Electronic data interchange 

(EDI) is the structured transmission of data between organizations by electronic means. It is used to
transfer electronic documents or business data from one computer system to another computer system, i.e. from one trading partner
to another trading partner without human intervention. It is more than mere e-mail; for instance, organizations might replace bills of
lading and even cheques with appropriate EDI messages. It also refers specifically to a family of standards.

EDI implies a sequence of messages between two parties, either of whom may serve as originator or recipient. The formatted data
representing the documents may be transmitted from originator to recipient via telecommunications or physically transported on
electronic storage media." It distinguishes mere electronic communication or data exchange, specifying that "in EDI, the usual
processing of received messages is by computer only. Human intervention in the processing of a received message is typically
intended only for error conditions, for quality review, and for special situations.

EDI is considered to be a technical representation of a business conversation between two entities, either internal or external. Note
that there is a perception that "EDI" constitutes the entire electronic data interchange paradigm, including the transmission,
message flow, document format, and software used to interpret the documents. EDI is considered to describe the rigorously
standardized format of electronic documents. EDI is very useful in supply chain.
Electronic mail, commonly called e-mail or email, is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more
recipients. Modern email operates across the Internet or other computer networks. Some early email systems required that the
author and the recipient both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. Today's email systems are based on a
store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are
required to be online simultaneously; they need connect only briefly, typically to an email server, for as long as it takes to send or
receive messages.

An email message consists of three components, the message envelope, the message header, and the message body. The
message header contains control information, including, minimally, an originator's email address and one or more recipient
addresses. Usually descriptive information is also added, such as a subject header field and a message submission date/time
stamp.

EXCEL CELL REFERENCES

More often than not when we create a formula using one of Excels built-in functions we will be referring it to a cell or range

of cells. An example of a single cell reference would be A1. An example of a range of cells reference would be A1:A10. For

the first example we are referring to the content of cell A1 only, while in the second example we would be referring to the

contents of cells A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10. Using the reference A1:A10 is just a simple method that

Excel will automatically recognize. If we use the reference A1:C5 we are telling Excel to refer to the contents of cells A1,

A2, A3, A4, A5, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, C1, C2, C3 C4, C5. Relative and Absolute Cell References

Relative

In Excel there are two types of cell references, these are Relative and Absolute. We will first look at relative cell

references. All the examples in the Cell References paragraph are what are known as relative cell references.

As you may remember in lesson 1 we discussed that each cell on an Excel Worksheet has it’s own unique address, e.

g. A1 is the relative address of the first cell on all Worksheets, while IV65536 is the relative address of the last cell on

all Worksheets. The reason why they are called relative is because they are relative to the cell they are used in. This will

be best explained by a simple example.

 In Cell A1 Type The Number 1 And In Cell A2 Type The Number 2.

 Select Cells A1:A2 And Use The Fill Handle To Fill Down To A10, So That We Have The Numbers 1 To 10 In

Cells A1:A10.
 In Cell B1 Type This Simple Reference: =A1 And Push Enter.  Select CellB1 And Do One Of The Following

 Copy And Then Select B2:B10 And Paste.

  Double Click The Fill Handle.

You should now have the numbers 1 to 10 in both A1:A10 and B1:B10. This because we typed a relative cell reference in

cell B1 (=A1), which is telling Excel to make cell B1 equal the value of the cell one column to the left on the same row i.

e. A1. So when we copy the reference in B1 i. e. =A1 and paste it into cell B2 Excel is still going to reference the cell one

column to the left on the same row i. e. A2. Copying the same cell (B1) and pasting it into cell B3again tells Excel to

reference the cell one column to the left on the same row i. e. A3.

Lets now copy the content of cell B1 and paste it into cell D1, this time we should get the result 0 (zero). If you click in

cell D1 and look in the Formula bar you will see the relative cell reference: =C1. The reason we get the result of 0 (zero)

is because the value of an empty cell is 0 (zero).

Absolute

Ok, let’s now look at what an Absolute cell reference is. Basically an absolute cell reference is a reference to a cell that

does not change no matter where it is copied. Again this will be easier to see by using an example.

 Delete The Contents Of Cells B1:B10 And D1.

 In Cell B1 Type The Absolute Cell Reference =$A$1 And Push Enter.

 Select Cell B1 And Either

 Copy And Then Select B2:B10 And Paste.

 Double Click The Fill Handle

This time you should have the number 1 in cells B1:B10 and if you select any cell in B1:B10 and look in the Formula bar,

they will all have the absolute cell reference =$A$1. This is because by using the $ (dollar sign) we are telling Excel to

always refer to the same cell no matter where we copy this reference to. The  $ in front of the A ($A) is telling Excel to

make the column reference absolute, while the $ in front of the 1 ($1) is telling Excel to make

the rowreference absolute. So the reference in its entirety is what is known as an Absolute cell reference.

If you grasped this concept we can move on to what is known as a either an:

 Absolute Row Relative Column Reference Or;

 Relative Row Absolute Column Reference.

Again the best way to see this is by using a small example.

Relative Row Absolute Column Reference

Try this:

 Delete The Contents Of Cells B1:B10.

 In B1 Type The Relative Row Absolute Column Reference: =$A1 And Push Enter.

  Select Cell B1 And Either.

 Copy And Then Select B2:B10 And Paste.

 Double Click The Fill Handle

You will have the numbers 1 to 10 in cells B1:B10. This is because the row portion of the reference (1) is relative. Now

copy cell B10 to cell D1 and you should get the result 1. This is because the column portion of the reference ($A) is

absolute. If you click in any cell in the range B1:B10 or D1 and look in the Formula bar you will see that the row portion is

always relative to the row the reference resides in, while the column reference is always absolute.

The same principle also applies to any reference that has an absolute row relative column reference. Again this can be

best seen via the use of a small example.

Absolute Row Relative Column Reference

Try this:

 Delete The Contents Of Cells B1:B10 And D1.

 In B1 Type The Absolute Row Relative Column Reference: =A$1 And Push Enter.

 Select Cell B1 And Either;

 Copy And Then Select B2:B10 And Paste.

 Double Click The Fill Handle.

You will have the number 1 in cells B1:B10. This is because the row portion of the reference ($1) is absolute. Now copy

cell B10 to cell D1 and you should get the result 0, this is because the column portion of the reference (A) is always

relative to the column the reference resides in. If you click in any cell in the range B1:B10 and look in the Formula bar you

will see that the row portion is always absolute. If you click in cell D1 and look in the Formula bar you should see =C$1

Print preview
Word processing applications have come a long way since they were first introduced to the end user in the late
1970s. Ever since the early days of these programs, the developers have tried to make them more useful by adding
an abundance of new features to each release. Of the many features you will find in modern day applications of this
software, the print preview feature is fairly useful. It allows users to see how the document will print once they send
the file to the printer.

o 1
Open the “Print Preview” menu. Scroll to the “File” tab and then left-click on “Print Preview.”

o 2
Zoom in and out. You can zoom in and out of the document by left-clicking on the document. The cursor will turn into
a magnifying glass. Or you can set the zoom level in the zoom percentage bar on the command bar at the top, by
entering in the desired zoom percentage levels. You can turn the magnifier on or off by clicking on the magnifying
glass icon.
o 3
Use the ruler. Click on the ruler icon on the command bar to see the ruler overlaid upon the page layout. This helps
you determine what the final print size of the document will be.

o 4
Change the view to single or multiple pages. Click on the page icon on the command bar to see a single page layout.
You can also click on the multiple page icon and select the desired amount of pages to be viewed simultaneously
from the dropdown menu that opens.

o 5
Set the document to shrink to fit. The icon that appears as three pages with a curved arrow will set the document to
shrink all information outside of the pages indents to print on that page. This may distort images.

o 6
View full screen. Click on the computer monitor icon to view the document in full screen. Click on “Close Full Screen”
to return back to normal view.

o 7
Close the “Print Preview” menu. Click on the close button on the command bar to return back to normal view.

Changing the Margins in Word

The standard margins for a Word document are 1 inch at the top and bottom of the page
and 1 ¼ inch from the left and right hand sides of the page; each new document you open
in Word will have these margins. You can, of course, change the margins to suit your needs.
Often times it makes more sense to squeeze an extra line or two onto a page rather than
use a second sheet of paper, and if you're working on your resume, you'll certainly want to
make changes to the margins!

The following steps will help you change the margins in Word 2003.

If you've done some exploring in Word and want to alter the margins, you've probably tried
to do so by moving the sliders on the ruler bar, and if you're reading this, you've probably
run into problems with that method. It is possible to change the margins using the ruler
bar. You simply hold your mouse over the triangular sliders until the cursor turns into a
double headed arrow; when you click, a yellow dotted line will appear in your document
where the margin is.

You can then drag the margin to the right or the left, depending upon where you would like
to move the margin. The problem with using the ruler bar sliders is that it is easy to change
the indents and hanging indents when you intend to change the margins, as the controls are
so closely placed. Further, if you change the indents instead of your margins, you're bound
to make a mess of your document.
Fortunately, there is another way to change the margins. First, select Page Setup…from
the File menu.

When the Page Setup dialog box appears, click on the Margins tab.

Word presents you with numerous options. In the Top, Bottom, Left, and Rightselection

boxes under the Margins section, highlight the entry you would like to change and enter a
new number (you do not need to include the ") for the distance in inches you want the text
to be from the respective edges of the document page. You can also use the arrows to
increase or decrease the margins in increments predefined by Word.

The Page Setup box also give you the option of changing the gutter, or space between
columns and the gutter position. Making adjustments to the gutter will be addressed later in
a tutorial on using columns.

Finally, you have a few important options about how to apply the changes to the margins.
Under the Apply to heading in the Preview section of the dialog box, you will notice a
drop-down box that says Whole document. If you click on the arrow, you will have the
option to apply the changes only from the point of the current cursor location forward:

Additionally, if you want to change only a portion of your document margins, simply
highlight the portion you want to change; when you reopen the dialog box and click on
the Apply to drop-down, This point forward will change to Selected text.
Once you have made your choices, click OK to apply them to the document. The box will
close automatically.

When setting your margins, please note that most printers require about a half inch margin
all the way around the page to print correctly; if you specify margins outside the printable
area of the page, you will receive a warning message when you attempt to print the
document.