Chapter 8

BACKGROUND OF POWER SYSTEM

STABILITY

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Classification of power systems stability

“the ability of an electric power system, for a

given initial operating condition, to regain a state of operating equilibrium after
being subjected to a physical disturbance, with most system variables bounded so
that practically the entire system remains intact
Power system stability and protection
Background of power system stability

partial stability
dynamics of
the phenomenon

time domain components that

influence the phenomenon

Table 8.1

Time domain Generator influenced phenomenon Load influenced phenomenon

8.2.1. Rotor angle stability

mechanical torque

electromagnetic torque
 Power system stability and protection

Eg V
Xech
V a

P
Xg V Xech V P
P P

Pe
Eg g
P Pm

a b.
a b

g
E
V

E gV
Pe
Xg X ech

Xg
Background of power system stability

Pe
b

P
P

g
a
V
E
Xd X ech I

C q r E
q C
C E C
E f

l k Xd X ech

Eg Eg f
a
Xd Xech I
r l
V b
V
q
a b
a b
 Power system stability and protection

ab b Eg
l V C
C

P
Background of power system stability

Ce

Cm
a b
a b

Cm
Ce

Ce CS CD
CS synchronizing torque
CS
 Power system stability and protection

CD damping torque
t CD

aperiodic nonoscillatory
oscillatory instability

power
system stabilizer

small-disturbance rotor angle stability large-disturbance rotor

angle stability
Small-disturbance (or small-signal) rotor angle stability

non-
oscillatory instability
Background of power system stability

oscillatory instability

t t
CS CD CS CD

t t
CS CD CS CD

Local modes of oscillations

Inter-area modes of oscillations

Control mode oscillations

Torsional modes
 Power system stability and protection

Large-disturbance rotor angle stability or transient stability

the systems
equations can no longer be linearized
Background of power system stability

first swing instability

8.2.2. Voltage stability

imbalance
of reactive power

voltage instability is a local phenomenon

 Power system stability and protection

V Q
V Q

Zc
Z
E b

P
P
I
Isc

a
V
E Z E
P jQ
V =E V Zc
Z
Zc

b. c.
a b
c. P V
I Isc EZ

Z
Zc I

I sc
I
Zc Zc
Z Z
E V
I sc
Z Z

I sc Z c
V Zc I
Zc Zc
Z Z
Background of power system stability

I sc Z c
P VI
Zc Zc
Z Z
I V P Z Zc
c
Zc
V E
Isc
V Z
c
Zc Z
P
Zc Z

P
C
Zc Z
Zc Z I sc V Z

V V
P
Z
Z

I sc Z V
V cr

C V cr P
critical point c maximum power transfer

P P A B

Point A
 Power system stability and protection

Point B

P Q V P
V

V-I
E

Large-disturbance voltage stability

Small-disturbance voltage stability

Background of power system stability

Short-term voltage stability

Long-term voltage stability

VQ

a
pre-disturbance characteristic
Qd V

post-disturbance characteristic
b

dy
Tq Qs V Qd V
dt
Tq y
 Power system stability and protection

Qd V yQt V yV

Qt V V

Q a
e
b
d
c g
f

Qd V
Q

b c
f Qs V
Qd V
post-Q support characteristic

c d
d Qs V
Qd V
e

f
g

8.2.3. Frequency stability

Background of power system stability

P H sys P
Hsys
 Power system stability and protection

mid-term
long-term
Background of power system stability

8.3. Parallelism between voltage stability and angular

stability

a
b

Pm

crit m

a b

a
 Power system stability and protection

8.4. Importance of security for power system stability

reliability

security
security

robustness

physical security

cyber security
Background of power system stability

8.4.1. Power system states

NORMAL

ALERT

EMERGENCY

COLLAPSE
 Power system stability and protection

8.4.2. Power flow security limits

Thermal limit

Voltage limit

Stability limit
Background of power system stability
 Power system stability and protection

8.4.3. Services to meet power system security constraints

system services

ancillary services
Background of power system stability

8.4.4. Dynamic security assessment