Cardiovascular System

The Cardiovascular System

• The heart is a muscular organ that is

essential for life because it pumps
blood through the body.
• The heart is a member organ of the
cardiovascular system, which consists
of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
• The heart of a healthy adult, at rest,
pumps approximately 5 liters (L) of
blood per minute.
• For most people, the heart continues
to pump at approximately that rate
for more than 75 years.
The heart is a member organ of the
cardiovascular system, which consists of
the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
The heart is actually two pumps in one, with
the heart’s right side pumping to the lungs
and back to the left side of the heart
through vessels of the pulmonary
circulation.
The left side of the heart pumps blood to
all other tissues of the body and back to
the right side of the heart through vessels
of the systemic circulation.
Figure 12.2
Functions of the Heart
1. Generates blood pressure
2. Routes blood
3. Ensures one-way blood flow
4. Regulates blood supply
Heart Characteristics
Size:
size of a fist and weighs less than 1 lb.

Location:
between lungs in thoracic cavity
Orientation:
• apex (bottom) towards left side
• Left of Midclavicular line (5th
Intercostal Space)

•Oblique Position
Coverings and Wall

 Pericardium – double sac of serous

membranes that encloses the heart

A. Epicardium or Visceral Pericardium –

(inner) part of the heart wall
B. Parietal Pericardium (outer)
 Pericardial/ Serous Fluid
Produced by the serous pericardial
membranes
Allows the heart to beat easily in a
relatively frictionless environment
Heart Walls

A. Epicardium – Visceral and parietal (outer)

most superficial
B. Myocardium – thick bundles of cardiac MUSCLE
 the layer that CONTRACTS
C. Endocardium – sheet of endothelium that lines
the heart chambers
continuous with the linings of blood
vessels
 Serous membrane

Continuous with
blood vessels
4 Heart Chambers

 There are four (4) hollow chambers

 Each chamber is lined with endocardium

 Two ATRIA – receiving chambers

 Superior chambers
 Blood flows in the atria under low pressure from
the veins
 Two VENTRICLES – discharging chambers
 Inferior thick-walled chambers
 Actual pumps of the heart
 The septum that divides the heart
longitudinally is referred to as the
interventricular or interatrial septum,
depending on which chamber it divides
Heart Valves
 Valves control flow of blood from one chamber to
another
 Atrioventricular (AV) Valves – located between
atria & ventricles
 Prevents backflow of blood into the atria when
ventricles contract
 A. Bicuspid or Mitral Valve - Left AV valve
 B. Tricuspid Valve – right AV valve
 Chordae Tendineae – anchor the flaps to the
walls of the ventricles
 Semilunar Valves
Guards the bases of the two large arteries
leaving the ventricular chambers
A. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
B. Aortic Semilunar Valve
 Operation of the Valves

 AV Valves – open during heart relaxation

Closed during ventricular contraction

 Semilunar Valves – closed during heart relaxation

Open during ventricular contraction
Coordination of chamber contraction, relaxation
TWO CIRCULATORY PATHS

 Pulmonary Circulation –
 from the right side of the heart to the
lungs & back to the left side of the heart
Carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange
& return to heart
 Systemic Circulation –
from the left side of the heart through the
body tissues & back to the right side
Supplies oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood to
all body organs
Left ventricle is thicker than right ventricle
– more powerful pump
Two circulatory paths

Systemic
Circulation

Pulmonary
Circulation
The double pump
Cardiac Circulation
CORONARY ARTERIES

 Supply blood to the wall of the heart.

 2 coronary arteries originate from the base of the
aorta, these oxygenate and nourish the heart
 A. Left coronaryartery from the left side of
the aorta supplying much of the anterior wall
and most of the left ventricle.

 B. Right coronary artery originates on the

right side supplying most of the wall of right
ventricle.
Cardiac Circulation

 The myocardium is drained by several Cardiac

Veins. Which empty into an enlarged vessel on
the backside of the heart called the Coronary
sinus
Blood Flow through Heart 1

1. RA
2. Tricuspid valve
3. RV
4. Pulmonary semilunar valve
5. Pulmonary trunk
6. Pulmonary arteries
7. Lungs
8. Pulmonary veins
9. LA
10. Bicuspid valve
11. LV
12. Aortic semilunar valve
13. Aorta
14. Body
Blood Flow through Heart 2

Figure 12.10
INTRINSIC CONDUCTION
SYSTEM OF THE HEART
2 system act to regulate Heart activity

1. Autonomic Nervous system

 Acts like brakes and accelerators to decrease or
increase the heart rate, depending on which
division is activated.

2. Intrinsic Conduction system or Nodal system

 built into the heart tissue and sets it’s basic
rhymed
 it causes heart muscle depolarization in only
one direction from the atria to the ventricles.
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
 Pacemaker of the heart
 Has the highest rate of depolarization
 The most important part of the intrinsic
conduction system.
 It is a crescent shaped node of tissue located
in the wall of the right atrium near the mouth
of the superior vena cava
CONDUCTION SYSTEM

ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) NODE

Located interatrial septum with slower rate
of conduction

AV Bundle or BUNDLE OF HIS

Divides into left and right bundle branches to
supply the left and right ventricles
PURKINJE FIBERS
Located in the endocardial surface of the heart;
rapidly conducts impulse to the apex and to
the remainder of ventricular myocardium
Electrocardiography
 The clinical procedure for mapping the
electrical activity of the heart.

Ischemia
 Lack of an adequate blood supply to the heart
muscle
Fibrillation
 A rapid uncoordinated shuddering of the
heart muscle

Tachycardia
 A rapid heart rate (100/min.)

Bradycardia
 Slower than normal (-60 beats/min.)
Electrocardiogram (ECG) can trace conduction
of electrical signals through the heart
Aberrant ECG patterns indicate damage
CARDIAC CYCLE
AND
HEART SOUNDS
Systole
 Heart Contraction

Diastole
 heart relaxation.
Cardiac Cycle

 Cardiac cycle refers to the events of one complete

heart beat, during which both atria and ventricles
contract and then relax

 Since the average heart beats approximately 75

times/min., the length of the cycle is normally about
0.8 seconds
 3 Periods in cardiac cycle
1.Mid-to-late diastole
→ At his point, the pressure in the heart is low
and blood is flowing passively into and
through the atria into the ventricles from the
pulmonary and systemic circulation.
→ Semilunar valves are closed, AV valves open
2. Ventricular systole
→ Shortly after, ventricular contraction
(systole) begins and the pressure
within the ventricles increases
rapidly, closing the AV valves.
3. Early diastole
→ at the end of the systole, the ventricle
relax, the semilunar valves snap shut (
preventing blood flow) and for a moment the
ventricles are completely close chambers.

→ during early diastole, the intraventricular

pressure drops. When it drops, AV valves are
forced open
Heart sounds

 Often described by the two syllables “lub”

and “dup”
 Lub→ caused by the closing of AV valves
 Dup → occurs when the semilunar valves
close at the end of the systole
 First sound is longer and louder than the
second,and which tends to be short and
sharp.
Cardiac output (CO)

 Is the amount out blood pumped out by each side at

the heart in 1 min.
 It is the product of the heart rate (HR) and the
stroke volume (SV)
 CO = HR x SV

Stroke Volume, is the volume of blood pump out by a

ventricle with each heart beat
it increases as the force of ventricular
contraction increases
 Cardiac Output Regulation

Figure 11.7

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

FACTORS MODIFYING BASIC HEART RATE

 Neural (ANS) Controls

→ during times of physical or emotional stress the
nerves of sympathetic division of the autonomic
nervous system more strongly stimulates the SA and
AV nodes in the cardiac muscle itself.

Parasympathetic nerves, primarily the vagus nerves,

slow and steady the heart, giving more time to rest
during non- crisis time.
Congestive Heart Failure
→ a condition which the heart is nearly
“worn out” due to age, hypertensive heart disease
or another pathological process the heart pumps
weakly.

Epinephrine which mimics the effect of the

sympathetic nerves and thyroxine both increase
heart rate.
Physical factors

 A number of physical factors including age,

gender, exercise and body temperature
influence heart rate
Fetus-(140 to 160 beats/ min.) and gradually
decreases through out life.
Female-(70- 80 beats/ min.)
Male-(64- 72 beats/ min.
BLOOD
VESSELS
BLOOD VESSELS

 The blood vessels are part of the circulatory

system and function to transport blood
throughout the body.

 The most important vessels in the system are

the capillaries, the microscopic vessels which
enable the actual exchange of water and
chemicals between the blood and the tissues,
while the conduit vessels, arteries and veins
 Arteries carry blood away from the heart and
through the capillaries
Largest artery is the AORTA
 Veins carry blood back towards the heart
Largest veins are the Vena Cavae

 Blood circulate inside the blood vessels,

which form a closed transport system, that
so-called vascular system
 A venule is a small blood vessel that allows
deoxygenated blood to return from the c
beds pillary to the larger blood vessels called
veins.
 Venules are blood vessels that drain blood
directly from the capillary beds. Many
venules unite to form a vein.
Figure 13.3
MICROSCOPIC
ANATOMY OF
BLOOD VESSELS
Tunics

 Except for the microscope capillaries, the walls of

blood vessels have three coats or tunics:

A. Tunica Intima
→The tunica intima is the innermost layer of an
artery or vein.
 It is made up of one layer of endothelial cells.
The endothelial cells are in direct contact with
the blood flow.
B. Tunica Media
→ is the bulky middle coat.
It is mostly smooth muscle and elastic
tissue
The smooth muscle , contolled by the
sympathetic nervous system, is active in
changing the diameter of the vessels.
Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation
Tunica Externa

 Is the outermost tunic,

 it is composed largely of fibrous
connective tissue.
 Its function is basically to support and
protect the vessels.
 The Vascular System

Figure 11.8b

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

STUCTURAL DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN ARTERIES, VEINS,
and CAPILLARIES
Arteries
→ The walls of arteries are usually much thicker
than walls of veins.

→ Which is closer to the pumping action of the

heart must be able to expand as the force into
them and then recoil passively as the blood flows
off into the circulation during diastole

→ Their walls must be strong and stretchy enough

to take this continuous change in pressure.
Veins
→ Are far from the heart in the circulatory
pathway, and the pressure in them tends to be
low at all time.
→ Has thinner wall modified to ensure that he
amount of blood returning to the heart
(venous return) equals the amount being
pump out of the heart (cardiac output)
→ Has larger lumen
→ Larger veins have VALVES that prevent
backflow of blood
Capillaries

→ the smallest and most numerous of the blood

vessels, form the connection between the vessels
that carry blood away from the heart (arteries) and
the vessels that return blood to the heart (veins).
The primary function of capillaries is the exchange
of materials between the blood and tissue cells.
Movement of Blood Through
Vessels

• Most arterial blood is

pumped by the heart
• Veins use the milking
action of muscles to
help move blood

Slide
Valves

Figure 13.4
 Capillary Beds

→The tiny capillaries tend to form interweaving

networks.

Microcirculation
→the flow of blood from an arteriole to a venule- that
is through a capillary bed.
 Capillary Beds

• Capillary beds
consist of two
types of vessels
1. Vascular shunt –
directly connects an
arteriole to a venule

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.10 Slide
 Capillary Beds

2. True capillaries –
exchange vessels
• Oxygen and
nutrients cross to
cells
• Carbon dioxide
and metabolic
waste products
cross into blood

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.10 Slide
Major Arteries
Major Veins
See pp. 351-
359 for all
circuits
SPECIAL CIRCULATIONS
Arterial supply of the Brain and Circle of Willis

→ A continuous blood supply to he brain is crucial,

since a lack of blood for even a few minutes causes
the delicate brain cells to die. The brain is supplied
by two pairs of arteries, the internal carotid arteries
and the vertebral arteries.
 The anterior and the posterior blood
supplies of the brain are united by small
communicating arterial branches. The result
is a complete circle of connecting blood
vessels called circle of Willis, which
surrounds the base of the brain, the circle of
Willis protects the brain by providing more
than one route for blood to reach brain
tissue in case of a clot or impaired blood
flow anywhere in the system
Hepatic Portal Circulation

 The vein of the hepatic portal circulation

drain the digestive organs, spleen and
pancreas and deliver this blood to the liver
through the hepatic portal brain
Fetal Circulation

 Since the lungs and digestive system are not

yet functioning in a fetus all nutrient,
excretory and gas exchanges occur in through
the placenta.
3 Blood Vessels of the Umbilical Cord

→Large umbilical Vein, carries blood rich in

nutrients and oxygen to the fetus.
→Two smaller umbilical arteries, carry carbon
dioxide and debris- laden blood from the
fetus to the placenta

DUCTUS VENOSOUS
→most of the blood bypasses the immature
liver through ductus venosus
 Foramen ovale
→ A flap like opening in the interartrial
septum.

 Ductus arteriosous
→ A short vessel that connects the aorta and
the pulmonary trunck.
→ Converted into ligamentum arteriosum at
birth