Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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ENGINEERING
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EE8261-ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LABORATORY
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LABORATORY MANUAL
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(REGULATION 2017)
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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems using
Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws.
2. Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems using
Thevenin’s theorem.
3. Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems using
Norton’s theorem.
4. Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems using
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Superposition theorem.
5. Simulation and experimental verification of Maximum Power transfer
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Theorem.
6. Study of Analog and digital oscilloscopes and measurement of sinusoidal
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voltage, frequency and power factor.
7. Simulation and Experimental validation of R-C electric circuit transients.
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8. Simulation and Experimental validation of frequency response of RLC electric
circuit.
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9. Design and Simulation of series resonance circuit.
10. Design and Simulation of parallel resonant circuits.
11. Simulation of three phase balanced and unbalanced star, delta networks
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circuits.
TOTAL: 60 PERIODS
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Cycle – 1
1. Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems using
Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws.
2. Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems using
Thevenin’s theorem.
3. Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems using
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Norton’s theorem.
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4. Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems using
Superposition theorem.
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5. Simulation and experimental verification of Maximum Power transfer
Theorem.
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6. Study of Analog and digital oscilloscopes and measurement of sinusoidal
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voltage, frequency and power factor.
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Cycle – 2
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circuits.
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS:
S.
DATE TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT MARKS SIGN
No.
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OBSERVATION TABLE
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S.No V I1 I2 I3 I1 = I2 + I3
(Volts) (mA) (mA) (mA) ( mA)
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EXP.NO:
DATE:
AIM:
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APPARATUS REQUIRED:
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S.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity
1 RPS
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2 Resistor
3 Ammeter
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4 Voltmeter
5 Bread board
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6 Connecting wires
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SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Matlab 7.1
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THEORETICAL CALCULATION
S.No. V I1 I2 I3 I1 = I2 + I3
(Volts) (mA) (mA) (mA) ( mA)
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MODEL CALCULATION:
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The term node means a common point where the different elements are connected.
Assume negative sign for leaving current and positive sign for entering current.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply.
3. Set different values of voltages in the RPS.
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4. Measure the corresponding values of branch currents I1, I2 and I3.
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5. Enter the readings in the tabular column.
6. Find the theoretical values and compare with the practical values
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FORMULA:
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∑ Currents entering a node = ∑ Currents leaving the node
I1 = I2 + I3
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OBSERVATION TABLE:
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S.No. V V1 V2 V3 V =V1+ V2
Volts Volts Volts Volts +V3
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Volts
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PROCEDURE:
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2. Switch on the supply.
3. Set different values of voltages in the RPS.
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4. Measure the corresponding values of voltages (V1, V2 and V3) across resistors R1,
R2 and R3 respectively.
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5. Enter the readings in the tabular column.
6. Find the theoretical values and compare with the practical values.
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FORMULA:
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V-V1-V2-V3 = 0
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THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
S.No. V V1 V2 V2 V =V1+ V2 + V3
Volts Volts Volts Volts Volts
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MODEL CALCULATION: ee
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SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
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SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:
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VIVA QUESTIONS:
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parallel
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RESULT:
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TO FIND LOAD CURRENT:
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EXP.NO:
DATE:
SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT PROBLEMS USING THEVENIN’S THEOREM
AIM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
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S.No no Name of the Components / Type/Range Quantity required
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Equipment
1 Resistor
2 Dc power supply
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3 Voltmeter
4 Ammeter
5 Wires
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6 Bread board
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SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Matlab 7.1
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TO FIND Vth:
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TO FIND Rth:
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THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
STATEMENT:
Any two-terminal linear network, composed of voltage sources, current
sources, and resistors,
can be replaced by an equivalent two-terminal network consisting of an independent
voltage source in series with a resistor. The value of voltage source is equivalent to
the open circuit voltage (Vth) across two terminals of the network and the resistance
is equal to the equivalent resistance (Rth) measured between the terminals with all
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energy sources replaced by their internal resistances.
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Rth
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Circuit
Vth
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OBSERVATION TABLE
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Vth Current through
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Rth
(Volts) Load Resistance
S. (Ω)
IL(mA)
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Vdc Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical
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Value Value Value Value Value Value
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PROCEDURE:
1. Give connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Measure the current through RL in the ammeter.
3. Open circuit the output terminals by disconnecting load resistance RL.
4. Connect a voltmeter across AB and measure the open circuit voltage Vth.
5. To find Rth, replace the voltage source by short circuit.
6. Give connections as per the Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit.
7. Measure the current through load resistance in Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit.
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8. Verify Thevenin’s theorem by comparing the measured currents in Thevenin’s
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Equivalent circuit with the values calculated theoretically.
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SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
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1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model
2. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure
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3. Debug and run the circuit
4. For different input voltages, record the current and voltages and verify with
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theoretical values.
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SIMULATION:
TO FIND LOAD CURRENT:
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TO FIND Vth:
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VIVA QUESTIONS:
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RESULT:
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TO FIND NORTON’S CURRENT:
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EXP.NO:
DATE:
AIM:
To verify Norton’s theorem.
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APPARATUS REQUIRED:
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S.No no Name of the Components / Type/Range Quantity required
Equipment
1 Resistor ee
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2 Dc power supply
3 Voltmeter
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4 Ammeter
5 Wires
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6 Bread board
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SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Matlab 7.1
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NORTON’S THEOREM
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STATEMENT:
Any two-terminal linear network, composed of voltage sources, current
sources, and resistors, can be replaced by an equivalent two-terminal network
consisting of an independent current source in parallel with a resistor. The value of the
current source is the short circuit current (IN) between the two terminals of the
network and the resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance (RN) measured
between the terminals with all energy sources replaced by their internal resistances.
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NORTON’S EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:
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Circuit
IN RN
PROCEDURE:
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3. Short circuit A and B through an ammeter.
4. Measure the Norton current in the ammeter.
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5. Find out the Norton’s Resistance viewed from the output terminals.
6. Give connections as per the Norton’s Equivalent circuit.
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7. Measure the current through RL.
8. Verify Norton’s theorem by comparing currents in RL directly and that
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obtained with the equivalent circuit.
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SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
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theoretical values.
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TO FIND NORTON’S CURRENT:
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VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. How do you calculate Norton’s resistance?
2. State Norton’s Theorem.
3. Give the usefulness of Norton’s theorems.
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RESULT:
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM WITH V1 ACTING INDEPENDENTLY:
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EXP.NO:
DATE:
SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT PROBLEMS USING SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
AIM:
To verify superposition theorem.
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APPARATUS REQUIRED:
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S.No Name of the Components /
Type/Range Quantity required
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Equipment
1 Resistor
2
3
Dc power supply
Voltmeter
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4 Ammeter
5 Wires
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6 Bread board
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SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Matlab 7.1
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SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:
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STATEMENT:
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OBSERVATION TABLE: ee
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Experimental Values: Theoretical Values:
V1 V2 I3 V1 V2 I3
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FORMULAE :
I3’ + I3’’ = I3
PROCEDURE :
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3. Note the readings of three Ammeters.
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4. One of the voltage source V1 is connected and the other voltage source V2 is
short circuited as given in Fig.2.
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5. Note the three ammeter readings.
6. Now short circuit the voltage source V1 and connect the voltage source V2 as
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given in the circuit diagram of Fig. 3.
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7. Note the three ammeter readings.
8. Algebraically add the currents in steps (5) and (7) above to compare with the
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM WITH V1 ACTING INDEPENDENTLY:
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SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
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Practical:
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Theoretical:
S.No. I3 I3’ I3’’ I3= I3’ +I3’’
(mA) (mA) (mA) (mA)
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VIVA QUESTIONS: ee
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1. State Superposition Theorem.
2. What is meant by a linear system?
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RESULT:
Thus the Superposition theorem was verified.
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OBSERVATION TABLE:
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S.No. RL (kΩ) IL (mA)
Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical
Value Value Value Value
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EXP.NO:
DATE:
SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT PROBLEMS USING MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
AIM:
To verify maximum power transfer theorem.
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APPARATUS REQUIRED:
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S.No Name of the Components /
Type/Range Quantity required
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Equipment
1 Resistor
2
3
Dc power supply
Voltmeter
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4 Ammeter
5 Wires
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6 Bread board
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SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Matlab 7.1
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THEORY:
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MODEL GRAPH:
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MODEL CALCULATION:
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PROCEDURE:
1. Find the Load current for the minimum position of the Rheostat theoretically.
2. Select the ammeter Range.
3. Give connections as per the circuit diagram.
4. Measure the load current by gradually increasing RL .
5. Enter the readings in the tabular column.
6. Calculate the power delivered in RL.
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7. Plot the curve between RL and power.
8. Check whether the power is maximum at a value of load resistance that equals
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source resistance.
9. Verify the maximum power transfer theorem.
SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
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1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model
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4. For different input voltages, record the current and voltages and verify with
theoretical values.
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VIVA QUESTIONS:
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RESULT:
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EXP NO.:
DATE:
STUDY OF ANALOG AND DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPES AND
MEASUREMENT OF SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE, FREQUENCY AND POWER
FACTOR
AIM:
The aim of the experiment is to understand the operation of cathode ray
oscilloscope (CRO) and to become familiar with its usage, also to perform an
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experiment using function generator to measure amplitude, time period, frequency &
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power factor of the time varying signals using a calibrated cathode ray oscilloscope.
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APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No ee
Name of the Components/Equipment Qty
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1. CRO 1
2. Function generator 2
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3. Probes 2
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THEORY:
The cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) provides a visual presentation of any
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• Horizontal amplifier
• Sweep Generator
• Trigger circuit
• Associated power supply
It can be employed to measure quantities such as peak voltage, frequency,
phase difference, pulse width, delay time, rise time, and fall time.
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S.No Type of Time Amplitude Theoretical Practical
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wave period (T) Frequency Frequency
1.
2.
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• An evacuated glass envelope with a phosphorescent which glows visibly
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when struck by electron beam.
A Cathode containing an oxide coating is heated indirectly by a filament resulting
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in the release of electrons from the cathode surface. The control grid which has a
negative potential, controls the electron flow from the cathode and thus control the
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number of electron directed to the screen. Once the electron passes the control grid,
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they are focused into a tight beam and accelerated to a higher velocity by focusing and
accelerating anodes. The high velocity and well defined electron beam then passed
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of the vertical deflection is determined by the voltage polarity applied to the deflection
plates. The electron beam is also being deflected horizontally by a voltage applied to
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the horizontal deflection plates. The tube sensitivity to deflecting voltages can be
expressed in two ways that are deflection factor and deflection sensitivity.
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The deflected beam is then further accelerated by very high voltages applied to the
tube with the beam finally striking a phosphorescent material on the inside face of the
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FOCUSING ANODE:
Ensures that electrons leaving the cathode in slightly different directions are
focused down to a narrow beam and all arrive at the same spot on the screen.
ELECTOR GUN:
Cathode, control grid, focusing anode, and accelerating anode.
DEFLECTING PLATES:
Electric fields between the first pair of plates deflect the electrons horizontally
and an electric field between the second pair deflects them vertically. If no deflecting
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fields are present, the electrons travel in a straight line from the hole in the
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accelerating anode to the center of the screen, where they produce a bright spot. In
general purpose oscilloscope, amplifier circuits are needed to increase the input signal
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to the voltage level required to operate the tube because the signals measured using
CRO are typically small. There are amplifier sections for both vertical and horizontal
deflection of the beam. ee
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VERTICAL AMPLIFIER:
Amplify the signal at its input prior to the signal being applied to the vertical
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deflection plates.
HORIZONTAL AMPLIFIER:
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Amplify the signal at its input prior to the signal being applied to the horizontal
deflection plates.
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SWEEP GENERATOR:
Develop a voltage at the horizontal deflection plate that increases linearly with
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time.
OPERATION:
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The four main parts of the oscilloscope CRT are designed to create and direct
an electron beam to a screen to form an image. The oscilloscope links to a circuit that
directly connects to the vertical deflection plates while the horizontal plates have
linearly increasing charge to form a plot of the circuit voltage over time. In an
operating cycle, the heater gives electrons in the cathode enough energy to escape.
The electrons are attracted to the accelerating anode and pulled through a control grid
that regulates the number of electrons in the beam, a focusing anode that controls the
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width of the beam, and the accelerating anode itself. The vertical and horizontal
deflection plates create electric field that bend the beam of electrons. The electrons
finally hit the fluorescent screen which absorbs the energy from the electron beam and
emits it in the form of light to display an image at the end of the glass tube.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Do not leave a ‘bright spot’ on the screen for any length of time.
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2. Do not apply signals that exceed the scopes voltage rating.
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3. Do not try make accurate measurements on signals whose frequency is outside
the scope’s frequency specifications.
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4. Be aware that the scope’s input circuitry can cause loading effects on the
circuitry under test-use correct probe for the work.
PRODEDURE: ee
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1. Measurement of Voltage Using CRO : A voltage can be measured by noting
the Y deflection produced by the voltage; using this deflection in conjunction with the
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Y-gain setting, the voltage can be calculated as follows : V = ( no. of boxes in cm. ) x
( selected Volts/cm scale )
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the frequency of a signal is to estimate its periodic time from the trace on the screen of
a CRT. However this method has limited accuracy, and should only be used where
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other methods are not available. To calculate the frequency of the observed signal, one
has to measure the period, i.e. the time taken for 1 complete cycle, using the calibrated
sweep scale. The period could be calculated by T = (no. of squares in cm) x (selected
Time/cm scale) Once the period T is known, the frequency is given by f (Hz)=
1/T(sec)
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4. Measurement of Phase: The calibrated time scales can be used to calculate the
phase shift between two sinusoidal signals of the same frequency. If a dual trace or
beam CRO is available to display the two signals simultaneously (one of the signals is
used for synchronization), both of the signals will appear in proper time perspective
and the amount of time difference between the waveforms can be measured. This, in
turn can be utilized to calculate the phase angle θ, between the two signals.
Referring to the fig below the phase shift can be calculated by the formula;
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θ°=
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MEASUREMENT OF PF:
The power factor is calculated by the formula
ee pf=VICOS θ.
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VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is a CRO?
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RESULT:
Thus the Analog and digital oscilloscopes were studied and measurement
of sinusoidal voltage, frequency and power factor was done.
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MODEL GRAPH:
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EXP NO. :
DATE :
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SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
PSpice Lite
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APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. ee
Name of the Range/Type Quantity
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Components/Equipment required
1 Resistor 100 Ώ 1
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2 Function generator - 1
3 Voltmeter (0-30)V MI 1
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6 Bread board 1
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THEORY:
RC CIRCUIT:
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OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No. Frequency Time Voltage across the
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MODEL CALCULATION:
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This current is maximum at t=0+ which is charging current. As the capacitor starts
charging, the voltage across capacitor VC starts increasing and charging current starts
decreasing. After some time, when the capacitor charges to V volts, it achieves steady
state. In steady state it acts as an open circuit and current will be zero finally.
Charging current and
−t
voltage in capacitor are−given
t
as below,
Vin RC
IC = e VC = Vin (1 − e RC )
R
VC = Vin (1 − e−1 )
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The term RC in equation of VC or IC is called Time constant and denoted by τ,
measured in seconds.
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When, t = RC = τ then,
VC = 0.632Vin
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So time constant of series RC circuit is defined as time required by the
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capacitor voltage to rise from zero to 0.632 of its final steady state value during
charging.
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Thus, time constant of RC circuit can be defined as time seconds, during which
voltage across capacitor (stating from zero) would reach its final steady state value if
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its rate of change was maintained constant at its initial value throughout charging
period.
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PROCEDURE:
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3. For different frequencies tabulate the value of voltage across the capacitor .
4. Calculate the time period.
5. Plot the graph for time period Vs voltage across the capacitor.
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SIMULATION DIAGRAM:
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SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
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3. Define the time constant of a RL Circuit.
4. Define the time constant of a RC Circuit.
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5. What is meant by forced response?
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RESULT:
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OUTPUT WAVEFORM: ee
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Case (i):
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EXP NO.:
DATE :
AIM:
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SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
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PSpice Lite
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APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No.
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Name of the
Components/Equipment
Range/Type Quantity
required
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1 Resistor 1000 Ώ 1
2 Function generator - 1
3 Voltmeter (0-30)V MI 1
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THEORY:
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RLC CIRCUIT:
Consider a series RLC circuit as shown. The switch is in open state initially.
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There is no charge on condenser and no voltage across it. At instant t=0, switch is
closed.
Immediately after closing a switch, the capacitor acts as a short circuit, so
current at the time of switching is high. The voltage across capacitor is zero at t= 0+ as
capacitor acts as a short circuit, and the current is maximum given by,
i = V/R Amps
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OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No. Frequency Time Voltage across the
(Hz) (s) capacitor VC
(v)
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MODEL CALCULATION:
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This current is maximum at t=0+ which is charging current. As the capacitor starts
charging, the voltage across capacitor VC starts increasing and charging current starts
decreasing. After some time, when the capacitor charges to V volts, it achieves steady
state. In steady state it acts as an open circuit and current will be zero finally.
Laplace transform of current flowing through the circuit is,
V/L
I(s)=
R 1
s 2 + s+
L LC
Case (i):
2
R 1
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If >
2 L LC
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The roots are real and distinct. The current is over damped.
Case (ii):
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2
R 1
If =
2 L LC
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The roots are equal. The current is critically damped.
Case (iii):
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2
R 1
If <
2 L LC
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PROCEDURE:
3. For different frequencies tabulate the value of voltage across the capacitor
4. Calculate the time period
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5. Plot the graph for time period Vs voltage across the capacitor.
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Case (ii):
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Case (iii):
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SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
VIVA QUESTIONS
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3. Define the time constant of a RC Circuit.
4. What is meant by forced response?
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RESULT:
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OBSERVATION TABLE:
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S.No. Frequency in Hz Output Current in mA
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MODEL CALCULATION:
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EXP NO.:
DATE :
AIM:
To plot the current Vs frequencies graph of series resonant circuits and hence
measure their bandwidth, resonant frequency and Q factor.
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SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
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PSpice 9.1 Lite
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APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Name of the Type Range Quantity
1
Components/Equipment
Function Generator
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required
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2 Resistor - 100 Ω 1
3 Decade Inductance Box - - 1
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THEORY:
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are in phase with each other. Thus at resonance condition, the equivalent complex
impedance of the circuit consists of only resistance (R) and hence current is
maximum. Since V and I are in phase, the power factor is unity.
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PSpice SIMULATION:
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OUTPUT WAVWFORM:
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MATLAB SIMULATION:
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XC = 1/ωC
At resonance, XL= XC and hence Z= R
BANDWIDTH OF A RESONANCE CIRCUIT:
Bandwidth of a circuit is given by the band of frequencies which lies between
two points on either side of resonance frequency, where current falls through 1/1.414
of the maximum value of resonance. Narrow is the bandwidth, higher the selectivity
of the circuit.
As shown in the model graph, the bandwidth AB is given by f2 – f1. f1 is the
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lower cut off frequency and f2 is the upper cut off frequency.
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Q - FACTOR:
In the case of a RLC series circuit, Q-factor is defined as the voltage
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magnification in the circuit at resonance. At resonance, current is maximum. Io= V/R.
The applied voltage V = IoR
ee
Voltage magnification = VL/V = IoXL
gin
In the case of resonance, high Q factor means not only high voltage, but also higher
sensitivity of tuning circuit. Q factor can be increased by having a coil of large
En
Q = ωL / R
arn
FORMULAE USED:
1
Resonant frequency fr = Hz
Le
2π LC
Bandwidth BW = f2 – f1
w.
fr
Quality Factor =
BW
ww
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Vary the frequency and note down the corresponding meter reading.
3. Draw the current Vs frequency curve and measure the bandwidth, resonant
frequency and Q factor.
63
Imax
A B
n
0.707Imax
g.i
f1 fr f2
rin
Frequency in Hz
ee
PLOT OF MAGNITUDE & PHASE ANGLE OF CURRENT FOR VARIOUS
gin
FREQUENCIES:
En
arn
Le
w.
ww
64
SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
n
g.i
VIVA QUESTIONS:
rin
1. Define Bandwidth.
2. Define Quality factor.
ee
3. What is meant by selectivity?
4. Give the significance of Q- factor.
gin
5. What is meant by resonance?
6. What are the characteristics of a series resonant circuit?
En
RESULT:
ww
Thus the current Vs frequency graphs of series and parallel resonant circuits
were plotted and the bandwidth, resonant frequency and Q factor were measured.
They were found to be
(a) Series resonance
Resonant frequency = ____________
Bandwidth = ____________
Q- Factor = ____________
65
n
g.i
OBSERVATION TABLE:
rin
S.No. Frequency in Output
ee
gin
En
arn
Imin
fr
Frequency in Hz
66
EXP NO. :
DATE :
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUITS
AIM:
To plot the magnitude & phase angle of current for various frequencies for the
given RLC parallel circuit.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
n
g.i
Matlab 7.1 or PSpice 9.1 Lite
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
rin
S.No. Name of the Type Range Quantity
Components/Equipment required
1
2
Function Generator
Resistor
ee -
-
-
100 Ω
1
1
gin
3 Decade Inductance Box - - 1
4 Decade Capacitance Box - - 1
5 Ammeter MI (0-30) mA 1
En
THEORY:
A circuit is said to be in resonance when applied voltage V and current I are in
Le
phase with each other. Thus at resonance condition, the equivalent complex
impedance of the circuit consists of only resistance (R) and hence current is
w.
67
PSpice SIMULATION:
n
g.i
rin
OUTPUT WAVEFORM:
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww
68
n
magnification in the circuit at resonance. At resonance, current is maximum. Io= V/R.
g.i
The applied voltage V = IoR
Voltage magnification = VL/V = IoXL
rin
In the case of resonance, high Q factor means not only high voltage, but also higher
sensitivity of tuning circuit. Q factor can be increased by having a coil of large
ee
inductance, not of smaller ohmic resistance.
gin
Q = ωL / R
FORMULAE USED:
En
1
Resonant frequency fr = Hz
2π LC
arn
Bandwidth BW = f2 – f1
fr
Quality Factor =
BW
Le
PROCEDURE:
w.
3. Draw the current Vs frequency curve and measure the bandwidth, resonant
frequency and Q factor.
69
MATLAB SIMULATION:
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
PLOT OF MAGNITUDE & PHASE ANGLE OF CURRENT FOR VARIOUS
FREQUENCIES:
En
arn
Le
w.
ww
70
SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
n
g.i
model
rin
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define Bandwidth.
2. Define Quality factor.
ee
3. What is meant by selectivity?
gin
4. Give the significance of Q- factor.
5. What is meant by resonance?
En
RESULT:
w.
Thus the current Vs frequency graphs of series and parallel resonant circuits
ww
were plotted and the bandwidth, resonant frequency and Q factor were measured.
They were found to be
(a) Parallel resonance
Resonant frequency = ____________
Bandwidth = ____________
Q- Factor = ____________
71
SIMULATTION DIAGRAM:
3 Φ BALANCED STAR CONNECTED NETWORK:
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww
72
EXP NO.:
DATE :
n
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
g.i
Matlab 7.1
THEORY:
rin
BALANCED THREE- PHASE CIRCUIT:
Balanced phase voltages are equal in magnitude and are out of phase with each
ee
other by 120°.The phase sequence is the time order in which the voltages pass through
gin
their respective maximum values. A balanced load is one in which the phase
impedances are equal in magnitude and in phase.
En
3. ∆-∆ connection
w.
4. ∆-Y connection
ww
73
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww
74
VIVA QUESTIONS:
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww
RESULT:
Thus the three phase balanced and unbalanced star, delta network circuits were
simulated and verified.
75
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww
76
EXP NO.:
DATE :
EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF POWER IN THREE PHASE
CIRCUITS BY TWO-WATT METER METHOD
AIM:
To determine the power in three-phase balanced and unbalanced circuit using
two-watt meter method.
n
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
g.i
SLNO NAME OF ITEM SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
1. 3-phase Auto transformer 20 Amp. 440v 50 Hz 1
rin
2. Ammeter MI(0-10A) 1
3. Voltmeter MI(0-600V) 1
4. Wattmeter ee 250v, 5A 2
gin
3- phase Load or 3- phase
5. 415V, 5H.P 1
induction motor
En
THEORY:
Two wattmeter method can be employed to measure power in a 3- phase,3 wire
Le
star or delta connected balance or unbalanced load. In this method, the current coils of
the watt meters are connected in any two lines say R and Y and potential coil of each
w.
watt meters is joined across the same line and third line i.e. B. Then the sum of the
power measured by two watt meters W1 and W2 is equal to the power absorbed By
ww
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the Voltmeter, Ammeter and Watt meters to the load through 3ф
Auto transformer as shown fig and set up the Autotransformer to Zero position.
2. Switch on the 3ф A.C. supply and adjust the autotransformer till a suitable
voltage.
77
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Voltmeter Ammeter Total Reactive Power
Wattmeter reading
reading reading power power factor
S. (watts)
VL IL P Q
No
W1 W1 W2 W2
(V) (A) obser Actu Obser actua (watts) (watts)
ved al ved l
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
MODEL CALCULATION:
Le
w.
ww
78
FORMULAE USED:
1. Total power or Real power P = √3VLILCOSф =W1actual+W2actual
n
2. Reactive power of load= Q=√3(W1actual-W2actual)
g.i
3. tan ф= [√3(W1actual-W2actual)]/[ W1actual+W2actual]
4. Power factor=cos ф
rin
PRECAUTION & SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. Proper currents and voltage range must be selected before putting the
ee
instruments in the circuit.
gin
2. If any Wattmeter reads backward, reverse its pressure coil connection and the
reading as negative.
En
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are the various types of wattmeter?
Le
RESULT:
The power measured in the 3-phase circuit and there corresponding power
factors are in observation table.
79
n
g.i
rin
OBSERVATION TABLE:
ee
gin
S.No V1 V2 I1 I2 Z11 Z12 Z22 Z21
En
80
EXP NO.:
DATE :
AIM:
To determine the two port parameters for the given electric circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
n
g.i
Name of the
S.NO Range Type Quantity
Apparatus/Component
rin
1 Ammeter MC
2 Power Supply
3 Voltmeter ee MC
gin
4 Connecting wires
5 Resistors
En
6 Breadboard
arn
THEORY:
1 2
Le
Linear Network
w.
1’ 2’
ww
The terminal pair where the signal enters the network is called as the INPUT
PORT and the terminal pair where it leaves the network is called as the OUTPUT
PORT. V1& I1 are measured at the Input terminals and V2 & I2 are measured at the
Output terminals. The two port network parameters express the inter relationship
between V1, I1,V2 and I2 They are Z- parameters, Y- parameters, H-parameters, ABCD
parameters and image parameters.
81
MODEL CALCULATION:
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww
82
n
When I1=0, ( Open circuit the Input terminal)
g.i
Z12=V1/I2 ….……………... (v)
Z22=V2/I2 ….……………... (vi)
rin
PROCEDURE:
ee
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
gin
2. Open circuit the output terminal (2,2’).
3. Vary the power supply to a fixed value and note down the ammeter and
En
voltmeter readings.
4. Open circuit the Input terminal (1,1’).
arn
5. Vary the power supply to a fixed value and note down the ammeter and
voltmeter readings.
6. Tabulate the readings and calculate the Z parameters.
Le
VIVA QUESTIONS:
w.
RESULT:
Thus the two port parameters are measured for the given electric circuit.
83