Contents

Message iii
Foreword v
Preface vii
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2 : FUNDAMENTALS 4
2.1 Fault Clearance Systems 7
2.2 Back-Up Protection 8
2.3 Remote Back-Up Protection 9
2.4 Circuit Local Back Up Protection 9
2.5 Substation Local Back Up Protection 9
2.6 Duplicated Main Protections 9
2.7 Breaker Failure Protection 10
2.8 Recommendation for Application of Single Failure Criterion 10
Chapter 3 : Requirements for Protection System 17
3.1 External Requirements 17
3.2 Power System Requirements 18
3.3 Norms Used Transmission Planning in Indian Power System 18
3.4 Protection Criteria 19
3.5 Fault Current Withstand Capability 19
3.6 Recommendations for System Planners and Protection Engineers 20
Chapter 4 : Guidelines for Protection System Engineering 21
4.1 Introduction 21
4.2 Engineering of Protection System 21
4.3 DC Distribution 25
4.4 Panel Design 27
4.5 Fault Signaling 28
4.6 Interlocking 28
4.7 Documentation 28
4.8 Location of Cts and Vts 29
Chapter 5 : Performance Indices 36
5.1 Correct Performance 36
5.2 Dependability of Protections 36
5.3 Security of Protections 36
5.4 Reliability of Protections 37
5.5 Dependability of Switching Devices 37
5.6 Fault Clearance Time 38
5.7 Typical Example for Calculation of Various Performance Indices 39
5.8 Recommendations for Measurement of Performance Indices and Actions for Improvement 39
5.9 Adoption of Relay Setting and Functional Verification of Setting at Site 40
5.10 Storage and Management of Relay Settings 40
5.11 Root Cause Analysis of Major Protection Tripping (Multiple Element Outage)
Along with Corrective and Improvement Measures 40
5.12 Periodic Protection Audit 40

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Chapter 6 : Generator and Generator Transformer Protection 41
6.1 General 41
6.2 Requirements and Setting Guidelines 43
6.3 Generator-Transformer Protection 55
6.4 Unit Auxiliary Transformer Protections 57
6.5 Engineering Recommendations 59
Chapter 7 : Protection of Transmission Lines and Cables 64
7.1 Typical Transmission Circuit Arrangements 64
7.2 Complex Transmission Circuits 66
7.3 Transmission Circuit Failure Modes and Rates 70
7.4 Transmission Circuit Protection Requirements 71
7.5 Transmission Circuit Protection Schemes 72
7.6 Recommendations for Line Protection Relay 83
7.7 Requirements of Protection Relays / Functions 85
7.8 Transmission Circuit Protection Setting Criteria : Uncompensated Transmission Lines 87
7.9 Transmission Circuit Protection Setting Criteria : Series Compensated Transmission Lines 94
7.10 Setting Document for Multifunction Ied 94
7.11 Application Notes 94
Chapter 8 : Protection of Series CompEnsated Lines 96
8.1 Introduction 96
8.2 Challenges in Protection of Series Compensated and Adjacent Power Lines 96
8.3 Impact of Series Compensation on Protective Relays of Adjacent Lines 103
8.4 Distance Protection 104
8.5 Directional Residual Overcurrent Protection 106
8.6 Line Back-Up Protection Philosophies 107
8.7 Distance Protection Setting Guide Lines 107
8.8 Current Differential Protection 108
8.9 Simulation Studies 109
Chapter 9 : Auto-Reclosing 110
9.1 General 110
9.2 Basic Parameters of an Autoreclose Scheme 111
9.3 Requirements 115
9.4 Setting Guidelines 115
9.5 Recommendations 116
9.6 Application Notes 116
Chapter 10 : Protection of Power Transformers 118
10.1 Transformer Design 118
10.2 Typical Transformer Arrangements 118
10.3 Failure Rates of Power Transformer 119
10.4 Transformer Protection Requirements 119
10.5 Protection Schemes 120
10.6 Transformer Protection Scheme: 134
10.7 Recommendations 135
10.8 Requirements and Setting Guidelines 135
10.9 Engineering Guidelines 139
10.10 Application Notes 140
10.11 Typical Prot. Scheme of 400/220 kV Auto Transformer 140

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Chapter 11 : Protection of Shunt Reactors 141
11.1 Reactor Construction 141
11.2 Shunt Reactor Failure Modes and Rates 142
11.3 Typical Shunt Reactor Arrangements 142
11.4 Shunt Reactor Protection Requirements 142
11.5 Protection Schemes 144
11.6 Typical Main-1 Protection Schemes (Group A) 146
11.7 Main-2 and Back Up Protection Schemes (Group B) 146
11.8 Recommendations 146
11.9 Requirements and Setting Guide Lines 147
11.10 Engineering Guidelines 151
11.11 Application Notes 152
Chapter 12 : Protection of Busbar 153
12.1 Typical Busbar Arrangements 153
12.2 Location of Current Transformers 154
12.3 Failure Statistics 155
12.4 Busbar Protection Requirements 155
12.5 Protection Schemes 155
12.6 Backup Protection 159
11.7 Recommendations 160
12.8 Requirements and Setting Guide Lines 161
12.9 Application Notes 162
Chapter 13 : Local Breaker Backup Protection 163
13.1 Types of Circuit Breakers 163
13.2 Requirements of Circuit Breakers 163
13.3 Reliability of Circuit Breakers 163
13.4 Duplication of Trip Coils 164
13.5 Circuit Breaker Failure Protection 164
13.6 Tripping Schemes 167
13.7 Adjacent Circuit Breakers 168
13.8 Trip Coil and Close Coil Supervision 168
13.9 Supervision of Operating Mechanism 168
13.10 Recommendations 168
13.11 Requirements and Setting Guidelines 169
13.12 Application Notes 170
Chapter 14 : Protection of Facts (Fsc and Tcsc) 172
14.1 General on Series Compensation (Fsc & Tcsc) 172
14.2 Protection of Capacitor Elements and Units 174
14.3 Protection of Series Capacitor Banks 175
14.4  Additional Protections for Tcsc Banks 180
14.5 Platform Power 182
14.6 Power Supply for Spark Gap Firing Circuits 183
14.7 Power Supply for Ground Mounted Equipment 183
14.8 Signal Transmission 184

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Chapter 15 : Protection of Facts (Svc & Statcom) 185
15.1 Introduction 185
15.2 Parallel Compensation 186
15.3 Static Compensator (Statcom) 188
15.4  Protection of Facts (Parallel Compensation Elements) 189
15.5 Protection System for Statcom 195
15.6 Recommendation 196
Chapter 16 : Protection of Hvdc Systems 199
16.1 Hvdc System Overview 199
16.2 Purpose of Protection System 202
16.3 Protection Philosophy 203
16.4 Protective Actions 204
16.5 Zones of Protections 206
16.6 DC Protections 206
16.7 AC Protections 226
Chapter 17 : Protection Schemes Based On Communication Systems 234
17.1 Protection Systems 234
17.3 Common Teleprotection Schemes 238
17.4 Noise and Interference Created by the Power System 242
17.5 Reliability of the Information Link 243
11.6 Output Power of Power Line Carrier Sets 244
17.7 Coupling Modes of Teleprotection Channels 245
17.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Most Commonly Used Links 245
17.9 Redundancy Requirements 247
17.10 Interfaces Between Teleprotection and Multiplexer Equipment 249
17.11 Use of Iec 61850 for The Communication between Substations 249
17.12 Recommendations for Selection of Communication Channels 250
Chapter 18 : Basics for Designing Protection Schemes Based On Iec 61850
Standard 252
18.1 Preface 252
18.2 Introduction to Iec 61850 253
18.3 History 253
18.4 Concepts 254
18.5 Interoperability 254
18.6 The Data Model 255
18.7 Iec 61850 Basic Architecture 257
18.8. Traffic Patterns Found in Iec 61850 Substations 259
18.9 Performance 260
18.10 Applications 260
18.11 Cyber Security 262
18.12  Security Tools 263
18.13  Benefits of Iec 61850 264
18.14  Challenges in Iec 61850 Implementation 267
18.15  Requirements for Network Communication and Processing 268
18.16  Specifying Iec 61850 Based Protection Schemes 269
18.17 Goose for Iec 61850 Implementation 270

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18.18  Topology Considerations 273
18.19  Engineering Tools 277
18.20  Testing and Maintenance 278
18.21  Edition 2 of Iec 61850 285
Chapter 19 : Protection of Electrical Systems With renewable Energy
Resources 289
19.1 Background on Distributed Energy Resources and Current Practices 289
19.2 Basic Considerations 290
19.3 Protection Requirements 291
19.4 Ungrounded MV Connection 296
19.5 Solidly Grounded MV & HV Connection 297
19.6 Solidly Grounded MV and Delta HV 297
19.8 Transformer Connections 300
19.9 Recommended Der Interconnection Requirements 301
19.10 Protection of Distribution System with Distributed Energy Resources 302
19.11 Trends In Protection Systems 303
19.12  Protection Schemes for Future Distribution Networks with Der 305
19.13 Conclusion 309
Chapter 20 : Dc AuxiliAry Supply Systems 310
20.1 Charactristics of DC Auxiliary Sources 310
20.2 Station Battery Technology used in Substations 310
20.3 Duplication of Auxiliary DC Supply Systems 311
20.4 Duplication of DC Fuses on Auxiliary Supply 312
20.5 Duplication of Trip Coils 312
20.6 Battery Ground Fault Detectors 313
20.7 Recommendations for Duplication of DC Supply Systems and DC Distribution Schemes 313
Chapter 21 : Disturbance Recorder, Alarms and Event Logging 315
21.1 Introduction 315
21.2 Definitions 315
21.3 Types of Disturbances 315
21.4 Disturbance Recording Considerations 316
21.5 Types of Records 317
21.6 Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) 318
21.7 Protective Relays with Fault Disturbance Recording and Event Recording 319
21.8 Time Synchronization 319
21.9 Processing 320
21.10 Present Day Disturbance Record and Recorded Signals 321
21.11 Recommended Digital Signals (Typical) & Trigger Options for DRS 322
21.12 Special Comments 322
21.13 Recommendations 323
Chapter 22 – Validation, Acceptance and Field Testing Techniques for
Testing of Protection Relays 324
22.1 Introduction 324
22.2 Factory Acceptance Tests (Fat) 324
22.3 Sat/Commissioning Tests 324
22.4 Periodic Maintenance Tests 325

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22.5 Application Tests 325
22.6 Methods to Test Protection Devices 327
22.7 Recommendation of before Start to Test Relaying Scheme by Using Computerized
Relay Testing Kit 328
22.7.4  Application Notes 336
Appendix-A 337
Appendix-B 339
Appendix-C 341
Appendix-D 343
Appendix-E 346
Chapter 23 : Current Transformers 347
23.1 Introduction 347
23.2 Current Transformer Output 347
23.3 Metering Cores 348
23.4 Protection Cores 348
23.5 Over Dimensioning of Current Transformers and Transient Performance 349
23.6 Protective Current Transformers as per Iec Standards 352
23.7 Protection Current Transformers as per Indian Standards 354
23.8 Selection of CT Cores 355
23.9 CT Requirements 356
23.10 Current Transformer Classification 357
23.11 Typical Example of Arriving at Eal for a Numerical Distance Relay 357
23.12 Current Transformer Requirements for Cts According to Class P and PX
of Iec and Class P and PS of IS 358
23.13 Optical Current and Voltage Transducers 359
Appendix-I 361
Chapter 24 : Voltage Transformers 365
24.1 Introduction 365
24.2 Measuring Error 365
24.3 Voltage Transformers with Several Secondary Windings 366
24.4 Voltage Factor 368
24.5 Inductive Voltage Transformers as per Iec 61869-3 368
24.6 Capacitive Voltage Transformers as per Iec 61869-5 369
24.7 Inductive Voltage Transformers as per Is 371
24.8 Capacitive Voltage Transformers as per IS 373
24.9 Ferro-Resonance 374
24.10 Fusing of Secondary Circuits 374
24.11 Voltage Drop in Secondary Cabling 374
24.12 Non-Conventional Instrument Transformers 375