1 after amido black

processing
Figure 3
Adjacent areas of the sheet along the cut;

top section has not been processed while the bottom section
has been treated with amido black
(note there is no visible detail prior to processing)
Journa! of Forensic Identification
50 (1), 2000 \ 23
Section of fabric showing overall ridge detail after amido
black processing
Ridge formation was clearly visible on the fabric, but under magnifi-
cation, the detail needed to discern clear characteristics was hidden by
the weave of the fabric. King County latent examiners contacted the
Forensic Services Section of the Tacoma Police Department in an effort
to deal with the weave background of the fabric. Two sections of the
sheet that showed the most promise were taken to the Tacoma Police
Department for possible digital enhancement,
Digital Enhancement
Several images of ridge detail were captured using a Kodak DCS
420 color digital camera (figure 5). High angle tungsten illumination
was used to help eliminate shadows in the weave pattern. The images
were then acquired into a digital image tracking computer program
called MOREHITS™. The system encrypts sensitive case data that is
saved into the program. The image itself is not encrypted or altered in
any way.

24 / 50 (1), 2000
Figure 5
Digital image of amido black developed latent paimprint on

cotton fabric prior to enhancement
The program contains an algorithm that is used to scan the image

and detect any alteration of the image since it was captured, The
algorithm is capable of detecting a change to even one pixel. All
subsequent enhancements are performed on copies of the original
image. Specific enhancement tools and processes can be tracked by the
computer program and also are encrypted for data integrity. In the end,
the user has an original image with encrypted data and one or more
enhanced versions of that original with any accompanying encrypted
enhancement data. While it is impossible to absolutely prove the true
representation of an image and the need for this type of image and data
tracking is debatable, it is just one more tool showing case documenta-
tion that can be used in court.
The main enhancement software for the computer program is

Adobe® Photoshop™. Photoshop™ was to be used to deal with the
low contrast image, but it lacked any tools to adequately handle the
issue of the weave pattern interference. To address this problem,
Micrografix® Picture Publisher™ was used. It contains an algorithm

50 (1), 2000 \ 25
called a pattern removal filter that seems to be a variation of the gauss-
ian blur, where repeating patterns are softened, making them much less
noticeable. This differs from the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) filter in
that the Picture Publisher™ doesn’t actually remove the repeating pat-
terns from the image [2]. The pattern removal filter was applied to the
images, which resulted in the repeated weave pattern being signifi-
cantly muted.
To deal with the low contrast image specifically, several tools from
Adobe® Photoshop™ were utilized. The algorithms found under the
Image>Adjust submenu in Photoshop™ such as Levels, Curves, Color
Balance, Brightness/Contrast, and Variations all basically do the same
thing. They map the pixel ranges within the digital image and enable
the user to adjust those ranges [3], In this instance, the Curves function
was the main contrast adjustment tool used to measure and adjust the
tonal ranges of the ridge detail while leaving the background tones
unaffected. The finished images had good contrast between the ridge
detail and the muted background weave of the fabric.
Figure 6
Digital image after the weave pattern has been softened and
the contrast improved

26 / 50 (1), 2000
King County latent examiners contacted the Kirkland Police detec-
tives and advised them that several identifiable latents had been devel-
oped on the sheet. For comparison purposes, Kirkland Police provided
the names of five male individuals, including Eric Hayden, who lived in
the apartment complex and had prior violent criminal histories. Hay-
den had been booked in January, 1995, and had fingerprints and palm
prints on file with King County Sheriff’s Office. Comparison of the
enhanced images of the latent prints from the sheet with the known
prints of Hayden resulted in two positive matches*. A latent palm print
from the foot of the bed matched Hayden’s right hand and a latent
fingerprint from the head of the bed matched the right middle finger of
Hayden.
Court proceedings
Trial court
On June 5, 1995, the State charged Eric Hayden with one count of
felony first degree murder. Specifically, it alleged that Hayden raped
Fehring, and in the course of committing that crime, caused her death.
Prior to trial, Hayden requested a hearing to determine the admissibility
of the print evidence identified by the use of enhanced digital imaging.
He argued that the digital enhancement was a novel scientific technique
and therefore did not meet the Frye standard [4]. Under the Frye test,
scientific evidence is admissible if it is generally accepted in the rele-
vant scientific community, but not allowed if there is significant dissen-
sion among qualified experts as to its validity. If the evidence in
question does not involve novel techniques or methods, it precludes the
need for a Frye hearing.
Testimony by two forensic experts involved with this case outlined

the steps taken to process and digitally enhance the latent prints on the
bedsheet. Arguments were given that digital technology evolved over
25 years ago by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory to isolate and
enhance data from deep space. The State contended that the technol-
ogy of digital enhancement was not new and it was more the high cost
and lack of knowledge that kept the law enforcement community from
using this technology earlier. Hayden did not present any witnesses
* - In December, 1995, a third latent was identified to Hayden after subsequent digital en-
hancement. However, due to trial date deadlines, this information was not presented in
court.

50 (1), 2000 \ 27
against the State and presented no opposing literature. The trial court
found that the amido black chemical process was generally accepted by
forensic scientists and that the enhanced digital imaging process was
not a novel scientific process to which the Frye test applies. Neverthe-
less, the court found that digital enhancement of images passed the Frye
standard.
During trial, two King County latent examiners testified that they
had identified both a bloody palm print and fingerprint developed on
the victim’s bedsheet as having been made by the defendant. When
asked under cross-examination if the comparisons were based on the
prints actually found on the sheet or the digitally enhanced versions,
both examiners stated that the weave pattern made identifications to the
actual sheet extremely difficult if not impossible.
An imaging system similar to the one used by the Tacoma Police

Department was set up in the courtroom to show jurors what steps were
taken to enhance the fabric prints. The imaging expert from Tacoma
went through the entire enhancement process step-by-step, including
capturing the image from the actual piece of evidence. Jurors were
shown how the images and data were protected from tampering and
that all enhancements were done on a copy of the original to protect the
integrity of the evidence. The jurors saw the enhancement tools used
and their effects on the image. The important part of the demonstration
was that it allowed the jurors to see first hand the results of the enhance-
ment and established both the repeatability of the process and demon-
strated visually that the enhanced version had not been altered so as to
identify an innocent person [2].
The defense contended that the identifications were flawed due to

the fact Hayden could not be identified to the actual sheet. Their
argument was that the prints were worthless until an outside “imaging
expert” from Tacoma with some new computer software made the
prints identifiable. They tried to convince the jury that the computer
had somehow altered the enhanced images and the wrong man was
identified. The jury, which included three Microsoft employees, delib-
erated for three hours before finding Eric Hayden guilty of first degree
murder.

28 / 50 (1), 2000
Appeal court
Hayden’s appeal was based on the argument that digital imaging has
not obtained general acceptance in the relevant scientific community
because the use for this specific type of forensic application is new and
the computer programs used to enhance the images were not designed
for forensic science. He maintained that the trial court erred in admit-
ting the enhanced images as evidence because they did not satisfy the
Frye standard. The State countered that digital enhancement is not
novel and is generally accepted, even in the latent print examiner’s
scientific community. With that criteria met, the State contended that
the Frye standard had been satisfied.
The appellate court reviewed the trial record and found that the
State’s arguments had merit. However, they also realized that no
Washington court, or any other court in a published opinion, had deter-
mined the admissibility of digitally enhanced prints with regards to the
Frye standard. With that in mind, the appellate court conducted another
Frye test to examine the question of whether the digital imaging process
was too novel and if it is generally accepted in the relevant scientific
community [5].
During trial, the State had argued that the unique application of an
accepted technology did not constitute a novel process and cited State
v. Noltie [6] for support. In Noltie, images of a child abuse victim’s sex
organs that were obtained using a colposcope were challenged. A
colposcope is a microscope developed and normally used to diagnose
cancer, and in the opinion of the court, basically a magnifying glass
with a long name. The appellate court concluded that the use of that
scientific technology was not novel, even though the application of that
technology in child abuse cases was relatively new; therefore, it was
not subject to the Frye test. Certainly digital imaging in general is not a
new process and even the average person understands and accepts
computer enhancement of photographs and video. More at issue in this
case was the question of acceptance of digital technology in the foren-
sic science community.
A case that has been adjudicated but not appealed to a higher court is
considered unpublished and cannot be cited to support evidence in
another case, however, unpublished cases can be used to show accepted
technology or practice by a profession. In Commonwealth of Virginia
v. Knight [7], a 22-year-old victim was found stabbed to death in
March, 1990. A faint bloody fingerprint was seen on a pillowcase
o f Forensic Identification
50 ( 1), 2000 \ 29
found next to the victim. The fabric was processed with DFO and some
ridge detail was developed. Because of the interference of the fabric
pattern, the latent print could not be identified. Investigators sent a
photograph of the DFO print to a private company for possible digital
enhancement. The process included the removal of the fabric pattern
from the background, which resulted in an identification to the suspect.
During the suppression hearing, the analyst from the private company
provided details of the enhancement process. After the demonstration
and supporting expert testimony, the court admitted the enhanced print
concluding that the process did not alter the characteristic arrangement
of the latent print.
The only published case that deals with a digitally enhanced amido
black print is Litaker v. Texas [8]. In that trial, a retired Army latent
print examiner testified that he had matched a digitally enhanced latent
print that had been developed with amido black to a known print.
However, the admissibility of the identification was not challenged and
the process was not discussed in detail by the court. The significance of
Litaker v. Texas is that it showed the combination of amido black and
digital enhancement was presented in at least one court as early as
1990.
To document the acceptance of digital technology in the Hayden

case, the appellate court researched its use in the forensic community.
It is clear that digital technology was being utilized by law enforcement
for some time, albeit on a limited scale. According to literature by Alan
McRoberts [9], digital image enhancement had been a tool for latent
processing at the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Office since at least
1987. The appellate court concluded that there was not a significant
dispute among qualified forensic personnel on the validity of digitally
enhanced images performed by qualified experts using appropriate soft-
ware. Hayden’s argument that the trial court erred by admitting the
enhanced images was rejected and his conviction was affirmed [5].
Conclusion
The successful prosecution of Eric Hayden was the result of the
cooperation of three law enforcement agencies and the prosecutor’s
office. Agencies and personnel should not be limited to the confines of
their jurisdictions when sharing information and technology. This is
especially true as digital technology becomes more common in law
enforcement. The court demonstration of the enhancement methods

30 / 50 (1), 2000
used was invaluable to the jury and this type of testimony should
always be an option for the forensic professional during trial. It al-
lowed qualified experts to repeat for the court and jurors the enhance-
ment process and they could see for themselves that the identifying
characteristics were not altered. This case is significant because it is
the first time digitally enhanced latent prints have withstood direct
challenge under appeal, and has been subsequently published.
Acknowledgement
This author would like to thank Erik Berg of the Tacoma Police
Department and Dan Holshue of the Montana Department of Justice for
their work on this case and their input for this article.
Patrick Warrick
Latent Print Examiner
King County Sheriff’s Office
516 Third Avenue
Seattle, WA 98104
(206)296-7446, Voice
(206)205-7898, Fax
patrick.warrick@metrokc.gov
References
1. Lee, H. C.; Gaensslen, R. E., Advances in Fingerprint Technology, CRC
Press, Ann Arbor, 1994, p 84.
2. Berg, E., “Digital Imaging Can Be a Powerful Tool in the Search for
Evidence, But in Court it is a Question of Admissibility”, FBI Digital
Imaging Seminarfor Law Enforcement, May 1997.
3. Adobe Systems Incorporated, Adobe Photoshop 3.0 Tutorial, 1994, p 126.
4. Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013,34 A.L.R. 145 (D.C. Cir. 1923).
5. State of Washington v. Hayden, 90 Wn. App. 100 (1998).
v. Noltie, 57 W n . A p p . 21, 786 P. 2 d 332 (1990), affd,

6 . State o f Washington
116 Wn.2d 831, 809 P.2d 190 (1991).
7. Commonwealth of Virginia v. Knight, CR--90--1353--02--F.

50(1),2000\31
8. Litaker v. Texas, 784 S.W. 2d 739 (Texas Crim. App., 1990).
9. McRoberts, A. L., “Digital Image Processing as a Means of Enhancing

Latent Fingerprints”, International Forensic Symposium on Latent Prints,
July 1987.

32 / 50 (1), 2000
Deep Red to Near Infrared (NIR)
Fluorescence of Gentian Violet-treated
Latent Prints
Simon K. Bramble1
Antonio A. Cantu2
Robert S. Ramotowski2
John S. Brennan1
Abstract: Until recently, the application of gentian violet to visualize latent prints on
adhesive and non-adhesive non-porous surfaces has been limited to observations in the
visible region. This paper reports the first study of gentian violet fluorescence with
respect to fingerprint enhancement since its deep red to near-infrared fluorescence char-
acteristics were first reported in the mid- 1980s. Fluorescence data has been used to
optimize a relatively inexpensive viewing system that can display and capture the deep
red to near-infrared fluorescence of gentian violet-treated latent prints. Due to the inher-
ently superior detection limits provided by fluorogenic reagents, this system allows the
visualization of not only prints on dark surfaces, but weakly developed prints on light
surfaces as well.
Introduction
Gentian violet (GV), a triphenylmethane dye also known as crystal
violet, has been used for many years as a biological stain. It has also
been used for a number of years in the law enforcement community as a
processing technique for the visualization of latent prints on both non-
sticky and sticky non-porous surfaces (e.g., adhesive tapes and, in some
’ - Home Office Forensic Science Service, Metropolitan Laboratory, 109 Lambeth Road,
London, SE1 7LP, UK
2 - United States Secret Service, 1800 G Street, NW, Suite 929, Washington, DC, 20223,
USA.

50 (1), 2000 \ 33
cases, plastics, cans, painted surfaces, etc.). Several formulations have
been reported for this reagent [l-5]. On sticky surfaces, the dye stain
attaches itself to dead skin cells (squamae) deposited on contact with
surfaces, as well as some sebaceous-type material [6]. The chemical
structure of gentian violet is shown in figure 1 [7]. Although it has
been reported that gentian violet was first used on evidence in England
and Italy in the late 1960s [8], one of the first accounts published in the
forensic science literature was by Takashi Arima, a Medical-legal ex-
aminer, from the Scientific Investigation Research Section, Fukushima-
ken Police Headquarters, Japan, during the early 1980s [9]. A
subsequent article described the identification of a suspect using gen-
tian violet on masking tape [10].
Because of the dark color imparted by the gentian violet stain, the
process initially had limited application with dark tapes. However, an
article by Wilson and McCloud offered a solution for obtaining gentian
violet development on black plastic tapes [11]. Application of this
technique involved several steps: immersing the black tape in the re-
agent for three minutes; applying a recently dampened piece of photo-
graphic paper (emulsion side) to both the adhesive and non-adhesive
side of the tape (after it had been rinsed and shaken free of excess
water) to form a “sandwich”; ironing both sides of the “sandwich” on
low heat; and finally separating the pieces and allowing them to dry
ci
ti
Figure I
Chemical structure of gentian violet

34 / 50 (1), 2000
thoroughly. The resulting gentian violet-developed prints appear in
“reversed position” on the photographic paper. Another article advo-
cated brushing a 3% solution of gentian violet onto the adhesive surface
of a piece of black electrical tape using a camel’s-hair brush [12]. Faint
latent prints would appear after drying with a hair dryer type hot air
gun. Better contrast was achieved after illumination with high intensity
lights, no doubt due to the reflective nature of the dried crystals.
A comprehensive study comparing many different techniques for

visualizing latent prints on various types of adhesive tapes concluded
that superglue fuming followed by rhodamine 6G or MBD was the
most effective treatment for fabric, paper, and PVC based tapes [13].
The study concluded that gentian violet had only moderate sensitivity
compared to the fluorescent dye stain techniques. Gentian violet has
also been recommended as a post superglue treatment to enhance con-
trast [14, 15]. Another article gives a favorable result with gentian
violet on cement [16]. The prints developed were of excellent quality,
although they rapidly began to diminish as the cement dried. This
situation was remedied by the fuming of the cement with superglue for
two hours prior to the application of gentian violet. Subsequent devel-
opment remained faint, but visible, as the slab dried.
A study comparing gentian violet to Sticky-side Powder® found

that Sticky-side Powder® was superior to gentian violet on duct tape.
In fact, the study found that sequencing gentian violet followed by
Sticky-side Powder® was inferior to Sticky-side Powder® alone [17].
These results were contradicted by Harold Tuthill [8]. His research
indicated that a phenol-based gentian violet solution (instead of the
aqueous one used by Gray) would produce better results than Sticky-
side Powder®. It has been suggested that phenol helps gentian violet
penetrate the latent print residue more efficiently.
Multimetal deposition was also found to develop prints on both the

sticky and non-sticky surfaces of most tapes (e.g., any colored plastic,
bandage, strapping, masking, metal, or cellophane tapes) [18]. Another
study examined the use of commercial fabric dyes and biological stains
[19]. This study indicated that gentian violet exhibited a weak visible
fluorescence when excited with long-wave ultraviolet radiation. An-
other article found success using gentian violet and oblique lighting on
brown plastic packing tape [20].

50 (1), 2000 \ 35
On black electrical tape, another study recommended the use of
basic fuchsin (rosanaline chloride) instead of gentian violet because of
the former’s ability to fluoresce [6]. In an effort to develop prints on
the adhesive side of black or dark colored tapes, one study advocated
the use of a fluorescent gentian violet solution [21]. The reagent con-
tained a small quantity of rhodamine 6G and was applied by either
dipping or brushing. It was noted that excessive amounts of rhodamine
6G added to the reagent left a prominent dark red residue on the
evidence. Visible fluorescence examinations were conducted using a
5-watt Spectra-Physics Model 164-09 argon ion laser.
Nearly all of the methods described above require several stages of

treatment. Clearly, if the observation of fluorescence from GV could
be made more reliable, it would present a less demanding method for
the visualization of latent fingerprints on dark surfaces. Therefore, the
studies reported here revisit the fluorescence properties of gentian vio-
let with the intention of optimizing the reagent’s capability for visualiz-
ing latent prints on dark surfaces by fluorescence detection. In
addition, an inexpensive fluorescence imaging system is also described
to visualize the enhanced prints.
Fluorescence studies
Based on the initial observations by Creer and Brennan [22] of the
near infrared fluorescence from GV-treated fingerprints in the region of
730-750 nm using the 514.5 nm line of an argon ion laser, a series of
fluorescence studies were undertaken. The first experiments deter-
mined concentration effects upon the observed fluorescence in solution
and the second investigated the fluorescence properties of GV treated
prints as a function of both reagent concentration and treatment meth-
odology. The purpose for obtaining the spectra was to determine the
optimum excitation and emission wavelengths for GV fluorescence
and, hence, the correct filter selection for a viewing system that would
optimize the deep red to near infrared luminescence images of treated
prints on both dark and light surfaces.
Solution spectroscopy
A dilution series of eight concentrations of GV was prepared be-
tween 5 x 10B6 M and 1.25 x 10B2 M in the solvent system used in
operational casework within the Forensic Science Service (10 g phenol:

36 / 50 (1), 2000
50 mL ethanol: 1 L distilled water - this provides a GV working
concentration of approximately 1.2 x 10m2 M) [23].
Fluorescence spectra were recorded for each solution on a 3D-fluo-

rescence spectrophotometer, a Hitachi model F-4500. This instrument
generates a three dimensional plot of fluorescence excitation versus
emission versus intensity. The spectrum resembles a contour plot;
contours connect points of equal fluorescence intensity in the same way
that contours on a map connect points of equal height. A 300 nm long
pass excitation filter and 585 nm long pass emission filter were chosen
to reduce interference of multiple order effects. The spectrum obtained
of a 1.25 x 10-2 M gentian violet solution with these filters showed an
excitation peak at 530 nm and an emission peak at 720 nm (figure 2).
560.0
EX
670.0 EM 770.0
Figure 2
A 3-D fluorescence spectrum of gentian violet in solution.

The maximum excitation (EX) and emission (EM) peaks are
at 530 and 720 nm, respectively.

50 (1), 2000 \ 37
emission wavelength shifted from around 720 nm (highest concentra-
tion) to around 630 nm (lowest concentration). Several hypotheses
have been suggested to explain these observations, including the forma-
tion of dye aggregates (e.g., dimers, trimers, etc.) and the preferential
stabilization of particular resonance forms due to dye-counter-ion inter-
actions (the counterion in gentian violet, the chloride ion, could interact
either with the central carbon atom or at a terminal amino group) [24].
Determination of the precise nature of the photophysical process in-
volved is beyond the scope of this paper.
Solid phase spectroscopy

Concentrated (working) and dilute (5 x 10m6 M) gentian violet solu-
tions were used to test fluorescence of sample fingerprints on black
PVC tape. A microspectrophotometer, built using a Polylight (Rofin
Australia Pty. Ltd) for illumination and the Hitachi F-4500 instrument
(linked to a microscope via fiber optic cable) for detection of lumines-
cence from print ridges, was used to evaluate the samples. The results
showed that the maximum fluorescence was obtained for the weaker
solution rather than the working solution. However, it was observed
that fluorescence intensity could be increased from the prints treated
with the working solution by rinsing them in a phenol/ethanol/water
solution for a few seconds. Although this initial rinse removed excess
gentian violet and improved fluorescence intensity, subsequent wash-
ings apparently removed too much reagent and resulted in decreased
fluorescence. Once washed, visible gentian violet development could
be restored by re-application of the working concentration reagent.
Although the use of other solvent washes such as pure ethanol resulted
in a loss of all gentian violet detail in these experiments, the ethanol
rinse worked well on black tapes processed with the water based gen-
tian violet formula used at the U.S. Secret Service.
Imaging System
To obtain images of the fluorescent gentian violet-treated prints on
tape, a high-resolution 8-bit Kodak Megaplus digital camera (resolution
was 2048 x 2048) model 4.2 was used. The excitation source was a
slide projector, which like all slide projectors contains a heat-absorbing
filter. The aforementioned spectroscopic data was used to select the
proper excitation and emission filters. The excitation filter (attached to
the slide projector lens) was a Coming blue-green filter no. 4-96 (spec-

50 (1), 2000 \ 39
%T
100.0
411’
0.000
ml 400 600 800 1000
Figure 4
Spectrum of the excitation filter used in this study, a Corning

blue-greenfilter No. 4-96 (top); spectrum of the emission
filter used in this study, a Kodak Wratten filter No. 92
(bottom)
tral output is between 375-600 nm). The emission filter was a Kodak
Wratten filter no. 92 (approximate cut-on at 625 nm).
Figure 4 shows the spectral curves (obtained using a Hitachi model

U-2000 spectrophotometer) for the two filters. It is important to note
that without a heat absorbing filter, the IR radiation from the source
will radiate sufficient heat to the excitation filter (which absorbs infra-

40 / 50 (1), 2000
5b
Figure 5
(a) Visible image of a gentian violet-treated piece of black

tape using oblique lighting;
(b) Same piece of tape viewed in the deep red to near
infrared region using the excitation source shown in figure 7
(both images were captured using the 8-bit Kodak digital
camera model 4.2)

50 (1), 2000 \ 41
red radiation) to crack it. Nevertheless, in our experience, if the projec-
tor is left on for more than thirty minutes, the Coming filter can often
crack even with a heat-absorbing filter. Therefore, planning is needed
to minimize the amount of time that the projector lamp is left on.
Figure 5 shows images of prints (obtained using the Kodak digital

camera and excitation and emission conditions described previously)
on a piece of glossy black tape processed with gentian violet, rinsed
sequentially with water and ethanol, and captured using the Kodak
model 7720 dye sublimation printer (204 dpi resolution). Figure 5a is a
visible image and figure 5b is a deep red/near infrared image. Although
the use of side lighting produced reasonable images of the prints on the
tape, the deep red/near infrared images showed a significant signal-to-
noise improvement.
There are several other methods for viewing and recording these
images. If one has access to an infrared reflectance/infrared lumines-
cence (IRR/IRL) system for examining documents (e.g., VSC-l), this
system can also be used to detect GV fluorescence. Alternatively, a
relatively inexpensive system was also put together that produced good
results. A Sony Hyper HAD 0.1 Lux l/3” CCD camera with a Com-
putar 16 mm f/l .4 lens was used for viewing the samples. It is import-
ant to note that not all CCD/video cameras are sufficiently sensitive in
the near infrared. Ironically, less expensive cameras typically have
better sensitivity in this region.
Figure 6 shows a graph of the spectral response of the Sony camera.

A Sony model UP-880 Video Graphic Printer was used to obtain hard
copies of prints visualized by this system. The camera resolution was
listed as 5 10 x 492 picture elements and the printer resolution as 970 x
490 (EIA). Alternatively, high-speed infrared film could also be used
to obtain prints of the images. This configuration, shown in figure 7,
designed for GV fluorescence, produced very good results on the sticky
side of black electrical tape.
Specificity and sensitivity experiments

A series of lipid compounds (cholesterol, squalene, triolein, oleic
acid, tristearin, stearic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, and Country
Crock™, a butter substitute) were dissolved in chloroform to produce
equimolar solutions and spotted onto an acetate sheet in a serial dilution
pattern (glycine and a blank were also included). The initial concentra-

42 / 50 (1), 2000
tion (Co) of each compound, approximately 1 x 10 -2 M, was halved six
times to produce concentrations of Q/2, CO/~, Q/8, Q/16, Q/32, and
Q/64. Once dried, these spots were dipped into a 0.1% w/v aqueous
gentian violet solution.
The dye stain reacted strongly with oleic acid (up to the Co/4 dilu-
tion showed visible purple color) and phosphatidylethanolamine (up to
the Co/64 dilution showed purple color). However, when the GV-
treated acetate sheet was viewed using the system shown in figure 7,
virtually all of the spots were visibly fluorescent up to the most dilute
concentration.
Figure 8 shows images of the spot test sheet imaged and captured
with the Kodak digital camera and Kodak printer. Figure 8a is a visible
image and figure 8b is a deep red/near infrared image, using the same
excitation and emission parameters mentioned previously. This indi-
cates that although weak latent prints processed with gentian violet may
not produce a visible colored reaction, they may still be visualized
using fluorescence in the deep red to near infrared region.
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
-ti
0.4
03
0.2
0.1
0.0
500 700 800 1000
Wmfel@ (Ilm)
Figure 6
Graph of the spectral response of the Sony CCD camera used

in the “inexpensive ” system

50 (1), 2000 \ 43
Figure 7
Photograph of the “inexpensive ” viewing system used to

observe gentian violet fluorescence
Discussion
The solution spectroscopy experiments showed that the lowest con-
centration produced the highest fluorescence signal and the concen-
trated (working solution) produced the largest red shift in fluorescence.
In practical operational terms it would be preferable to work with the
latter solution and observe visible prints prior to observing fluores-
cence. The solid phase experiments determined that staining with the
weaker solutions produced a higher fluorescence yield from latent
prints, but a similar result could also be obtained with the working
solution by subsequently washing the prints with an appropriate sol-
vent. This method provides the best of both worlds in that if it does not
provide satisfactory visual results of adequate contrast after initial treat-
ment with the working solution, simply washing the print in the appro-
priate solvent and viewing any fluorescence from the print may then
provide the necessary image contrast. A great advantage of this method
is that the original image can be recovered, if required, by simply
repeating the treatment with the working GV solution, It is recom-
mended that an initial search be carried out for fluorescing prints before
washing the item with solvent and to image any fluorescence observed
at this stage,

44 / 50 (1), 2000
Although a visible print is not always obtained with the working GV
solution, the specificity and sensitivity experiments indicated that the
reagent is very sensitive when viewed for luminescent prints. It is
therefore prudent to search for possible fluorescent prints in such in-
stances. The imaging system shown here has demonstrated an inexpen-
sive and effective tool for searching items for GV fluorescence. Thus,
it should be relatively easy to implement such a device alongside exist-
ing fingerprint visualization systems,
Conclusion
Although gentian violet has been used for many years as a dye stain
for producing purple-colored prints, reports of the deep red to near
infrared fluorescence of gentian violet-treated prints have been a rela-
tively recent observation. This work has built on this initial observation
through the systematic examination of GV fluorescence properties and
produced a more reliable procedure for obtaining such fluorescence
from latent prints. To aid the method, a relatively inexpensive system
for viewing this fluorescence was developed using commercially avail-
able off-the-shelf items, thereby providing the latent print examiner
with a complete system for detecting prints on traditionally difficult
surfaces such as dark sticky tape. This system gives better images of
W-treated mints on dark surfaces than visible or conventional photo-
8b
Figure 8
(a) Visible image of a spot test matrix treated with gentian

violet
(b) Same sheet viewed in the deep red to near infrared region
using the excitation source shown in figure 7
In the spot sheets shown, each column represents a different
chemical compound (left to right: cholesterol, squalene,
triolein, stearic acid, phospatidylethanolamine, Country
Crock™ and glycine) and each row represents varying
chemical concentrations (top to bottom: Co, Co/2, Co/4, C&
Co/_16/Go/32, C-064).
The original concentration, CO, was 1 x 1U2 M.
graphic images and does not require any modifications (e.g., the addi-
tion of fluorescent substances) to the gentian violet reagent, Finally, it
should be emphasized that weakly developed gentian violet prints,
which do not produce a visible reaction, may still be visualized through
fluorescence by using the system described here.

46 / 50 (1), 2000
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge Mr. Ken Creer, of the Home
Office Forensic Science Service Metropolitan Laboratory (retired), for
his pioneering work in this field as well as interns Ms. Maureen Boyd
and Ms. Erin Cunane, U. S. Secret Service, for their assistance with the
gentian violet lipid evaluation study. The authors would also like to
thank Messrs. John Twomey and Michael Piper, Visual Information
Branch, U. S. Secret Service, for their assistance with the photography
and the digital imaging, respectively.
For further information, please contact the authors at:
Forensic Science Service

Metropolitan Laboratory
109 Lambeth Road
London SE1 7LP
Great Britain
0 17 l-230-6743, Voice
0 17 l-230-6338, Fax
or
United States Secret Service

1800 G Street, NW Suite 929
Washington, DC 20223
(202)435-5926, Voice
(202)435-5603, Fax
References
1. [Chemical] Formulas and Processing Guide for Developing Latent Prints,
Federal Bureau of Investigation, Laboratory Division, Latent Fingerprint
Section, 1995, p 29.
2. Gentian Violet (Crystal Violet), Minutiae, Summer 1994, p 3.
3. Lee, H. C. and Gaensslen, R. E., Advances in Fingerprint Technology,

New York, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. , 1991, p108.
4. Kent, T.; Hardwick, S. A.; Sears, V. G., Manual of Fingerprint Develop-

ment Techniques: A Guide to the Selection and Use of Processes for the
Development of L a t e n t F i n g e r p r i n t s , London, Police Scientific Develop-
ment Branch, revised 1992.

50 (1), 2000 \ 47
5. Margot, P.; Lennard, C., Fingerprint Detection Techniques (6th Revised
Edition). University of Lausanne, 1994, p 177.
6. Howard, S., “Basic Fuchsin-A Guide to a One-Step Processing Technique

for Black Electrical Tape”, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 38(6), 1993, pp
1391-1403.
7. “Gentian violet (4254)“, The Merck Index, 10th edition, ed. Martha
Windholz, 1983, pp 627-628.
8. Tuthill, H., “Re: ‘Sticky-side Powder Versus Gentian Violet’,” Journal of

Forensic Identification, 47(1), 1997, pp 4-9.
9. Arima, T., “Development of Latent Fingerprints on Sticky Surfaces By

Dye Staining or Fluorescent Brightening”, Identification News, 3 1(2),
1981, pp 9-10.
10. Koemm, R. M., “Latent Prints on Sticky Surfaces”, Identification News,

31(9), 1981, p 14.
11 Wilson, B. L.; McCloud, V. D., “Development of Latent Prints on Black

Plastic Tape Using Crystal Violet Dye and Photographic Paper”, Identifi-
cation News, 32(3), 1982, pp 3-4.
12 Tucker, G., “A Modified Crystal Violet Application Technique for Black

Electrical Tape”, Journal of Forensic Identification, 40(3), 1990, pp 148-
150.
13 Lo, I. K. L., “A Review on Detection of Latent Prints on Self-Adhesive

Tapes”, Fingerprint Whorld, 19(74), 1993, pp 89-96.
14. Kobus, H. J.; Warrener, R. N.; Stoilovic, M., “Two Simple Staining
Procedures Which Improve the Contrast and Ridge Detail of Fingerprints
Developed with “Super Glue” (Cyanoacrylate Ester)“, Forensic Science
International, 23(2/3), 1983, pp 233-240.
15. Stitt, W., “New Use for Gentian Violet”, Journal of Forensic Identifica-
tion, 47(3), 1997, pp 274-5.
16. Munroe, R. G. R., “Latent Fingerprint Development on a Cement Matrix”,

Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 27(1), 1994, pp l-4.
17. Gray, M. L., “Sticky-side Powder Versus Gentian Violet: The Search for
the Superior Method for Processing the Sticky Side of Adhesive Tape”,
Journal of Forensic Identification, 46(3), 1996, pp 268-272.
18. Saunders, G. C.; Cantu, A. A.; Burns, C. D.; Seifert, D. C.; Johnson, J. L.,
“Multimetal Deposition Technique for Latent Fingerprint Development”,
unpublished manuscript, 1990.

48 /50 (1), 2000
19. Kempton, J. B.; Rowe, W. F., “Contrast Enhancement of Cyanoacrylate-
Developed Latent Fingerprints Using Biological Stains and Commercial
Fabric Dyes”. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 37(1), 1992, pp 99- 105.
20. Midkiff, C. R., “Development of Prints on Tape”, Fingerprint Whorld,

20(75), 1994, pp 5-7.
2 1. Jumper, A. J., “Fluorescent Gentian Violet”, The Print. 12(4), 1996.
22. Creer, K. E.; Brennan, J. S., “The Work of the Serious Crimes Unit”,
Proceedings of the International Forensic Symposium on Latent Prints.
FBI Academy, Quantico. VA, 1987, p 96.
23. Long, G. S., “Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Latent Fingermark Reagents”,

unpublished report, 1995.
24. Duxbury, D. F., “The Photochemistry and Photophysics of Triphenyl-

methane Dyes in Solid and Liquid Media”, Chem. Rev., 93(1). 1993, pp
388-91.

50 (1), 2000 \ 49
Book Review
Crime Science Methods of Forensic Detection

Reference: Joe Nickell, John Fisher, Crime Science Methods of Foren-
sic Detection, ISBN: O-8 13 l-209 l-8, University Press of Kentucky,
Lexington, KY, 1999,300 pages, $25.00
I found the text extremely well written and easy to read. The first
chapter gave a good background on forensic science that was easy to
understand and was quite interesting. The definition of terms, normally
a boring and confusing task, was done with great skill.
All the common facets of forensic science were covered thoroughly

in the following chapters. Throughout the text the choice of the case
examples that were presented and their placement made some compli-
cated testing procedures and techniques more readily understood.
This book will appeal to the average reader who simply wants more
information so that he can follow and understand the rash of television
shows on different forensic topics. It would also prove interesting to
the forensic specialist who wants to know a little more about what the
rest of the laboratory specialists are doing.
In addition, I feel that the text may fill another important void. As
an instructor teaching forensic science in the law enforcement program
at a community college, I have been frustrated at the lack of a good
general text. I am currently using the same text that is used in four-year
institutions for science students going into forensic science as a profes-
sion. It is an excellent text, but is often above the capability of my stu-
dents. Many instructors, including myself, use it simply because that is
all there is. This text would be excellent for students going into law

50/50(1) ,2000
enforcement as well as for seasoned officers. It may well assist them in
doing their jobs more efficiently by knowing what the lab can do and
the case studies should help by supplying practical applications in an
easy to remember form.
Daniel L. Bibby
Forensic Scientist
Miami Valley Regional Crime Laboratory
Dayton, OH

50 (1), 2000 \ 51
52 / 50 (1), 2000
50 (1), 2000 \ 53
--<m

54 / 50 (1), 2000
Announcement and Call for Papers
for the
85th International Educational
Conference
July 23-29, 2000
The International Association for Identification will conduct

the 85th International Educational Conference in Charleston,
West Virginia, from July 23 to July 29, 2000. The conference
will include general sessions, discipline breakout sessions,
workshops and poster presentations.
To be considered as a presenter/instructor, individuals must

complete the Y2K Call for Papers form. This form may be
obtained from the IAI web site at www.TheIAI.org, the educa-
tional program planner, or from a member of the speakers com-
mittee. Please follow all the instructions on the form. Once
completed, the form and all required attachments should be
mailed directly to the educational program planner. All forms
must be received by January 21,2000.
Please direct all written inquiries and requests to the follow-

ing:
Curtis M. Shane
Educational Program Planner
1193 West Shore Drive
Blythe Island
Brunswick, GA 3 1523-9697
(912) 267-2355, Voice (FLETC-ETD)

(912) 26l-0990, Voice and Fax Message Center
EdPlanner@TheIAI.org, Email

50 (1), 2000 \ 55
Message from the Executive Secretary
Happy New Year..!! It doesn’t seem possible that we’re into the year
2000. Although I’m writing this in November of 1999 in order to meet
publishing deadlines, I hope our JFI publisher is Y2K compliant or you
may not be reading this for a long, long time!! !
Financial Advisory Committee
In order to better assist the IAI in managing its financial matters, we

are seeking individuals who are interested in serving on an IAI financial
advisory/investment committee. Ideal applicants will have institutional
investing experience and a knowledge of investment policies and prac-
tices for non-profit associations. If you would like more information or
would like to serve on this committee, please contact me at the IAI
office.
2000 Membership Directory
All information for the 2000 Membership Directory was sent to the
printer on November 16, 1999. Members often make corrections to
their directory information when paying annual dues but if your dues,
along with any updated information were not received before Novem-
ber 16, that information will not appear in the 2000 directory. Any
changes received before that date were incorporated into the member
data sent to the printer for the new directory but anything received after
that date will not appear until the 2001 directory is printed.
Please remember to notify the IAI office if you move, change em-
ployers, phone or fax numbers, e-mail addresses, etc. A quick e-mail,
fax or phone message is all it takes to keep your information up to date
and will allow IAI information to reach you in a timely manner.
2000 Annual International Educational Conference
An information flyer for next summer’s conference, to include a

registration form, will be sent to all members in January, 2000. Many
members have asked for registration information to be available earlier
in the year in order to obtain approvals for travel funding for the
conference. This form will allow early conference and social registra-

56 /50 (1), 2000
tion but, at this point, it does not appear workshops will be included in
the early registration. Workshops will be finalized in spring of 2000
and registration information for those will be sent later in the spring.
American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) Meeting
IAI president Ann Punter and I are planning to attend the AAFS
meeting in Reno, Nevada, during the last week of February. That will
continue the past practice of exchange of delegates between the IAI and
the AAFS to foster cooperation and assistance in matters of mutual
interest. The AAFS continues to develop its initiative to accredit certi-
fying organizations, a matter of vital interest to the IAI and its certifica-
tion programs. A few months ago, a detailed update of this proposal
was sent to members of the Board of Directors for perusal and study. It
appears that sometime during 2000, the board will need to make a
decision whether to participate in this program to accredit certifying
organizations. The aim of the proposal is to recognize legitimate, com-
petency based certification programs and distinguish those from pro-
grams which grant certifications on a simple “fee basis”. This will be a
major board decision, the outcome of which cannot be predicted at this
time.
Please don’t hesitate to contact me or this office if we can be of any

assistance to you.
Joe Polski
Executive Secretary

50 (1), 2000 \ 57
1999-2000 IAl Appointments
President Ann Punter has appointed those members listed below to

the various standing committees, subcommittees, boards and special
committees of the International Association for Identification in addi-
tion to those chairs specified in the Constitution and By-Laws. A few
changes were made to these appointments as presented in the previous
issue, JFI 49(6). Individuals appointed will serve until the completion
of the 2000 Annual Business Meeting in Charleston, West Virginia.
1999-2000 Standing Committees
Science and Practice Committee

Richard Fahy, Overland Park, KS, Chair
Subcommittees
Bloodstain Pattern Identification

Michael Van Stratton, Great Bend, KS, Chair
Jeffrey Gurvis, Highland Park, IL, Co-Chair
Carl Agner, Florence, KY
Michael Block, San Francisco, CA
William Dwenger, Shelbyville, IN
Tom Griffin, Denver, CO
Daniel Holstein, Las Vegas, NV
Crime Scene Investigation

Ward Schwoob, Tallahassee, FL, Chair
Michael Andree, Waukesha, WI, Co-Chair
Thomas Borowicz, Syracuse, NY
Michael J. Campbell, Milwaukee, WI
James Kammerer, Ft. Lauderdale, FL
Herbert Pendleton, Newark, NJ
Teresa Race, Conyers, GA
Robert Waidman, San Francisco, CA

58 / 50 (1), 2000
Fingerprint Identification
Michael Wieners, Washington, DC, Chair
Carey Chapman, Washington, DC, Co-Chair
James Busch, Meridian, MS
Deborah Fischer, Orlando, FL
Steven Koch, Topeka, KS
Patricia Powers, Rockford, IL
Eliot Springer, Jerusalem, Israel
Pat Wertheim, Salem, OR
Firearm and Toolmark Examination

Carl Haemmerle, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, Chair
Stanton Berg, Minneapolis, MN
Cordell G. Brown, Pueblo, CO
David J. Brundage, Indianapolis, IN
John Cayton, Osbom, MO
Thomas Fadul, Jr., Miami, FL
Peter Striupaitis, Chicago, IL
Footwear and Tire Track Examination

Bert Hudon, Fredericton, NB, Canada, Chair
Alex Mankevich, Pikesville, MD, Co-Chair
Dwane Hilderbrand, Scottsdale, AZ
Robert Kennedy, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Debbie Rebiero, Sudbury, MA
Anja I. Ytti, Vantaa, Finland
Forensic Art
Billy Aiken, Columbia, SC, Chair
Karen Taylor, Austin, TX, Vice-Chair
Diana Cullington, West London, Great Britain
Mike Deal, Altamonte Springs, FL
Betty Pat. Gatliff, Norman, OK
Roy Paschal, Columbia, SC
Cam Pye, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Michael Streed, Corona, CA
Forensic Identification
50 ( 1), 2000 \ 59
Forensic Laboratory Analysis
John Fischer, Orlando, FL, Chair
Deborah Fischer, Orlando, FL, Vice-Chair
Mamdouh J. Al Sharifi, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Kostadin Bobev, Sofia, Bulgaria
Antonio A. Cantu, Washington, DC
Dr. Erich P. Junger, Warrenton, VA
Gregory Laskowski, Bakersfield, CA
Ernst P. Martin, Basel, Switzerland
Forensic Photography and Electronic Imaging

Robert E, May, Quantico, VA, Chair
Paul J. Penders, Meriden, CT, Co-Chair
David Barnes, Reston, VA
Erik Berg, Tacoma, WA
Wendy Lewis, Washington,DC
Jeffrey J. Prior, Elk Grove Village, IL
George Reis, Newport Beach, CA
Michael Wilson, Los Angeles, CA
Innovative and General Techniques

John Olenik, Fremont, OH, Chair
Mary Sue Manci, Daphne, AL, Vice-Chair
Dr. Eric Hahn, New Orleans, LA
Deborah Leben, Washington, DC
Paul Llewellyn, Atlanta, GA
David Peck, Fairview Heights, IL
Eric Weeks, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Kasey Wertheim, Meridian, MS
Polygraph Examination
Everett Armour, Pawtucket, RI, Chair
James Davis, Emporia, KS, Vice-Chair
Michael Corwin, Waverly, OH
James Julius, Sioux City, IA
James New, Fayetteville, NC
Craig Wiggins, Concord, NH

60 / 50 (1), 2000
Questioned Documents
George Throckmorton, Salt Lake City, UT, Chair
Lloyd Josey, Jr, Honolulu, HI, Co-Chair
Gerald Cole, Washington, DC
Donald Fandry, Arcadia, CA
James Streeter, Meriden, CT
James Winand, Washington, DC
Voice Identification/Acoustic Analysis

Kenneth W. Marr, Quantico, VA, Chair
Carlos Delgado-Romero, Madrid, Spain, Vice-Chair
Artese Kelly, Quantico, VA
Bruce Koenig, Manassas, VA
Dr. Hirataka Nakasone, Quantico VA
Dalloul Wehbi, Longes, France
Other Standing Committees
Advisory Committee on Management Issues

Norman R. Smith, Arlington, VA, Chair
Ronald Jackson, Gloucester, ON, Canada
Joe Maberry, Dallas, TX
Marilyn R. Nault, Seattle, WA
Karen Sampson, Miami Springs, FL
AFZS
Peter T. Higgins, Washington, DC, Chair
Kenneth R. Moses, San Francisco, CA, Co-Chair
Wally Briefs, South Pasadena, CA
Lloyd Bunbury, RCMP
David Cotton, Tacoma, WA
Marilyn Downs, Los Angeles, CA
James Haluska, Anaheim, CA
Glenn McNeil, Tacoma, WA
Stephen B. Meagher, Washington, DC
Benjamin E. Moore, Washington, DC
Michael Powers, London, OH

50 (1), 2000 \ 61
Conference Speakers and Papers
Curtis M. Shane, Glynco, GA, Chair
James T. Murray, Orlando, FL, Vice-Chair
Robert C. Bartley, Ellicott City, MD
Timothy Briggs, Washington, DC
Scott Campbell, Milwaukee, WI
Melissa Graf, Milwaukee, WI
Ethics and Investigations

Janice Johnson, Pensacola, FL, Chair
Danny Greathouse, Burke, VA, Co-Chair
Robert D. Davis, Jr., Chicago, IL
Robert Grant, Pensacola, FL
Al Misner, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Larry G. Peters, Dallas, TX
Forensic Identification Standards

Robert McCabe, Ijamsville, MD, Chair
Alan L. McRoberts, Los Angeles, CA, Vice-Chair
David Ashbaugh, Hope, BC, Canada
Leonard Butt, Towson, MD
Eugene R. Czamecki, Des Moines, IA
Kenneth Luff, Sidcup, Kent, Great Britain
Kathleen Saviers, Salem, OR
John Vanderkolk, Fort Wayne, IN
International Aspects
Michael F. Car-rick, Salem, OR, Chair
John Archer, Victoria, BC, Canada
Gary Jackson, Santa Ana, CA
Kenneth Luff, Sidcup, Kent, Great Britain
Ulf Nordstrom, Stockholm, Sweden
William Roane, Moscow, TN
Richard Shire, Hanson, MA

6 2 / 5 0 (1) ,2000
Investigations Committee
Danny Greathouse, Burke, VA, Chair
Valeen Illsley, West Valley City, UT, Vice-Chair
Amy Chrietzberg, Shreveport, LA
Frank Doyle, Oakland, CA
Michael Meese, Reno, NV
Robert J. Silva, Boston, MA
Long Range Planning and Continuity of Office

Ann Punter, Ontario, CA, Chair
Steven Nash, San Rafael, CA, Secretary
Rick Fahy, Overland Park, KS
James B. Gettemy, Tallahassee, FL
Janice Johnson, Pensacola, FL
Joseph Polski, Mendota Heights, MN
Robert Sanders, III, Wausau, WI
Nominating Committee
James Gettemy, Tallahassee, FL, Chair
Mary Nolte, Chino, CA
Other Past Presidents in Attendance
Publications Committee
Robert Sanders, III, Wausau, WI, Chair
David Grieve, Carbondale, IL, Vice-Chair
Joseph P. Polski, Mendota Heights, MN
Lyla A. Thompson, Mission, KS 2000
Herbert F. Pendelton, Rutherford, NJ 2001
John Olenik, Fremont, OH 2002
Jeanne Sindt, Sacramento, CA 2003

50 (1), 2000 \ 63
Resolutions and Legislative
Steven Nash, San Rafael, CA, Chair
Robert C. Sanders, Wausau, WI, Recording Secretary
Melissa Graf, Milwaukee, WI
Mark R. Hawthorne, San Francisco, CA
Michael B. Meese, Santa Rosa, CA
Herbert F. Pendleton, Rutherford, NJ
Lyla A. Thompson, Mission, KS
Benjamin L. Wilson, Rockville, MD
Michael T. Wilson, Van Nuys, CA
William C. Sampson, Miami, FL, Chair

Karla Taylor, Los Angeles, CA, Co-Chair
John A. Byrd, Raleigh, NC
John Fischer, Orlando, FL
Dan Holshue, Auburn, WA
Nancy Masters, St. Helens, OR
Stewart Mosher, Fort Lauderdale, FL
Jason Pressly, Meridian, MS
Certification Quality Assurance Board

Kenneth Zercie, Meriden, CT, Chair
members to be announced
1999-2000 Special Committees
Budget Committee
Richard Fahy, Second Vice President, Chair
Charles Illsley, Past-President
Frank Kendall, Member Board of Directors
Joseph P. Polski, Executive Secretary
Conference Planner
Candy Murray, Orlando, FL
Staff

64 / 50 (1), 2000
Educational Program Planner
Curtis M. Shane, Glynco, GA
Staff
Seminar Training Coordinator

Dwane Hilderbrand, Scottsdale, AZ
IAI Representative to ASCLD-LAB Proficiency Advisory

Committee
Robert Hazen, Spotsylvania, VA
Kenneth Smith, Dulles, VA
Librarian
Kathleen Saviers, Salem, OR
Membership
Robert D. Davis, Jr., Chicago, IL, Chair
Frank Rogers, Phoenix, AZ, Co-Chair
Eugene Czarnecki, Des Moines, IA
Rebecca Daher, Santa Ana, CA
Michael Grimm, Roanoke, VA
Deborah Hewitt, Missoula, MT
Terry Kent, St. Albans, Great Britain
Publicity Committee
Mark Neal, South Charleston, WV, Chair
Walter Forst, Richmond, VA
David Grieve, Carbondale, IL
Charles Illsley, West Valley, UT
Wendy Lewis, Washington, DC
James Simms, Pikesville, MD
Vendor Liaison
Ann Punter, Ontario, CA

50 ( 1), 2000 \ 65
WEB Master
Mathea Shane, Brunswick, GA
blytheisland@sprynet.com
Policy and Procedures

Joseph P. Polski, Mendota Heights, MN, Chair
Steven Nash, San Rafael, CA
Billy Aiken, Columbia, SC
Everett Armour, Pawtucket, RI
Michael Car-rick, Salem, OR
John Fischer, Orlando, FL
Danny Greathouse, Burke, VA
Carl Haemmerle, Ft. Lauderdale, FL
Peter T. Higgins, Washington, DC
Burt Hudon, Fredericton, NB, Canada
Kenneth W. Marr, Quantico, VA
Robert E. May, Quantico, VA
Robert MC Cabe, Ijamsville, MD
John Olenik, Fremont, OH
William C. Sampson, Miami, FL
Ward Schwoob, Tallahassee, FL
George Throckmorton, Salt Lake City, UT
Michael Van Stratton, Great Bend, KS
Michael Wieners, Washington, DC
Board Minutes Review Committee

Norm Smith - 1999 - 1998
Dwayne Hilderbrand - 1997 - 1996
Ron Smith - 1995 1994

66/50 (1),2000
Robert L. Johnson Foundation Trustees
Joel Geller, Las Vegas, NV, Chair ........................................ 2001

Ronald Jackson, Gloucester, ON, Canada ............................ 2002
Ashley R. Crooker, Jr., Alameda, CA ................................... 2001
John Neuner, Raleigh, NC ..................................................... 2001
Beverly Car-rick, Salem, OR .................................................. 2000
Danny Hasty, Chipley, FL ..................................................... 2000
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Certification Board
Michael Gaynor, San Francisco, CA, Chair .......................... 2001

Don Ostermeyer, Ocoee, FL, Secretary ................................ 2000
Merrill Brant, Greensburg, PA .............................................. 2002
Patrick Taylor, Florence, KY................................................. 2002
Thomas Griffin, Denver, CO ................................................. 2001
Michael Van Stratton, Great Bend, KS ................................. 2001
Crime Scene Certification Board
M. Frank Shonberger, Miami, FL, Chair .............................. 2002

Michael P. Flannery, Indianapolis, IN, Secretary ................ .2002
Murray Robitaille, Corona, CA ............................................. 2002
Karen Hare, Midland, TX ...................................................... 2001
Kathleen D. Saviers, Salem, OR ........................................... 2001
Dennis G. Honeycutt, Greenville, NC ................................... 2000
Teresa L. Race, Conyers, GA ................................................ 2000
Footwear/Tire Track Certification Board
Sandy Wiersema, Washington, DC, Chair ............................ 2001

William 0. Jungbluth, Stockbridge, GA, Secretary ............ .2001
Vici Inlow, Washington, DC ................................................. 2002
Michael B. Smith, Washington, DC ...................................... 2002
William J. Bodziak, Washington, DC ................................... 2001
Deborah A. Hewitt, Missoula, MT ........................................ 2000
Frank L. Tarasi, III, Des Moines, IA ..................................... 2000
Journal Forensic Identification

50 ( 1), 2000 \ 67
Forensic Art Certification Board
Billy Aiken, Columbia, SC, Chair ......................................... 2001

Karen Gentry, Towson, MD, Secretary ................................. 2001
Horace Heafner, Fairfax, VA ................................................ 2002
Brooks L. Sanderson, Pensacola, FL ..................................... 2002
Mike Taister, Washington, DC ............................................. . 2001
Roy Paschal, Columbia, SC .................................................. 2000
Michael Streed, Orange, CA ................................................. 2000
Latent Print Certification Board
Kenneth Smith, Dulles, VA, Chair ........................................ 2000

John Kilgore, Des Moines, IA, Secretary .............................. 2001
Scott Spjut, West Valley City, UT ......................................... 2002
Lyla Thompson, Mission, KS ............................................... 2002
John Onstwedder, III, Chicago, IL......................................... 2001
Carolyn Baker, Lakewood, CO .............................................. 2000
Mary Sue Manci, Daphne, AL .............................................. 2000

68 / 50 (1), 2000
1999 Committee Reports
Forensic Art Subcommittee
It is my pleasure to send this report to you on behalf of the Forensic

Art Subcommittee. You will find this report to be brief and to the
point. I will touch upon some very key areas at the conclusion of our
fiscal overview.
Primary Membership - We currently reflect 98 members in

the Forensic Art Discipline. We have gained 17 new mem-
bers in 1999.
Secondary Membership - Our roster reflects 47 members
in the Forensic Art Discipline. There are 7 new additions for
1999.
Membership Overview - Members listed in the Forensic
Art Discipline total 147. This figure represents a consistent
growth in the membership.
Overview Synopsis
1999 has been a progessive year for our discipline. Our Subcommit-
tee has made considerable efforts to expand our international appeal to
practicing forensic artists. You will see representatives from across the
world now serving on our Subcommittee. Overall there is a strong
spirit within the body of our membership. The educational progam for
this year features several speakers who will attract the crossover atten-
dance in our workshops Our complete operating expenditures for the
Subcommittee, outside of the conference, have been absorbed entirely
by our collective agencies for 1999. Our momentum as discipline has
made considerable gains. I attribute this to great efforts by many indi-
viduals on our subcommittee and our Certification Board.
2000 Outlook
Upon appointment, the year 2000 will be my third and last year of
service as Chair for the Forensic Art Subcommittee. One of our goals

50 (1), 2000 \ 69
Special Notice from the
Forensic Art Subcommittee Chair
On behalf of the Forensic Art Subcommittee, I would care to

address an important concern for conference 2000 planning. Dur-
ing the recent Milwaukee conference, our subcommittee learned of
a scheduling conflict between the 2000 IAI conference in West
Virginia and the International Association for Craniofacial Identifi-
cation conference in Washington, DC. Both meetings will occur
during the week of July 24-28,2000.
Please note: The International Association for Caniofacial Iden-

tification is not affiliated with the International Association for
Identification.
Several members of the IAI forensic art discipline who practice

in the area of craniofacial identification are joint members of the
IACI. The specialized nature of the IACI conference will attract
several forensic artists from their regular attendance at the 2000 IAI
conference.
For this reason, the forensic art conference planning committee

would like to inform all members that we will have a forensic art
training program at the 2000 IAI conference. Practical workshops
and lecture sessions are being considered at this time. IAI members
should expect a limited but informative program at our 2000 confer-
ence. We look forward to our future together in 2000.
Billy Aiken, Chair

in 1999 has met with success by the expansion of our discipline into the
international community. We have generated active membership re-
quests in Israel, Australia, Belgium and the United Kingdom. We are
very excited about our neighboring Forensic Artists and hope to con-
tinue our devoted outreach in this coming year. Communication with
70 / 50 (1), 2000
our members, our Certification Board, and the I.A.I. is paramount to
our success as an organization. Our hearts are committed to this goal
and I am very happy to see the positive attitudes and support from our
members.
We are encouraged and hope to expand the promotion of our discipl-

ine through the I.A.I. web page. I have received e-mails from all over
the world that has certainly increased our networking capabilities. Our
membership alone has been expanded by international communications
through e-mail contacts.
We are looking forward to this coming year, one of historical signif-

icance, with much anticipation.
Sincerely,
Billy Aiken, Chair
On behalf of the Forensic Art Certification Board I have completed

our annual report for your review and consideration. In the best regards
for the FACB and the IAI, I am compelled to give it to you from the
heart. That’s how I believe our collective interests are best served for
the benefit of all.
The past year has been very challenging from several aspects. I was
elected as chairman for the 1999-2000 term. The certification board
needed a lot of energy poured into it. Our certification board for the
past several years has gone through some difficult times as far as
finding the cohesiveness to function and operate as a progressive unit.
Collectively the program has suffered from a lack of active participa-
tion. This is an issue we are committed to changing right away.
I have recently spoken to our Board members. I cannot over-

emphasize how committed I am to promoting certification to the pro-
fessional level that it is designed to be. I am also convinced that the
board members, with one exception, share these same views. Why
one? That individual has come to a personal decision, based on some

50 (1), 2000 \ 71
long-standing disputes, that the certification board is not viable in light
of many personal issues. A man stands by what he believes in and I
respect that. In this case the Board unanimously disagrees with his
position. We truly believe in the professional worth and value of this
program.
If we are to have a viable certification board with meaningful profes-

sional standards, we need to have active, supportive members who truly
believe in the program and contribute to it. We do have those kind of
individuals, willing to contribute their energies to its success. What we
may have been missing was a catalyst to pull it all together. It is a
challenge worth accepting and one we are committed to seeing through.
Pointedly the flow of applications has been very slow until recently,
however, there is new progressive interest in certification. There are
new applications and there is a rising spirit for our future.
In the past year we have accomplished some good things. We have

begun to see positive feedback and new growth within the application
arena. There have been three new applicants to our program in the past
few months. There is one subcommittee member that is bringing her
application for certification to this conference which will raise this
number to four. I know of several other individuals who have ex-
pressed that they are completing certification applications at this time.
There are also six individuals who are in the process of recertification.
To encourage our growth we have for the first time offered certifica-
tion testing at our educational conference. There are two confirmed
applicants who will test in Milwaukee at this writing. In addition to this
type of access and promotion we are developing a new brochure spe-
cific to the advantages of certification for forensic artists. We benefited
from a donation of computer equipment that will allow us to produce
these and other color documents with no cost to our organization. The
FBI academy and other schools teaching forensic art have given their
support to distribute these certification brochures and IAI membership
applications at all of the forensic art classes.
I have shared many times that together we promote the oldest, larg-
est and most influential organization of scientific applications of study
in the world. The presence we each have and the contributions we
each make are the essence of a strong organization and discipline.
We are a team. And the structure of this team combining its workable

72 / 50 (1), 2000
interests can only find the success we seek for the professional
achievement of all. I believe i n this program as do our board members.
Thank you for allowing me to speak with such openness. You can
expect that from me on any issue. We welcome any suggestions you
have for our future together and we commit ourselves to its success.
Sincerely,
Billy Aiken, Chairman
Bloodstain Pattern Identification

Subcommittee
Committee Members:
Don Ostermeyer - Chair
Michael Van Stratton
Carl Agner
Michael Block
Robin Bratton
William Dwenger
Jeffrey Gurvis
Michael Price
The subcommittee compiled much of its Milwaukee Educational
Program during the Little Rock Conference. During the year members
have worked with the instructors to compile a program of workshops
directed from the basic approaches to more advanced techniques. The
discipline will be offering workshops for attendees running two at a
time (or more) during the entire week.
Our instructors have worked diligently during the year to provide

these programs and to meet our deadlines for abstracts and printed
materials through the Program Coordinator. We feel that we have
accomplished the impossible and provided a program even bigger and
better than last year.
Subcommittee members have volunteered their time during the con-

ference to assist in the smooth operation of each of our workshops
Journal of Forerisic Identification

50(1), 2000\73
being offered. Additionally they have provided their time to assist the
Certification Board in the study materials and testing process being
offered at the conference.
Our subcommittee has again completed the scheduling task for the
upcoming conference without using any budget. The budget requests
for reimbursement from the Training Program Coordinator have been
kept at a minimum and many of the materials or supplies have been
donated.
I will be stepping down as chair of the subcommittee this year and

have contacted Michael Van Stratton regarding subcommittee recom-
mendations for members and a new chair for the upcoming business
year. Recommendations will be forwarded to the in-coming IAI Presi-
dent for her consideration.
We the subcommittee look forward to the Milwaukee Conference to

be our biggest and best yet. We hope our workshops will even break
the attendance records from last year’s conference and look forward to
a new and energetic subcommittee for the upcoming year.
Don Ostermeyer, Chair

Bloodstain Pattern Iden tification Subcommittee
Bloodstain Pattern Identification Certification

Board
Certification Board Members:

Don Ostermeyer - Chair, Acting Secretary
Albert Bettilyon
Michael Gaynor
Patrick Taylor
Tom Griffin
Michael Van Stratton
Certification testing began during the Annual Educational Confer-
ence in Little Rock. We have now tested 16 individuals and have
certified 14 Certified Bloodstain Pattern Examiners. Applications for

74 / 50 (1), 2000
testing in Milwaukee have been recei ved from three individu als and we
are expecting additional applications prior to the conference.
1998 was the first year of a formal budget for the Certification
Board. Other than printing, we have yet needed any additional budget-
ary requests to support the certification process. We hope to be able to
continue the process with a minimum budget necessary.
The Board has compiled a recommended change to the Certification

Operations Manual regarding minimum test score results pertaining to
the identification of stains and patterns section of the test.
Replacement recommendations are being forwarded to the in-com-

ing IAI President for replacement of three Board positions for the
coming year 2000. Changes in the Chair and Secretary’s positions will
be forwarded to the IAI Secretary following the Annual Conference
Meeting.
Don Ostermeyer, Chair

Bloodstain Pattern Identification Certification Board

50 (1), 2000 \ 75
Nominations Requested
Dondero Award
In 1958, the John A. Dondero Memorial Award was established in

his memory by his family, and was adopted by the International Associ-
ation for Identification as its most prestigious recognition of achieve-
ment within the area of forensic identification. The Dondero Award
may be bestowed annually, but only when the IAI’s Board of Directors
is able to select a qualified candidate from a list of nominees submitted
by any officer or member of the Association.
Criteria for the Dondero Award are as follows:
“ . . .an ACTIVE Member of the Association, as defined by

its Constitution, who, in the opinion and judgment of the
Board of Directors, has made the most significant and valu-
able contribution in the area of identification and allied sci-
ences during the calendar year immediately preceding each
Annual Conference of the Association.
“ . . .Nominations for the Dondero Award are to be made in

writing and submitted to the Chairperson of the Board of
Directors or to the Executive Secretary at least sixty (60)
days prior to the start of the Annual Conference” [IAI Oper-
ations Manual].
As stated, any active member of the Association may be nominated

for the Dondero Award by any other member. All nominations con-
forming to the criteria will be considered by the Board of Directors.
Nominations will be accepted only if they are made in writing to either
the Executive Secretary or Chair of the Board of Directors, and if they
are postmarked no later than May 23,2000.

76 / 50 (1), 2000
Good of the Association
The Good of the Association Award was established by the IAI for
the purpose of recognizing any individual who, in the opinion and
judgment of the IAI’s Board of Directors, is deemed to have made an
“outstanding contribution to the Association” [IAI Operations Man-
ual]. Nomination eligibility is not limited to members of the Associa-
tion, however, but to any person who has contributed significantly to
furthering the goals, objectives and interests of the IAI.
Anyone who wishes to submit a nomination for the Good of the

Association Award for consideration by the Board of Directors should
contact the Executive Secretary as soon as possible.
Brian Dalrymple Retires
On September 30, 1999, after 30 years of service, Brian E. Dalrym-

ple retired from the Ontario Provincial Police. Brian Dalrymple’s final
assignment was as manager of the OPP’s Forensic Identification Ser-
vice.
Brian Dalrymple is familiar to many throughout the world for his

pioneering work in latent fingerprint detection with the argon-ion laser.
The IAI recognized his contributions in this exploration into lumines-
cence visualization by presenting him the Dondero Award in 1980.
Brian Dalrymple epitomizes the spirit of professionalism that is the

hallmark of the Ontario Provincial Police. His personal dedication and
desire to improve the quality of forensic identification service in On-
tario as well as his willingness to assist others within the profession
made Brian a friend to all who know him. The IAI joins those many
friends in wishing him a fulfilling retirement and a long, healthy life.

50 (1), 2000 \ 77
Request for Research and Scholarship
Program Appl ications
The International Association for Identification Research and Schol-

arship Program, administered by the Long Range Planning and Conti-
nuity of Office Committee, was established to further the advancement
of forensic identification through education and research. As part of
the goal of this program, the Long Range Planning and Continuity of
Office Committee is soliciting applications for the endowment of possi-
ble scholarships for the 2000-2001 school year as well as applications
for possible research grants. Contingent upon the amount of funding
available from income generated by the R. L. Johnson Foundation, one
or more scholarships will be available for applicants attending colleges
or universities throughout the world, or one or more research grants
will be available. In 1999, a research grant of over $7,700.00 was
awarded to Mary Brandon, Portland, Oregon, for her study of twins.
Scholarships
Applicants for scholarship consideration must satisfy the following
requirements:
They must have attained junior or senior standing, or the

equivalent, in a bachelor’s degree program, or be pursuing
an advanced degree, in an accredited college or university.
Persons who do not have junior status at the time of applica-
tion, but who will possess sufficient credits at the time of the
award (July 16,2000) are eligible to apply.
In addition, the applicant must be either of the following:
0
a full-time student with the intent of seeking a career in
forensic identification, and majoring in a natural, physical or
biological science;

78 / 50 (1), 2000
0 a part-time student employed by a law enforcement agency
and majoring in a natural, physical or biological science,
unless the applicant is working in a forensic identification
discipline that does not require a specific degree major.
Applicants also must have attained a minimum of a 2.0
cumulative grade point average on a 4.0 scale, or the equiva-
lent if a different grading scale is in effect at the applicant’s
institution.
Persons who meet the above eligibility requirements may apply for
scholarship consideration by submitting the completed IAI Scholarship
Application Form, plus a copy of their academic transcript, to the
Executive Secretary. Scholarship application forms may be obtained
by contacting the office of the Secretary-Treasurer as listed below. For
an applicant to be considered for the 2000-2001 scholarship award,
fully completed application forms and related documentation must be
received by the Executive Secretary as listed below no later than May
1,2000.
Joseph P. Polski
Executive Secretary, IAI
2535 Pilot Knob Road, Suite 117
Mendota Heights, MN 55120
(612) 681-8566, Voice

(612) 681-8443, Fax
Research Grants
The Long Range Planning and Continuity of Office Committee is

also soliciting applications for the endowment of possible research
grants that may be awarded at the 2000 Annual Educational Confer-
ence. Contingent upon the amount of funding available from income
generated by the R. L. Johnson Foundation, one or more grants may be
available. Application forms may be obtained by contacting the Execu-
tive Secretary at the address listed above. Those seeking funding for
2000-2001 must ensure that a completed research grant application
form is received by the Executive Secretary no later than May 1,2000.

50 (1), 2000 \ 79
The following individuals have applied for latent print certification.

Anyone wishing to comment on any of the applicants should contact
the Secretary of the Latent Print Certification Board as soon as possi-
ble. Address comments to John Kilgore, 209 N.W. Linden, Ankeny,
IA 50021-2147.
Aldrich, Frank G. #99-38 Kegerreis, Jr., George #99-26

PA State Police Regional Lab
Crown Point, IN Harrisburg, PA
Butcher, Rupert A. #99-27 McCarthy, Elizabeth H. #99-25

Oklahoma Bureau of Investigation Y akima Police Department
Lawton, OK Yakima, WA
Cantrell, Denise A. #99-30 McKenzie, Jeanine M. #99-36

Solano Couty Sheriff’s Office Broward County Sheriff’s Office
Fairfield, CA Ft. Lauderdale, FL
Cascadden, Jeannine M. #99-3 1 Murphy, Jane H. #99-40

Burbank Police Department Solano County Sheriff’s Office
Burbank, CA Fairfield, CA
Chew, Vincent J. #99-39 O’Daniel, Lisa A. #99-35

Miami Dade Police Department IL State Police Laboratory
Miami, FL Fairview Heights, IL
Chwirka, Zachary #99-24 Oliver, Elizabeth A. #99-23

Sioux City Police Department Charleston Police Department
Sioux City, IA Charleston, SC
Creager, Sherry L. #99-32 Omdorf, Bruce W. #99-29

Fresno County Sheriff’s Department El Paso Police Department
Fresno, CA El Paso, TX
Jewkes, Darren B. #99-28 Sumner, Daniel F. #99-34

Utah Criminalistics Laboratory Metro Dade Police Department
Salt Lake City, UT Miami, FL
Joseph, Mary C. #99-33 Wertheim, Pat A. #99-37

Fresno County Sheriff’s Department
Fresno, CA Salem, OR

80 / 50 (1), 2000
Whitmer, Tracey A. #99-22
San Diego County Sheriff’s Dept.
San Diego, CA
Certifications Awarded
T h e following individuals have been certified by the Latent Print

Certification Board and are to be congratulated for their achievements.
Anderson, Richard K. Davis, Maynard C.

Harris County Sheriff’s Dept. Independence Police Dept.
Houston, TX Independence, MO
Brannan, Mary Kathryn Grandy, Trenton G.

NC Bureau of Investigation Salt Lake City Police Dept.
Raleigh, NC Salt Lake City, UT
Bryan, Wayne D. Pachalos, Thomas J.

Norfolk Police Dept. Austin Police Dept.
Norfolk, VA Austin, TX
Cadwallader, Rhonda L. Rottman, Edward G.

Columbus Police Dept. IL Forensic Science Laboratory
Columbus, OH Rockford, IL

50 ( 1), 2000 \ 81
Message from the Board Chair
August 2, 1999
During the IAI Annual Educational Seminar in Milwaukee, the Latent

Print Certification Board made the following changes to the program
effective January 1,2000:
The certification fee will be $150.00 and the certification will

be for five years. Applications received before January 1,
2000 will be under the present rules, i.e., $100.00, and will be
for a three-year period.
The fee for re-certification for expiration dates due on or after

January 1, 2000 will be $100.00, which will be for five years
regardless of the date the re-certification was received. The
application will also require a signed form affirming the IAI
Code of Ethics for Certified Latent Print Examiners, Section
2 of the Latent Print Certification Operations Manual. After
the local division approves the applicant for re-certification,
the applicant will be mailed a proficiency test. This test will
consist of three latent prints and three sets of inked prints.
All of the latent prints will be identifiable with the inked
prints provided. Applicants will sign a statement affirming
that they took the test independently and without assistance.
They will have 30 days to complete the proficiency test and
return it to the Secretary of the Certification Board for grad-
ing. Passing score will be 100%. Failure to identify all of the
latent prints will cause their certification to be suspended.
They will then have to apply for certification, pay the re-
quired $150.00 fee and pass the regular certification test to
lift the suspension.
An erroneous identification will cause the revocation of the

certification for one year. At which time, the applicant may
apply for certification, pay the required $150.00 fee and pass
the comprehensive test described in Section 7G of the Latent
Print Certification Board Operations Manual.

82/50(1),2000
The five-year certifications will require 80 hours of continu-
ing education for renewal instead of the existing requirement
of 40 hours of continuing education for the three-year certifi-
cations.
Ken Smith, Chair


50 (1), 2000 \ 83
Applicants for Certification
The following individuals have applied for crime scene certification.

Anyone wishing to comment on the applicants should contact the
Secretary of the Crime Scene Certification Board as soon as possible.
Address comments to Mike Flannery, Secretary, Crime Scene Certifi-
cation Board, P. 0. Box 47057, Indianapolis, IN 46247.
Ballard, Matthew CST Montgomery, Kenneth CST

Poplar Bluff Police Dept. Contra Costa Co. Sheriff-Coroner
Poplar Bluff, MO Martinez, CA
Brownstein, Michael CST

Middletown Police Dept.
Middletown, NY

84 / 50 (1), 2000
The following individuals have been certified by the Crime Scene

Certification Board and are to be congratulated for their achievement.
Banning, Steven Jennings, III, James

MN BCA Jefferson Co. Sheriff’s Dept.
St. Paul, MN Golden, CO
Barta, Sarah Kaufman, Gary

Greenwood Village Police Dept Idaho Dept. of Law Enforcement
Greenwood Village, CO Chubbuck, ID
Dean, Russ LeCroy, Robert

Weber Co. Sheriff’s Office Charleston Police Dept.
Ogden, UT Charleston, SC
Flynn, Judith Maloney, David

Charleston Police Dept. Jefferson Co. Sheriff’s Dept.
Charleston, SC Golden, CO
Gaffney, Robert Thornquist, Laura

U.S. Army CIL Vancouver Police Dept.
Forest Park, GA Vancouver, WA
Gonzalez, Matthew Urrutia Schnyder, Jorge

Ontario Police Dept. Prefectura National Naval
Ontario, CA Montevideo, Uruguay
Gualandri, David Young, Richard

Ottawa Police Dept. Vancouver Police Dept.
Ottawa, IL Vancouver, WA
Jardine, Jason
Minneapolis Police Dept.
Minneapolis, MN

50 (1), 2000 \ 85
Renewal of Crime Scene Certification
All persons certified by the Crime Scene Certification Board must

renew their certification every three years in order to maintain their
certification status. An application for renewal is mailed two months
prior to the expiration date of certification. Failure to apply for re-
newal within sixty days following expiration of certification places the
member in a delinquent status. Failure to resolve the delinquent status
within one year from the renewal date will result in revocation of
certification.
Questions concerning certification or re-certification should be ad-

dressed to the following:
Michael P. Flannery, Secretary

P. 0. Box 47057
Indianapolis, IN 46247

86 / 50 (1), 2000
Footwear Certification Board
The following individuals have been certified by the Footwear Certifi-

cation Board and are to be congratulated for their achievement.
Norman, John Charles Timmerman, Rodney C.

Ontario Provincial Police Minneapolis Police Dept.
Orillia, ON, Canada Minneapolis, MN
Streeter, James L.
Connecticut State Police
Meriden, CT

50 (1), 2000 \ 87
Applicants for Membership
The following persons have applied for membership in the International
Association for Identification. Anyone who wishes to comment on a
specific application should contact the Executive Secretary at the ad-
dress listed on the inside front cover.
Abele, Vicki L. 17095 Benton, Alan P. 17133

Latent Print Examiner As-FP Detective A C -CS
1737 S. Yale Toronto Police Service
Wichita, KS 6721 8 Forensic Identification Services
USA 2050 Jane St.
Recom’d by: James C. McNutt Toronto, ON M9N 2V3
Canada
Antonio, Romeo C. 17119 Recom’d by: Bryan D. Amos
Senior Inspector A C -FP
Philippine National Police Blain, Barry J., Dr. 17082
Philippine Public Safety College As-FP
Ft. Bonifacio 85 Quinta Drive
Makati City, Barnet, Herts EN5 3DA
The Philippines Great Britain
Recom’d by: Proceso T. Tubid Recom’d by: Ann D. Punter
Bellan, Robert M., Jr. 17146 Brandelli, Donna S. 17097

Patrolman Ac-FPH/EI Law Enforcement Tech A C -FP
Ross Township Police Department Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Office
5325 Pererysville Ave 2020 Beverly Blvd
P i t t s b u r g h , P A 15229- Los Angeles, CA 90057-2494
USA USA
Recom’d by: Recom’d by:
Bemis, Robert E. 17145 Buel, Eric , Ph. D. 17106

Trooper A C -CS Forensic Lab Director A C -LA
Pennsylvania State Police State of Vermont
4320 Iroquois Ave Department of Public Safety
Erie, PA 1651l- 103 South Main Street
USA Waterbury, VT 0567l-2101
Recom’d by: Antonio J. Ferraro USA
Recom’d by: Yvonne Labare
Benton, Desmon P. 17138
Det Sgt in Charge A C -FP Cabrera, Susie 17154
Fingerprint Bureau Forensic Specialist A C -CS
Garda Headquarters Orange County Sheriff’s Department
Phoenix Park 320 N. Flower
Dublin 8, Santa Ana, CA 92703-
Ireland USA
Recom’d by: Pat A. Wertheim Recom’d by: Kelli Smith

88 / 50 (1). 2000
Caputo, Jay S. 17087 Davies, Kristin E. 17136
Detective Captain A C -CS Police Artist A C -Art
Nassau County Police Department Rochester Police Department
1490 Franklin Avenue 150 Plymouth Ave South
Mineola, NY 11501- Rochester, NY 14614-
USA USA
Recom’d by: Thomas Weber Recom’d by: Michael A. Taister
Clark, Karen S. 17125 Deitchman, Vincent P. 17112

Forensic Services Tech A C -CS Criminalist A C -LA
Montgomery County Dept of Police Oakland Police Department
2350 Research Blvd Criminalistics Laboratory
Rockville, MD 20850- 455 7th Street, Room 608
USA Oakland, CA 94607-
Recom’d by: William L. Bicklo USA
Recom’d by: Curtis Sato
Clark, Jerry D. 17129
Crime Scene Tech A C -CS Dickinson, Gregory T. 17137
Princeton Police Department As-I/GT
3 10 W. State Street 185 1 Arlington St
Princeton, IN 47670- Suite 103
USA Sarasota, FL 34239-
Recom’d by: Joseph E. Fyffe USA
Recom’d by: Philip J. Levine
Costello, Christopher D. 17086
Patrolman A C -CS Dieppa, Norma 17111
Dover Police Department Youth Resource Det A C -Art
46 Locust Street Coral Gables Police Department
Dover, NH 03820- 2801 Salzedo St
USA Coral Gables, FL 33134-
Recom’d by: Robert Tessier USA
Recom’d by: M. Frank Shonberger
Crane, Gregory J. 17147
Crime Scene Investigator A C -CS Dietsch, Terrence R. 17139
North Richland Hills Police Dept Police Officer A C -CS
8433 Co. Rd 523 Van Wert Police Department
Burleson, TX 76028 PO Box 467
USA Van Wert, OH 45891-
Recom’d by: Ivan R. Futrell USA
Recom’d by: Randy Schiefer
Cruz, Teodoro S. 17118
Training Specialist II A C -FP Doll, Carla J. 17103
Philippine Public Safety College Fingerprint Services Spvr A C -FP
Fort Bonifacio Missouri State Highway Patrol
Makati City, 1510 E. Elm
The Philippines Jefferson City, MO 65102-
Recom’d by: Antonio G. Maracha USA
Recom’d by: Kathy Hentges

50 (1), 2000 \ 89
Duke, Edwin D. 17109 Holden, Pamela D. 17127
Investigator A C -FP ID Tech I A C -FP
Chattanooga Police Department Polk County Sheriff’s Department
3300 Amnicola Hwy 455 N Broadway
Chattanooga, TN 37406- Bar-tow, FL 33831-
USA USA
Recom’d by: Pat A. Wertheim Recom’d by: Herman Moulden
Durand, Gerard R. 17151 Hubbard, William M. 17140

BCI Detective A C -CS Deputy Marshal A C -FP
Woonsocket Police Department Red River Marshal’s Office
242 Clinton Street PO Box 410
Woonsocket, RI 02895 Red River, NM 87558
USA USA
Recom’d by: Recom’d by:
Ellis, Eric L. 17108 Irving, Robert C. 17083

Crime Scene Tech A C -CS Police Officer A C -CS
Peoria Police Department Englewood Police Department
600 SW Adams 3615 S Elati
Peoria, IL 61602- Englewood, CO 80121-
USA USA
Recom’d by: Mark Chittick Recom’d by: Donald C. Ostermeyer
Flowers, Thomas J. 17104 Johnson, Jacqueline A. 17100

Detective Trooper A C -FP Forensic Scientist A C -I/GT
Michigan State Police Mississippi Crime Laboratory
720 Fuller Ave, NE 220 Power Drive
Grand Rapids, MI 49503- Batesville, MS 38606-
USA USA
Recom’d by: James F. Pierson Recom’d by: Kenneth Gill
Greene, Stacie L. 17098 Juck, David A. 17101

Fingerprint Specialist A C -FP Det Forensic Identification A C -CS
ATF York Regional Police Service
355 North Wiget Ln 17250 Yonge Street
Walnut Creek, CA 94598- New Market, ON L3Y 4W5
USA Canada
Recom’d by: Darrell R. Klasey Recom’d by: Robert E. Johnson
Greer, Frederick E. 17110 Kennedy, Kendall V., Jr. 17128

Police Sgt A C -CS Latent Print Examiner A C -FP
Northern Arizona University Phoenix Police Department
Police Department 620 W. Washington Street
PO Box 5602 Phoenix, AZ 85003-
Flagstaff, AZ 8601l- USA
USA Recom’d by: Frank Rodgers
Recom’d by:

90 / 50 (1), 2000
Laporte, David P. 17102 Martinez, Paul D. 17093
Forensic Ident Specialist A C -CS Crime Scene Tech II A C -FP
RCMP Miami Beach Police Department
Bag 500 1100 Washington Avenue
Peace River, AB T8S 1T7 Miami Beach, FL 33139-
Canada USA
Recom’d by: Recom’d by: Mark Eichel
Leguisamo Torres, Jorge L. 17153 Massey, Shelly L. 17142

Spvr, Forensic Ident Ac-FPH/EI Forensic ID Specialist A C -FP
Prefectura Nacional Naval Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Rble. 25 de Agosto de 1825 Forensic Identification Section
S/N Box 710,355 Fischer Ave
11000 Montevideo, The Pas, MB R9A lK 7
Uruguay Canada
Recom’d by: Jorge Urrutia Schnyder Recom’d by:
Leon, Melissa 17081 McMahon, John R. 17089

Criminal Ident Techn I A C -CS Patrolman A C -FP
Hialeah Police Department Vineland Police Department
5555 E 8th Avenue 111 N 6th Street
Hialeah, FL 33013- Vineland, NJ 08360-
USA USA
Recom’d by: Karen L. Sampson Recom’d by: John Mastalski
Loudermilk, James A. 17094 Melton, James C. 17141

Sr Level Project Advisor A C -FP Technician A C -CS
Federal Bureau of Investigation St. Tammany Parish Sheriff’s Office
935 Pennsylvania Avenue NW PO Box 1120
Washington, DC 20535-0001 Covington, LA 70433-
USA USA
Recom’d by: Stephen B. Meagher Recom’d by: Eugene R. Hirstius
Lynch, Cathleen 17150 Meyer, James R. 17107

A C -CS Crime Scene Specialist A C -CS
North Charleston Police Department Indianapolis-Marion County
4900 Lacross Road Forensic Services Agency
North Charleston, SC 29406- 40 S. Alabama Street
USA Indianapolis, IN 46204-
Recom’d by: Raymond Garrison USA
Recom’d by: Michael P. Flannery
Martin, Diana S. 17117
Fingerprint Specialist A C -FP Nieto Dilaccio, Juan J. 17152
US Department of Justice INS Chief, Data Proc D P T Ac-FPH/EI
3752 Beyer Blvd Prefectura Nacional Naval
San Diego, CA 92143-9022 Rble. 25 de Agosto de 1825
USA S/N
Recom’d by: Lisa A. De Meo 11000 Montevideo,
Uruguay
Recom’d by: Jorge Urrutia Schnyder

50 (1), 2000 \ 91
Odoi, Harry N.Q. 17080 Richardson, Debra A. 17099
As-CS Police Specialist A C -FP
PO Box 05615 Everett Police Department
Osu, Accra 3002 Wetmore Avenue
Ghana Everett, WA 98201-
Recom’d by: USA
Recom’d by: Debra L. Prather
Olson, Albert B., Jr. 17132
Identification Supervisor A C -CS Rickwartz, Stanley J., II 17134
Redding Police Department Corporal A C -FP
13 13 California Street Amarillo Police Department
Redding, CA 9600 l- 200 E 3rd
USA Amarillo, TX 79101-
Recom’d by: USA
Recom’d by: James A. Burgess
Parrish, Gregory D. 17115
Investigations Corporal A C -Art Rodriguez, Laudelina 17121
Ventura Police Department Substance Abuse Unit As-CS
1425 Dowel1 Drive Miami Behavioral Health Center
Ventura, CA 93003- 3850 West Flagler St
USA Miami, FL 33134-
Recom’d by: USA
Recom’d by:
Peters, Craig A. 17084
Forensic Specialist A C -FP Rodriguez, Antonio A. 17120
Ontario Police Department Dir Faculty Development A C -FP
200 N Cherry Philippine Public Safety College
Ontario, CA 91764- Fort Bonifacio
USA Makati City,
Recom’d by: Ann Punter The Philippines
Recom’d by: Antonio G. Maracha
Ramsey, Julia 17116
Fingerprint Specialist A C -FP Rogers, Keith W. 17122
Bureau Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms Lab Tech Senior As-CS
355 N. Wiget Lane Northrop Grumman Corporation
Walnut Creek, CA 94598-2413 8900 East Washington Blvd
USA Pica Rivera, CA 90660-
Recom’d by: Michael E. Stapleton USA
Recom’d by:
Richard, Alain J. 17114
Forensic Ident Specialist A C -FP Ronemus, Norman R. 17092
RCMP Halifax Regional Fiss Police Officer A C -CS
PO Box 8208 Santa Maria Police Department
3 15 1 Oxford St 222 E. Cook
Halifax, NS B3K 5L9 Santa Maria, CA 93454-
Canada USA
Recom’d by: Ed Podwomy Recom’d by: Douglas A. Coleman

92 / 50 (1), 2000
Rushing, Mark W. 17096 Singh, Sandeep P. 17105
Interface Manager As-FP Examiner of QD As-QD
Lockheed Martin 29 1, Civil Chambers
12506 Lake Underhill Rd Tis Hazari Courts
MP-8 12 Delhi -, 110054
Orlando, FL 32825-5002 India
USA Recom’d by:
Recom’d by: Michael W. Wieners
Spelman, Michael R. 17090
Ryder, Jennifer S. 17124 Detective A C -CS
Identification Tech Ac-FPH/EI Rockford Police Department
Tucson Police Department 420 W. State Street
270 S. Stone Ave Rockford, IL 6110l-
Tucson, AZ 85701- USA
USA Recom’d by: Jeffrey Houde
Recom’d by: James Wallace
Spence, Bruce R. 17144
Salmon, Barry 17135 Criminalist Supervisor AC -FP
Forensic Ident Specialist A C -FP OK State Bureau of Investigation
Windsor Police Service 6600 N Harvey
445 City Hall Square Suite 300
Windsor, ON N9A 6J5 Oklahoma City, OK 73116-7910
Canada USA
Recom’d by: Alan Brown Recom’d by: Pat A. Wertheim
Scoppa, James N., Sr. 17088 Taylor, James E., Jr. 17131
Sergeant A C -FP A C -FP
Atlantic City Police Department Holyoke Police Department
27 15 Atlantic Avenue 220 Appleton St.
Atlantic City, NJ 08401- Holyoke, MA 01040-
USA USA
Recom’d by: John J. Mehic Recom’d by: Charles J. Walsh
Semler, Mellanie 17143 Tindall, Charles 17148

Fingerprint Tech A C -FP Associate Prof of Chemistry As-LA
Snohomish County Sheriff’s Office Metropolitan State College of Denver
3000 Rockefeller Ave Campus Box 52
Everett, WA 98201- PO Box 173362
USA Denver, CO 80217-3362
Recom’d by: Kimberly A. Crawford USA
Recom’d by:
Sheehan, Wayne M. 17085
Police Officer A C -CS Weed, Kathy J. 17126
Dover Police Department Identification Technician A C -FP
46 Locust Street Polk County Sheriff’s Office
Dover, NH 03820- 455 N Broadway Avenue
USA Bartow, FL 33830-
Recom’d by: Robert J. Tessier USA
Recom’d by: Herman Moulden

50 (1), 2000 \ 93
Whitney, Lanissa M. 17130 Wyant, Scott C. 17149
Fingerprint Technician A C -FP A C -CS
Salt Lake County Sheriff’s Office North Charleston Police Department
437 S 300 E 4 9 0 0 Lacross Rd
Salt Lake City, UT 8411l- North Charleston, SC 29419-
USA USA
Recom’d by: Jeff Itami Recom’d by: Raymond Carrison
Williams, Rodney E. 17113 Zang, Vernon E., Jr. 17123

Detective Corporal A C -FP Detective Sgt A C -FP
Royal Bahamas Police Force Michigan State Police
Criminal Records Office 42800 Merrill Rd
PO Box N458 Sterling Heights, MI 48314-
Nassau, USA
Bahamas Recom’d by:
Recom’d by: Marco Naim
Journal o f Forensic Identification

94/50 (1) ,2000
Upcoming Educational Opportunities
I.A.I. Annual I.A.I. Regional

Educational Educational Seminars
Conferences
January 10-14,2000
July 23-29,2000 Footwear Impression Evidence
Charleston, WV (Dwane S. Hilderbrand)
Embassy Suites (Host Hotel) Richardson, TX
Marriott
Holiday Inn February 7-9,2000
contact: Candy Murray Fingerprint Pattern
Conference Coordinator Interpretation and Comparison
2060 1 Netherland Street (Ivan Futrell)
Orlando, FL 32833 Tucson, AZ
(407) 568-7436, Voice
(407) 568-7689, Fax February 10-12,2000
conference@theiai.org
Fingerprint Pattern
July 22-28,2001 Interpretation and Comparison
Miami, FL (Ivan Futrell)
Dora1 Resort Tucson, AZ
contact: Candy Murray February 28-March 3,2000
Conference Coordinator
2060 1 Netherland Street Basic Fingerprint
Orlando, FL 32833 Classification and
(407) 568-7436, Voice Identification
(407) 568-7689, Fax (Dwane S. Hilderbrand)
conference@theiai.org
Winter Park, FL
March 27-31,2000
Advanced Forensic Fingerprint
Identification and Testimony
(Ivan Futrell)
Bakersfield, CA
April 17-21,2000
Advanced Crime Scene
Investigation
(TBA)
Overland Park, KS

50 (1), 2000 \ 97
Information about IAI-sponsored Other Events of
regional educational seminars may be
obtained by contacting the following: Interest
Dwane S. Hilderbrand
Mini-Seminars Coordinator
January 10-14,2000
9688 E. Davenport Drive Laser Fingerprint Development
Scottsdale, AZ 85260 Workshop
(602) 860-1002, Voice Lubbock, TX
iaicourses@aol.com
contact: Center for Forensic Studies
Division Meetings Texas Tech University
P. 0. Box 41051
Chesapeake Bay Lubbock, TX 79409-1 0 5 1
March 3l-April 2,2000 (806) 742-3760, Voice
(806) 742-1182, Fax
Martinsburg, WV
contact: Timothy Hahn, Sec.-Treas. January 19-21,2000
12718 Kernbridge Drive
Bowie, MD 20715-2803 Crime Scene Detection of FW
(301) 805-0737, Voice and Tire Impression Evidence
(301) 805-5879, Fax (William J. Bodziak)
tim_hahn@msn.com El Cajon, CA
contact: Bonnie Wertheim
California May 8-11,2000 Forensic Identification
Flamingo Hilton Training Seminars, LLC
P. 0. Box 4232
Laughlin, NV
Salem, OR 97302
contact: Alan McRoberts (503) 363-6962, Voice
(213) 989-5091 (888) 235-1230, Voice
almcrobe@lasd.org (503) 589-9990, Fax
CA POST Plan IV Anticipated
Illinois May 24-26,2000
Pheasant Run Resort January 19-21,2000
St. Charles, IL Digital Imaging for Interactive
contact: Wilburn Wilkins Crime Scene Recording and
Joliet Forensic Science Lab Presentation
515 E. Woodruff Road (George Reis)
Joliet, IL 60432-1260
(815) 740-3543, Voice
El Cajon, CA
(815) 740-2795, Fax contact: Bonnie Wertheim
Training Seminars, LLC
(Send Division meeting or seminar P. 0. Box 4232
announcements to the Editor at the Salem, OR 97302
address listed on the inside front (503) 363-6962, Voice
cover. Please provide at least three (888) 235-1230, Voice
months advance notice.) (503) 589-9990, Fax

98/50 (1) ,2000
January 24-26,2000 February 14-16,2000
Shooting Incident AFIS Curriculum (Marty Ludas,
Reconstruction Johnny Leonard)
(Edward E. Huske) Youngsville, NC
Boca Raton, FL contact: Clara Carroll
contact: Bonnie Wertheim Sirchie Fingerprint Labs, Inc.
Forensic Identification 100 Hunter Place
Training Seminars, LLC Youngsville, NC 27596
P. 0. Box 4232 (800) 356-7311, Voice
Salem, OR 97302 (800) 899-8181, Fax
(503) 363-6962, Voice www.forensicpress.com
(888) 235-1230, Voice
(503) 589-9990, Fax February 14-18,2000
January 24-28,2000 Digital Image Enhancement for
the ID/Forensic Section
Detection and Examination of (George Reis)
Footwear Impression Evidence Mesa, AZ
(William J. Bodziak) contact: Bonnie Wertheim
Tucson, AZ Forensic Identification
contact: Bonnie Wertheim Training Seminars, LLC
Forensic Identification P. 0. Box 4232
Training Seminars, LLC Salem, OR 97302
P. 0. Box 4232 (503) 363-6962, Voice
Salem, OR 97302 (888) 235- 1230, Voice
(503) 363-6962, Voice (503) 589-9990, Fax
(888) 235-1230, Voice
(503) 589-9990, Fax February 28 March 3,2000
Advanced Ridgeologv
February 7-8,2000
Comparison Techniques
Managing Law Enforcement (Pat A. Wertheim)
Property and Evidence Systems McLean, VA
(Izzy Flores) contact: Bonnie Wertheim
North Las Vegas, NV Forensic Identification
contact: Bonnie Wertheim Training Seminars, LLC
Forensic Identification P. 0. Box 4232
Training Seminars, LLC Salem, OR 97302
P. 0. Box 4232 (503) 363-6962, Voice
Salem, OR 97302 (888) 235-1230, Voice
(503) 363-6962, Voice (503) 589-9990, Fax
(888) 235-1230, Voice
(503) 589-9990, Fax
Journal of Fo rensic Identification

50 (1), 2000 \ 99
March 642000 March 13-17,2000
Crime Scene Detection of FW Crime Scene Technology
and Tire Impression Evidence Workshop 2I: A Crime Scene
(William J. Bodziak) Practicum
Gastonia, NC Portland, OR
contact: Bonnie Wertheim contact: Registrar
Forensic Identification Northwestern University
Training Seminars, LLC Traffic Institute
P. 0. Box 4232 405 Church Street
Salem, OR 97302 Evanston, IL 60201
(503) 363-6962, Voice (800) 323-4011, Voice
(888) 235-1230, Voice (847) 491-5270, Fax
(503) 589-9990, Fax
March 17-19,2000
March 6-10,2000 The Fingerprint Society Lectures
Crime Scene Technology Liverpool, Great Britain
Workshop I: A contact: Graham Hughes
Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Merseyside Police
the Crime Scene Process HQ Fingerprint Bureau
Portland, OR Canning Place
Liverpool Ll 8JX, GB
contact: Registrar
015 1-777-8445, Voice
Northwestern University
015 1-777-8444, Fax
Traffic Institute
editor@ thefptsociety.u-net.com
405 Church Street
Evanston, IL 6020 1
(800) 323-4011, Voice March 20-22,2000
(847) 49 l-5270, Fax Advanced Shooting Incident
Reconstruction
March 6-10,2000 (Edward E. Hueske)
Henry Classification and Palm Beach, FL
Identification (Johnny Leonard) contact: Bonnie Wertheim
Youngsville, NC Forensic Identification
contact: Aubrey Cook
P. 0. Box 4232
Sirchie Fingerprint Labs, Inc.
100 Hunter Place Salem, OR 97302
(503) 363-6962, Voice
Youngsville, NC 27596
(800) 356-7311, Voice (888) 235-1230, Voice
(503) 589-9990, Fax
(800) 899-8181, Fax
www.forensicpress.com

100 / 50 (1), 2000
April 3-7,2000 April 24-28,2000
Advanced Ridgeology Advanced Ridgeology
Comparison Techniques Comparison Techniques
(Pat A. Wertheim) (Pat A. Wertheim)
Arlington, TX West Hartford, CT
contact: Bonnie Wertheim contact: Bonnie Wertheim
Forensic Identification Forensic Identification
Training Seminars, LLC Training Seminars, LLC
P. 0. Box 4232 P. 0. Box 4232
Salem, OR 97302 Salem, OR 97302
(503) 363-6962, Voice (503) 363-6962, Voice
(888) 235-1230, Voice (888) 235-1230, Voice
(503) 589-9990, Fax (503) 589-9990, Fax
TCLEOSE Approved
May l-5,2000
April 17-19,2000
Spring Bloodstain Institute
AFIS Curriculum (Marty Ludas, Coming, NY
Johnny Leonard) contact: Herbert L. MacDonell
Youngsville, NC Bloodstain Evidence Institute
contact: Clara Carroll P. 0. Box 1111
Sirchie Fingerprint Labs, Inc. Corning, NY 14830
100 Hunter Place (607) 962-6581, Voice
Youngsville, NC 27596 (607) 936-6936, Fax
(800) 356-7311, Voice forensic@servtech.com
(800) 899-8181, Fax
www.forensicpress.com May l-5,2000
Crime Scene Technology
April 17-21,2000
Workshop I: A
Crime Scene-The Crucial Multi-Disciplinary Approach to
Minutes the Crime Scene Process
(James R. Davis) Evanston, IL
El Cajon, CA contact: Registrar
contact: Bonnie Wertheim Northwestern University
Forensic Identification Traffic Institute
Training Seminars, LLC 405 Church Street
P. 0. Box 4232 Evanston, IL 60201
Salem, OR 97302 (800) 323-4011, Voice
(503) 363-6962, Voice (847) 49l-5270, Fax
(888) 235-1230, Voice
(503) 589-9990, Fax

50 (1 ), 2000 \ 101
May 8-12,2000 May 15-19,2000
Crime Scene Technology Crime Scene Technology
Workshop 2: A Crime Scene Workshop 3: Advanced
Practicum Techniques
Evanston, IL Evanston, IL
contact: Registrar contact: Registrar
Northwestern University Northwestern University
Traffic Institute Traffic Institute
405 Church Street 405 Church Street
Evanston, IL 60201 Evanston, IL 60201
(800) 323-4011, Voice (800) 323-4011, Voice
(847) 49l-5270, Fax (847) 49l-5270, Fax
May 8-12,2000 May 15-19,2000

Digital Imaging for the Photo Advanced Ridgeology
Section Comparison Techniques
(George Reis) (Pat A. Wertheim)
Erie, PA Mesa, AZ
contact: Bonnie Wertheim contact: Bonnie Wertheim
Forensic Identification Forensic Identification
Training Seminars, LLC Training Seminars, LLC
P. 0. Box 4232 P. 0. Box 4232
Salem, OR 97302 Salem, OR 97302
(503) 363-6962, Voice (503) 363-6962, Voice
(888) 235-1230, Voice (888) 235-1230, Voice
(503) 589-9990, Fax (503) 589-9990, Fax
May 8-12,2000 May 15-19,2000

Basic Facial Reconstruction Advanced Facial
Sculpture Reconstruction Sculpture
(Betty Pat Gatliff,) (Betty Pat Gatliff)
Comprehensive Composite Advanced Two-Dimensional
Drawing Identification Techniques
(Karen Taylor) (Karen Taylor)
Scottsdale, AZ Scottsdale, AZ
contact: Betty Pat Gatliff contact: Betty Pat Gatliff
SKULLpture Lab SKULLpture Lab
1026 Leslie Lane 1026 Leslie Lane
Norman, OK 73069-4501 Norman, OK 73069-4501
(405) 32l-8706 (405) 321-8706

102 / 50 (1), 2000
May 22-27,2000 June 5-8,2000
Death Scene Archaeology: Bloodstain Evidence Workshop
Field Methods in the Location, I: The Significance of
Recovery and Interpretation of Bloodstain Evidence in Death
Human Remains from Outdoor Scene Investigations
Con texts Evanston, IL
Erie, PA contact: Registrar
contact: Dr. Dennis Dirkmatt Northwestern University
(814) 824-2105 Traffic Institute
dirkmatt@mercyhurst.edu 405 Church Street
Evanston, IL 60201
June 5-7,2000 (800) 323-4011, Voice
(847) 49l-5270, Fax
Shooting Incident
Reconstruction June 12-14,2000
(Edward E. Huske) Analysis of Problem Latents
Boca Raton, FL (Pat Wertheim)
contact: Bonnie Wertheim El Cajon, CA
contact: Bonnie Wertheim
P. 0. Box 4232
Salem, OR 97302
P. 0. Box 4232
(503) 363-6962, Voice
Salem, OR 97302
(888) 235-1230, Voice
(503) 363-6962, Voice
(503) 589-9990, Fax
(888) 235-1230, Voice
(503) 589-9990, Fax
June 5-7,2000
June 12-14,2000
Crime Scene Detection of FW
AFIS Curriculum (Marty Ludas,
and Tire Impression Evidence
Johnny Leonard)
(William J. Bodziak)
Youngsville, NC
Hamilton, NJ
contact: Clara Carroll
contact: Bonnie Wertheim Sirchie Fingerprint Labs, Inc.
Forensic Identification 100 Hunter Place
Training Seminars, LLC Youngsville, NC 27596
P. 0. Box 4232 (800) 356-7311, Voice
Salem, OR 97302 (800) 899-8181, Fax
(503) 363-6962, Voice www.forensicpress.com
(888) 235-1230, Voice
(503) 589-9990, Fax

50 (1), 2000 \ 103
June 12-16,2000 June 26-30,2000
Investigative Photography Advanced Facial
Workshop I; Comprehensive Reconstruction Sculpture
Photographic Techniques (Betty Pat Gatliff)
Evanston, IL Advanced Two-Dimensional
contact: Registrar Iden tification Techniques
Northwestern University (Karen Taylor)
Traffic Institute Cleveland, OH
405 Church Street
contact: Betty Pat Gatliff
Evanston, IL 60201
SKULLpture Lab
(800) 323-4011, Voice
1026 Leslie Lane
(847) 491-5270, Fax
Norman, OK 73069-4501
(405) 32l-8706
June 19-23,2000
Basic Facial Reconstruction July 10-14,2000
Sculpture Crime Scene Detection of FW
(Betty Pat Gatliff) and Tire Impression Evidence
Comprehensive Composite (William J. Bodziak)
Drawing Denver, CO
(Karen Taylor) contact: Bonnie Wertheim
Cleveland, OH Forensic Identification
contact: Betty Pat Gatliff Training Seminars, LLC
SKULLpture Lab P. 0. Box 4232
1026 Leslie Lane Salem, OR 97302
Norman, OK 73069-4501 (503) 363-6962, Voice
(405) 321-8706 (888)235-1230, Voice
(503) 589-9990, Fax
June 19-23,2000
August 14-16,2000
Henry Classification and
Identification (Johnny Leonard) AFIS Curriculum (Marty Ludas,
Youngsville, NC Johnny Leonard)
contact: Aubrey Cook Youngsville, NC
Sirchie Fingerprint Labs, Inc. contact: Clara Carroll
100 Hunter Place Sirchie Fingerprint Labs, Inc.
Youngsville, NC 27596 100 Hunter Place
(800) 356-7311, Voice Youngsville, NC 27596
(800) 899-8181, Fax (800) 356-7311, Voice
www.forensicpress.com (800)899-8181,Fax

104 / 50 (1), 2000
September 18-22,2000 October 23-27,2000
Bloodstain Evidence Workshop I Understanding the Human Face
Portland, OR (Karen Taylor)
contact: Registrar Scottsdale, AZ
Northwestern University contact: Scottsdale Artist School
Traffic Institute (800) 333-5707
405 Church Street
Evanston, IL 60201 October 30-November 3,2000
(800) 323-4011, Voice
(847) 49l-5270, Fax Crime Scene Technology
Workshop 1: A
September 25-29,2000 Multi-Disciplinary Approach to
Crime Scene Technology the Crime Scene Process
Workshop 3: Advanced Evanston, IL
Techniques contact: Registrar
Portland, OR
Traffic Institute
contact: Registrar 405 Church Street
Northwestern University Evanston, IL 60201
Traffic Institute (800) 323-4011, Voice
405 Church Street (847) 49l-5270, Fax
Evanston, IL 60201
(800) 323-4011, Voice November 6-10,2000
(847) 491-5270, Fax
Crime Scene Technology
September 25-29,2000 Workshop 2: A Crime Scene
Henry Classification and Practicum
Identification (Johnny Leonard) Evanston, IL
Youngsville, NC contact: Registrar
contact: Aubrey Cook
Traffic Institute
405 Church Street
100 Hunter Place
Evanston, IL 60201
Youngsville, NC 27596
(800) 323-4011, Voice
(800) 356-7311, Voice
(847) 491-5270, Fax
(800) 899-8181, Fax
November 13-15,2000
October 16-18,2000 AFIS Curriculum (Marty Ludas,
AFIS Curriculum (Marty Ludas, Johnny Leonard)
Johnny Leonard) Youngsville, NC
Youngsville, NC contact: Clara Carroll
contact: Clara Carroll 100 Hunter Place
Sirchie Fingerprint Labs, Inc. Youngsville, NC 27596
100 Hunter Place (800) 356-7311, Voice
Youngsville, NC 27596 (800) 899-8181, Fax
(800) 356-7311, Voice
(800) 899-8181, Fax

50 (1), 2000 \ 105
November 13-17,2000 December ll-15,2000
Crime Scene Technology Bloodstain Evidence Workshop I
Workshop III: Advanced Evanston, IL
Techniques contact: Registrar
Evanston, IL Northwestern University
Traffic Institute
contact: Registrar
405 Church Street
Traffic Institute Evanston, IL 60201
(800) 323-4011, Voice
405 Church Street
Evanston, IL 60201 (847) 49l-5270, Fax
(800) 323-4011, Voice
(847) 49l-5270, Fax June 16-30,200l
One Hundred Years of
December 4-8,2000 Fingerprint Detection and
Investigative Photography Identification
Workshop I; Comprehensive London, Great Britain
Photographic Techniques contact: Maurice V. Garvie
Evanston, IL 200 1, Project Manager
contact:: . Registrar Room 684V, or
David H. Smith
200 1, Project Director
Traffic Institute
New Scotland Yard
405 Church Street
The Broadway
Evanston, IL 60201
London, SWlH OBG
(800) 323-4011, Voice
Great Britain
(847) 49l-5270, Fax
December 1 l-15,2000
Investigative Photography II:
Advanced Techniques
Evanston, IL
contact: Registrar
Northwestern Universi tY
Traffic Insti tute
405 Church Street
Evanston, IL 60201
(800) 323-4011, Voice
(847) 491-5270, Fax

106 / 50 (1), 2000
Job Announcements*
Evidence Technician
Kentwood Police Department
Kentwood, MI
Salary: $30,855 - $39,510
Duties: Responsible for the collection and preservation of evidence at crime

and accident scenes. Conducts laboratory processing of physical evidence for
latent prints and performs latent print comparisons. Presents expert testimony
in a court of law.
Qualifications: Must possess a degree from an accredited college or univer-
sity and have a minimum of two years experience in crime scene investiga-
tion. A degree in criminalistics, or a similar field, may be substituted for one
year of the required experience. Must be experienced in photography and
latent fingerprint processing techniques. Must be detail-oriented, familiar with
personal computers and possess excellent oral and written communication
skills. Certification by the IAI is preferred.
Contact: Director of Human Resources

4900 Breton Ave. SE
Kentwood, MI 49518
(616) 554-0732, Voice
(616) 554-0796, Fax
Closing date: February 11,2000
* Note: As a service to subscribers and to agencies, the Journal of Forensic Identifi-

cation will publish job announcements from governmental law enforcement agencies or
those with interest to the forensic community without cost to the submitter. Excepting
unusual circumstances, job announcements will appear only once. A 100 word maxi-
mum is suggested for the “body” of the announcement (i.e., that part which lists
qualifications or requirements); a length of 50-75 words is preferred. Job announce-
ments should be mailed to the Editor at the address on the inside front cover.

50 (1), 2000 \ 107
Forensic Technician I
Sarasota County Sheriff’s Office
Sarasota, FL
Salary: $22,500 - $36,000
Duties: Applicant should be able to process scenes of crimes and apply

advanced techniques in locating, developing and collecting latent latent fin-
gerprints. Applicant must also be proficient in photography, collection of
evidence and documenting and interpreting events at scenes of crimes. Fol-
low-up processing, documentation and testifying skills are also necessary.
Qualifications: Applicant should have a high school education and have
successfully completed recognized, specialized forensic science related
courses.
Contact: Sarasota County Sheriff’s Office

Personnel Section
(914) 951-5044
Identification Technician (Fingerprint Examiner) III

Fairfax County Police Department
Fairfax, VA
Salary: $33,162 - $42,325
Duties: Classifies ten-print fingerprint cards utilizing the Henry and NCIC
classification methods. Enters fingerprint images from ten-print cards into the
AFIS database. Maintains manual and automated files for both ten-print cards
and latent print cards. Receives, evaluates and ensures completeness of Vir-
ginia State Police Central Criminal Record Exchange arrest documents. Ex-
amines and evaluates latent fingerprint/palmprint evidence, particularly the
more complex examinations and higher profile investigations. Compares la-
tent fingerprint to AFIS-generated list of known persons with criminal re-
cords. Position occasionally requires travel to other local jurisdictions.
Qualifications: Candidate must be a high school graduate or have a GED.
Candidate must have completed formal courses in basic fingerprint identifica-
tion, advanced latent fingerprint identification and administrative advanced
fingerprint identification conducted by the FBI or equivalent resource plus
eight years of experience in fingerprint identification including six years of
experience identifying latent prints. Preferred qualifications include, but are
not limited to, experience in the operation of AFIS in a law enforcement
environment, ideally systems manufactured by Printrak International, Inc. and
NEC; a thorough knowledge of the rules of evidence and legal procedures
common to court cases involving fingerprint identification; experience with
accurately classifying, searching and identifying fingerprints and the ability to
express facts and results of examinations clearly, concisely and objectively;
and considerable experience with the methods, techniques and equipment
used to take, develop and enlarge photographs.
Contact: Department of Human Resources

(703) 222-5872
http://www.co.fairfax.va.us/jobs/homepage.htm

108 / 50 (1), 2000
Forensic Scientist - Senior
Forensic Scientist - Advanced
Wausau Crime Laboratory
Wausau, WI
Salary: $35,335 - $43,103, Senior; $37,909 - $46,629, Advanced
Duties: Successful applicant will examine items to locate fingerprints

and/or palmprints; compare questioned fingerprints/palmprints with standard
inked prints to identify or eliminate the questioned prints; use complex physi-
cal, chemical, microscopical and instrumental techniques to develop finger-
prints/palmprints or to further enhance visible prints; examine, compare and
identify footwear and tire impressions; participate in field response; perform
quality assurance; prepare reports of findings; and testify in court as an expert
witness.
Qualifications: Candidate must have a four-year degree with science credits
as well as three full-time years at the senior level and at least five full-time
years at the advanced level of current forensic latent fingerprint examination
experience in a crime laboratory setting.
Contact: Pat Miller

Department of Justice
Human Resources Office
123 W. Washington Avenue, Room 808
P.O. Box 7857
Madison, WI 53707-7857
(608) 267-1332
millerps@doj.state.wi.us

50 (1), 2000 \ 109
AfterThoughts
Golden Years
In spite of the advance hyperbole, the arrival of the new year did not
bring an end to the world, nor even a major disruption to most people’s
lives, except, perhaps, for those who celebrated the evening prior with
excessive enthusiasm. The effects of the Y2K bug failed to bring a
catastrophic upheaval to a modern technological society as some had
predicted, and except for some minor mishaps, the day was rather
ordinary. In a world moving toward even more rapid communication
and faster access to endless sources of information, one constant re-
mains. Greater choices of what may be discovered does not necessarily
make for more accurate answers, and nothing reveals this more than the
vast amounts of misinformation about the next millennium.
Sunday, January 1,2000, simply marked the start of the final year in
the current millennium, not the first year of the next. The year 2000 is
not even the closure of the 19th century, just as 1900 was not its start.
Technically, both are centesimal years, those evenly divisible by 100,
and ordinarily centesimal years are ineligible for that extra day in
February reserved for leap years. But 2000 is that rare exception,
something 1900 was not, because it is also divisible by 400. That extra
day is added every 400 years to adjust for imperfections in the account-
ing procedures with which time is calculated. Mankind still struggles
to slice precise increments into the defiant rotations and revolutions of a
single wobbly planet that remains doggedly responsive to the physical
forces of the universe rather than to the compulsive behavior of its
inhabitants. In spite of the significance many wish to place on certain
dates or hours for predicting both doom and favor, the clock and calen-
dar exist solely as a human invention for human convenience.
Measuring the passage of time in all its various units seems to be an

obsession linked more to some genetic force than to idle curiosity. One
In compliance with a policy decision established by the Board of Direc-

tors, the editor wishes to emphasize to all readers that the opinions
expressed in this commentary do not represent the viewpoints of the
International Association for Identification, the IAI’s officers and board
members, nor of any other member or employee.
Journal of Forensic I d e n t i f i c a t i o n
110/50(1),2000
characteristic of human behavior is its overwhelming desire to organize
and catalogue everything that is encountered, including the intervals
between events. The span of existence, whether in the endurance of a
particular life form or the durability of a geological structure, is de-
fined, at least in part, by its age. There are practical considerations to
measuring time, indeed, for time is a dimension just as is length, width
and depth. In doing so, there is no comfort in approximation. The
driving goal, it seems, is for greater and greater exactness.
Many and varied efforts to provide a reliable yardstick for recording

the passage of time have been devised, but most of these have faded
into history as examples of human ingenuity which failed to survive.
Earlier measuring systems utilized the cycles of the moon as their base,
thus determining spans according to the less than perfect orbit of a
lifeless hunk of rock just as susceptible to the forces of gravity as the
mass it encircles. Some of these lunar calendars are still in use as the
determining factor for special events or celebrations, and within the
year 2000 will arrive the start of 7509, 5761, 2753, 2749, 2660, 2312,
1922, 1717, 1421 and the year of the Dragon*, depending upon faith
and geography. But largely the entire world has adopted a unified
system for determining dates and time, one based upon specific loca-
tions of the earth as it speeds around the sun.
Developing a consensual means of establishing the date on which

something occurred met with considerable resistance in many parts of
the world, and may not have succeeded at all without the might of the
Roman Empire. The adoption of a solar calendar was simply the conse-
quence of conquest, and was instituted by Julius Caesar in what is now
known as 46 BC, but was to every self-respecting Roman the year 709.
The inspiration to rely upon the juxtaposition of the earth and sun as
timekeeper did not spring from the ambitious mind of Caesar, however,
but came instead from the studious observations of Sosigenes, a Greek
scholar in his forced service. Such is the reality of perception that the
new calendar would be known thereafter as the Julian, not the Sosigen-
ian.
The Julian calendar corrected many of the ills of its lunar predeces-
sors, but science is still only as accurate as the precision of its measure-
ments. Sosigenes, it seems, was slightly off on his calculations of the
* - In order: Byzantine, Jewish, Roman, Nabonassar, Japanese, Grecian, Diocletian, In-

dian, Islamic and Chinese.

50 (1), 2000 \ 111
earth’s annual orbital swing by a whopping 11 minutes and 14 seconds.
While this is less time than that devoted to the half-time show at the
Super Bowl, over the centuries the errant tabulation began to accumu-
late into a sizeable chunk of hours. About 730 AD, which by then had
been the agreed upon way of assigning years, the mishap was noted by
St. Bede the Venerable, who declared that time was being recorded
more slowly than it was passing, an error of one day every 128 years.
His caution that everyone was just a bit older than he or she knew
hardly seemed important to those struggling merely to survive, for
times were tough in 730 AD. St. Bede’s suggestion for remedy went
unheeded.
Centuries passed, albeit slightly miscalculated, and living conditions

gradually improved, although certainly not for all. By 1582, the Julian
calendar was ten days in arrears to the earth’s actual solar position,
enough to gather notice from the enlightened. In this age of exploration
which depended upon celestial navigation, an inaccurate calendar be-
coming steadily worse had real meaning. Identifying this irregularity
was one thing; correcting the problem was another. The solution ap-
peared in the form of a papal decree when Pope Gregory XIII pro-
claimed, at least to those parts of the world controlled or greatly
influenced by the Vatican, that the day following October 4 would
suddenly become October 15, 1582. Italy, France, Spain, Portugal and
Luxembourg immediately obeyed the decree and adopted what became
known as the Gregorian calendar. Other mainland European nations
followed, although some took their own sweet time in doing so. The
result was a mess, in which a world traveler might switch from one
month to another, then back again.
England, still distant from Rome since the schism created by Henry
VIII and his unfulfilled determination for a male heir, finally came
around to accepting the new concept over a century later. In 1752, the
Gregorian calendar was instituted in the mother country and all its
many colonies, including those in North America. By then, the discrep-
ancy had increased to eleven days. British subjects, loyal and other-
wise, went to bed on September 2, 1752, and awoke the next morning
on September 14. Caught in this date warp was George Washington,
who thought he had been born on February 11, 173 1, only to discover
later that his birth date had been reset as February 22. Since no one
actually aged eleven days overnight, all significant past dates were
adjusted accordingly. To prevent confusion, dates stated according to
the Julian calendar were designed OS for old style, and those based on

112/50(1),2000
the Gregorian calendar were signified with NS for new style. In spite
of these attempts at simplification, confusion reigned for many years.
Nearly all early attempts to measure smaller increments of time,

those confined to segments of a single day, were based upon the posi-
tion of the sun. Observation that a vertical pole cast a moving shadow
according to where the sun appeared in the sky led to a fairly conve-
nient way of establishing incremental references. However, relying
upon shadow movement had certain disadvantages. The length and
rate of movement of shadows changed throughout the year, and were
difficult if not impossible to determine on overcast days. As people
became more mobile, they discovered that location also affected these
shadow movements, even at the same day of the year.
While sundials were relatively easy to construct, the naturally occur-

ring variances gave only approximations of increments and required
constant adjustments when greater accuracy was demanded. Far more
reliable was gravity, the rate at which items fell toward earth. One
approach was the pendulum, which could be regulated according to
length and weight. What gravity gave it also took away, for the swing-
ing pendulum evidently slowed without some form of mechanical assis- *
tance. The principle, however, would be improved and led to the
development of the clock. Another use of gravity was the flow of fine
grains of sand. By constricting the rate of flow through a narrow
passage from a large supply to the receptacle, time increments could be
measured, as long as someone remembered to invert the container upon
the completion of a cycle. The most convenient vehicle for this incor-
porated a shape that would become part of the lexicon, the hour glass.
This reference, however, has little to do with time.
Base measurement of time, it has been suggested, began with the

beating of the human heart, although it is unclear as to whose heart was
the standard. Somewhere along the way, a single rotation of the earth
became divided into hours, minutes and seconds, yielding arbitrary
increments of 24,60 and 60, respectively. As even as these increments
were for human enterprise, they failed to match the earthly rotation
exactly, known as a mean sidereal day, the same inconsistency that
beset Sosigenes. Added to this problem is the fact that the earth varies
in its daily spin, increasing and decreasing speed almost willy-nilly. In
response, mankind has simply given up on astronomical irregularities
to calculate time, and now relies upon the predictable rate of excitation
occuring in the cesium133 isotope. This is easily calculated according
to 9,192,631,770 transition periods to a second.
50 (1), 2000\ 113
Unlike odometers which begin with a string of zeroes, both the
Julian and Gregorian calendars were calculated from the same arbitrary
point that began with a numeric one from which all succeeding years
have been added. The same is true from those years which occurred
prior to that arbitrary point, except these run in reverse. The irony, of
course, is that no one strolling around when the year 1 BC became the
year 1 AD knew a thing about it. Anyone capable of returning to that
moment would find an absence of a celebrated event, nor would they
uncover signs of Y0l panic, for the determination of what would be
called the first day of the first year AD came along well afterward. Had
the Roman population been aware of the occasion, undoubtedly sooth-
sayers would have predicted the earth’s demise.
Not all time is measured from the number one, however. Seconds,
minutes and hours behave properly, and birthdays and anniversaries
mark the completion of the noted year, not the beginning, so determina-
tion of span is a bit easier. Not content with merely counting the
intervening years, specific intervals were given special designation or
significance. For human existence, chronological age marks eligibility
to work, to drive, to marry, to vote or to retire based upon custom and
societal rules. In the case of wedding anniversaries, these have prolif-
erated to include symbols for numerous such remembrances. The most
noted are silver and gold, which are honored at 25 and 50 years, a
matter of simple addition. Alas, the same is not true for publications,
which chronicle their existence according to volume numbers. Since
periodicals do not begin with a volume zero, they, like calendar years,
convey a misleading indication of longevity.
This issue marks the start of the 50th volume prepared and distrib-
uted as the official publication of the International Association for
Identification. Beginning as the Identification News, then transformed
into the Journal of Forensic Identification, the publication does not
celebrate its golden anniversary, at least, not yet. That milestone must
wait until the actual arrival of the next millennium, approximately 365
days, 6 hours, 9 minutes and 9.5 seconds away, give or take a millisec-
ond. Yet, just as many revelers could not be deterred from a boisterous
heralding of that moment when a tick of the clock erased 1999 and
performed the dramatic change to 2000, the start of Volume 50 is still
such an auspicious event that even premature recognition seems appro-
priate.
The IAI has the distinction of being one of the oldest professional
organizations in existence. From humble beginnings, the IAI has man-
114 / 50 (1), 2000
aged to grow and thrive for the past 85 years because it has fulfilled a
need to those who toil in its many disciplines. From its current plat-
form dedicated to education, the IAI continues to be an excellent source
of information and training, and promises to perform that responsibility
even better in the future. For the last 49 years of its operation, the IAI
has continuously published and disseminated items of interest and ben-
efit to its members, making this one of the oldest professional publica-
tions around. That, in itself, is cause to take notice.
This editor begins his tenth year serving in that capacity, and what a
time it has been. Both the IAI and the JFI have grown during this span,
a correlation which may be related or may be due to society’s demands
for improved quality in this essential service. Whatever the connection,
this editor has enjoyed the opportunity to provide information that
enables readers to remain professionals in their chosen careers, and to
keep them informed about the activities of their Association. The task
has not been easy, but it has been rewarding.
So what if this is not the official golden anniversary of the JFI. . All
measurements of time are, after all, nothing more than artificial devices
which became standards because they are accepted as such. There is a
need for such things, just as there is a need for standards within the
professions and the people who represent them. Regardless of which
millennium the world is now in, new challenges lie ahead and some old
challenges remain, challenges far less dependent upon the measurement
of time than on the measurement of their substance. Based upon all
methods of measurement, the IAI and its official publication seem
destined to become involved. While celbrating the JFI’s golden anni-
versary may have to wait, these are, indeed, the golden years.
David L. Grieve
Editor

50 (1), 2000\ 115
Back to Basics
Dactylography
Questionable
Unusual
John D. Douthit Interesting
Coordinator Pattern
The fingerprint pattern shown, containing two separate loop forma-

tions and two deltas, is classified as a DOUBLE LOOP WHORL with a
“meet” tracing.
This unusual pattern was submitted by Det. James R. Jansen, Police

Department, New Berlin, WI.
Contributions of any questionable, unusual, or interesting pattern may

be forwarded in care of the Editor.
116/50(1),2000
Instructions for Submissions
The Journal of Forensic Identification publishes the following cate-

gories of original material:
Articles: studies covering a topic in depth.
Technical and Case Reports: brief accounts of a technique,
research of limited scope, or unusual cases.
Editorials: essays or descriptions of relevent material contain-
ing personal viewpoints or expressions.
Letters: brief communications discussing a previously pub-
lished paper, commenting on Association business, or provid-
ing general information.
Original material is defined as that which has not been previously
published nor is under consideration for publication. Offer for publica-
tion assigns exclusive publication rights to the Journal of Forensic
Identification and the IAI unless such rights are forfeited in writing.
Editorial review of material is ordinarily completed within nine to
twelve months from receipt of the manuscript if submitted in the format
described below. Acceptance of manuscripts for publication occurs
only after review. Editorial revision or preparation assistance required
of the submitted material will be provided by the editor.
Format for technical material submitted for publication consider-
ation should be prepared according to the ACS Style Guide (American
Chemical Society). Manuscripts should be typed or printed on good
quality paper, double spaced throughout, with wide margins. The full
name, affiliation and address of each author should be included on a
separate title page only. If there is more than one author, the author to
whom correspondence should be sent should be noted, and, whenever
possible, a contact telephone number should be provided. No text
should appear on the title page, and no author information should
appear in the remaining manuscript. The original manuscript and two
clear copies, including illustrations, must be submitted. Disk copies
prepared with, or converted to, WordPerfect are desirable.
Three sets of all illustrations (figures and tables) and photographs
should be submitted separately from the text and should be suitable for
direct reproduction. Line drawings, charts and graphs should be drawn
in black ink on white paper. Photocopies and scanned images are not
acceptable. Black and white photographs are preferred, and should be
marked on the back noting the figure number, article title and indication
which direction is up. All figures should be accompanied by a suitable
legend. (The editor will retain all photographs unless otherwise in-
structed).
50 (1), 2000 \ 117
Abstracts should be provided by the author for any article submitted
for publication. Abstracts are not required for technical or case reports.
Abstracts not provided will be prepared by the editor.
References should be cited in the text by number, in the order of
first mention. Use numerals within brackets (i.e., . . .several studies
[l-4] indicate...).
Periodical citations: Periodical articles should be cited in the fol-
lowing manner: Author(s) name(s), article title, periodical name, vol-
ume number, issue number (in parenthesis), year of publication, page
number(s).
Jones, J. J.; Doe, D. D., “Firearms Examination”, AFTE
Journal, 12(l), 1991, p 18.
Citations from Books:
Olsen, R. D., Sr., Scott’s Fingerprint Mechanics, C.C.
Thomas, Springfield, 1978, pp 109- 110.
Manuscripts and WordPerfect prepared disks conforming to the
foregoing format should be mailed to:
P.O. Box 397
Carterville, IL 62918-0397
(618) 985-4572, Voice
(618) 985-5020, Fax
Material concerning association or division business or announce-
ments should also be submitted to this address. Current publication
deadlines for announcements are as follows:
January-February (Issue 1), materials due before November 12;
March-April (Issue 2), materials due before January 15;
May-June (Issue 3), materials due before March 11;
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September-October (Issue 5), materials due before July 12;
November-December (Issue 6), materials due before September 16.
Normal distribution occurs within the first two weeks of the issue
number’s initial month. Whenever feasible, material received after
these deadline dates will be published in the following issue.
The editor and the editorial board reserve sole acceptance right for
publication of any material submitted. Reproduction of the Journal of
Forensic Identication, in whole or in part, for non-commercial, educa-
tional use is permitted provided proper citation of the source is noted.
Reproduction for any other use is prohibited without prior written per-
mission. Requests for permission may be addressed to the editor as
listed above.
118/50(1),2000
1999-2000 OFFICERS AND APPOINTED POSITIONS
Ann D. Punter, President Michael F. Carrick, Int’l Rep.
Ontario Police Department Lightning Powder Company
200 North Cherry Avenue 1230 Hoyt Street SE
Ontario, CA 91764-4120 Salem, OR 97302-2121
Robert C. Sanders, 1st Vice President Gregory M. Parkinson, Sgt.-At-Arms
State of Wisconsin West Palm Beach Police Department
7100 Stewart Avenue 902 Dutura Street
Wausau, WI 54401 West Palm Beach, FL 33402-1390
Richard E. M. Fahy, 2nd Vice President Julius Kahn Ill, Legal Counsel
REM Consulting Attorney at Law
8514 W 88th Street P 0 Box 1375
Overland Park, KS 66212-1 184 San Ramon, CA 94583-1375
Steven Nash, 3rd Vice President Ruby Lee Ross, Division Rep.
Marin County Sheriff’s Department Arkansas State Crime Laboratory
3501 Civic Center Drive P. 0. Box 9500
San Rafael, CA 94903-4163 Little Rock, AR 72215-8500
Janice M. Johnson, 4th Vice President Carey L. Chapman, Historian
Florida Dept. of Law Enforcement U.S. Secret Service
1301 North Palafox Street 1800 G Street, Room 929
Pensacola, FL 32501-2640 Washington, DC 20002-0001
Joseph P. Polski, Executive Secretary Kathleen D. Saviers, Librarian
Office of the Executive Secretary Lightning Powder Company
2535 Pilot Knob Road, Suite 117 1230 Hoyt Street SE
Mendota Heights, MN 55120 Salem, OR 97302-2121
Journal of Forensic /den tifica tion
P. 0. Box 397
Carterville, IL 62918-0397
1999-2000 IAI BOARD OF DIRECTORS

James B. Gettemy, Chair Joe M. Maberry
Florida Dept. of Law Enforcement DEA-South Central Laboratory
P 0 Box 1489 1880 Regal Row
Tallahassee, FL 32302 Dallas, TX 75235-2302
Michael J. Campbell Kenneth F. Martin
Milwaukee Police Department Office of Chief Medical Officer
P. 0. Box 531 720 Albany Street
Milwaukee, WI 53201-0531 Boston, MA 02118
Danny B. Carter Charles M. Richardson
Texas Dept. of Public Safety Drug Enforcement Agency
P. 0. Box 4143 700 Army Navy Dr
Austin, TX 78765-4143 Room W-7328-AFL
Arlington, VA 20022
Dwane S. Hilderbrand
Scottsdale Police Department David M. Ruffino
9065 East Via Linda City of Las Vegas
Scottsdale, AZ 85258-5400 6759 W Charleston Blvd
Las Vegas, NV 89102-1049
Frank G. Kendall
State Crime Lab - Latent Print Division Allyson A. Simons
P 0 Box 370808 FBI Latent Fingerprint Section
Decatur, GA 30037-0808 935 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Washington, DC 20535-0001
Robert B. Kennedy
R.C.M. Police Norman R. Smith
1200 Vanier Parkway 616 N Florida Street
Ottawa, Ontario K1A OR2 Arlington, VA 22203-1411
Canada Ron Smith
Bridget A. Lewis Mississippi Crime Laboratory
Iowa Div. of Criminal Investigation P. 0. Box 4450
502 E 9th Street Meridian, MS 39304-4421
Des Moines, IA 50319
ALABAMA: James A. Coker, Hoover NEW ENGLAND (MA, ME, NH, RI, VT):
ARIZONA: Roberta Stegan, Phoenix Dorothy A. Morang, Augusta, ME
ARKANSAS: Ron Andrejack, Little Rock NEW JERSEY:
Jeff Thompson, Point Pleasant Beach
CALIFORNIA: George Jewett, Mountain View
NEW YORK: Werner E. Schmidtman, Rochester
CHESAPEAKE BAY (DC, DE, MD, VA, WV):
John Bowman, Edgewood, MD NORTH CAROLINA: Melvin G. Appel, Greensboro
CONNECTICUT: Kenneth B. Zercie, Meriden OHIO: Mitchell Wisniewski, Painesville
DAKOTAS: Aaron E. Rash, Bismark, ND OKLAHOMA: V. Thomas Bevel, Norman
PACIFIC NORTHWEST (AK, ALB, BC, ID, MT, OR,
FLORIDA: John Lazzaretto, Hialeah
WA):
GEORGIA: Mary Ann Kendall, Conyers F. Kathryn Quackenbush, Tacoma, WA
ILLINOIS: Karen B. Heard, Chicago PENNSYLVANIA: Ronald F. Colyer, Carlisle
INDIANA: Diane L. Donnelly, Indianapolis ROCKY MOUNTAIN (CO, WY):
IOWA: John Kilgore, Des Moines Mark D. Beck, Laramie, WY
JAPAN: Sadae Nojima, Tokyo RUSSIA: Valery Aginsky, Moscow
KANSAS: Steven D. Koch, Topeka SOUTH CAROLINA: Steve M. Derrick, Columbia
LOUISIANA: Emily L. Kilcrease, Baton Rouge SWEDEN: Kjell Carlsson, Stockholm
MICHIGAN-ONTARIO: TENNESSEE: Arthur Bohanan, Knoxville
Allan E. Ruprecht, Dearborn, Ml TEXAS: Joe M. Maberry, Red Oak
MINNESOTA: David Peterson, St. Paul TRINIDAD & TOBAGO: Stephen Ramroop,
MISSISSIPPI: Kenneth Gill, Batesville ’ Tunapuna, Trinidad, West Indies
MISSOURI: Kathleen M. Hentges, Kansas City U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS:
Ancil M. Alexander, Christiansted, St. Croix
NEBRASKA: Bruce C. Luhr, Seward
UTAH: Jeff Itami, Salt Lake City
NEVADA: Fred M. Boyd, Las Vegas
WISCONSIN: Robert C. Sanders, Ill, Wausau
1999-2000 REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVES FOR OTHER AREAS
AUSTRALIA: David M. Quinlan, Parramatta SOUTH AFRICA: Theodorus Kriel, Pretoria

CANADA: SWITZERLAND: Pierre A. J. Margot, Lausanne
Quebec: Robert Dupel, Aylmer UNITED STATES:
ENGLAND: Kenneth H. Luff, Kent Guam: Michael G. Leon-Guerrero, Tiyan
KOREA: Hyoung Y. Kim, Seoul Hawaii: Clifton N. Ohashi, Honolulu
NEW ZEALAND: John A. Burt, Wellington Kentucky: Rolland L. Soule, Louisville
SAUDI ARABIA: Hamdan 0. Al-Bader, Riyadh New Mexico: Jose Beltran, Santa Fe
URUGUAY: Jorge Urrutia Schnyder, Montevideo
Printed in the USA
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Deep red to near infrared (NIR) ﬂuorescence of gentian violet-treated latent

Article in Journal of Forensic Identification · January 2000

Su pregunta View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Ann D. Punter, President

Joseph P. Polski, Executive Secretary

Journal of Forensic /dentification

Book Review Editor: Robert J. Hazen

David R. Ashbaugh Dirk A. Bell V. Thomas Bevel

Journal of Forensic Identification ISSN:0895-173X

Technical material appearing in the Journal of Forensic Identification is

Schallamach Pattern on Shoe Outsole

Pennsylvania State Police

Abrasions which occur perpendicular to the direction of force on a

On December 19, 1997, an automotive center was burglarized in

During the examination of the glass fragments, five shoe im-

Journal of Forensic Identification

Schallamach pattern from glass fragment

In September, 1998, the positive footwear identification was pre-

Although highly transient in nature and not often reproduced in

Journal of Forensic Identification

Corresponding area of suspect shoe

For further information, please contact:

Cpl. Kevin J. Deskiewicz

Journal of Forensic Identification

Really Making an Impression

Robert L. Hummer, Sr.

Indiana State Police Laboratory

The Indiana State Police Laboratory was recently asked to process

Journal of Forensic Identification

The other possible explanation discussed centered around the inta-

Journal of Forensic Identification

A conversation with the investigator revealed that the victim in this

Upon comparing the latent impression to a $100 bill, it was deter-

For further information, please contact:

Sergeant Richard L. Hammer, Sr.

Journal of Forensic Identification

Improving Contrast in Photographs of

Israel National Police

The first difficulty can be treated by inserting a rolled piece of black

Method and materials

Journal of Forensic identification

The black liquid serves two purposes: absorbing light, it serves as a

This method gives a significant improvement in the visibility of

Two other methods were tried:

Journal of Forensic Identification

Methods for photographing latents on bottles: (a) black

For further information, please contact:

2. cf. Levi, L., Applied Optics, John Wiley, 1968, pp 331-332.

Journal of Forensic Identification

Photographs of cynoacrylate-treated latents on bottles: (a)

Journal of Forensic Identification

Obtaining Identifiable Fingerprints from

Metro Forensic Laboratory

The mummification of fingers presents both advantages and disad-

Journal of Forensic Identification

It is imperative that the identity of the deceased be determined as

Method 1: Photographing the mummified finger

Journal of Forensic Identification

Next, a suitable scale (such as the ABFO right-angle scale) must be

Since the ridges and valleys of the epidermis present a three-dimen-

Photgraphing Ridge Detail On An Intact Finger