MINHAJ UNIVERSITY LAHORE

Pakistan Studies
BS Software engineering
2nd Semester

Qasid Abbas

Dr. Anam Iftikhar

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Table of Contents
Reasons of Pakistan’s First Military Coup (1958)..........................................................................2

Introduction:....................................................................................................................................2

Background:.....................................................................................................................................2

POLITICAL INHERITANCE AND THE STRUCTURE OF PAKISTAN BEFORE

INDEPENDENCE:..........................................................................................................................3

THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF PAKISTAN AT INDEPENDENCE:...........................................4

1. Economic Inheritance..................................................................................................................4

2. Lack of Trained Bureaucrats.......................................................................................................4

3. Lack of Central Infrastructure.....................................................................................................5

4. Refugees’' Problems....................................................................................................................5

5. Internal Challenges......................................................................................................................5

6. External Challenges.....................................................................................................................6

British Period:..................................................................................................................................6

The Pakistani Army and Defense Resources:..................................................................................7

UNDERSTANDING THE FIRST MILITARY COUP:.................................................................7

FACTORS THAT SHAPED THE ASCENDENCY OF THE PAKISTANI ARMY....................9

1. Mission of the Pakistan Army:.................................................................................................9

2. Nationalism and Existential Threats.......................................................................................10

3. POLITICAL TENSIONS IN THE CIVILIAN SECTOR:.....................................................10

4. POLITICAL BUREAUCRATIC TENSIONS:......................................................................11

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Reasons of Pakistan’s First Military Coup (1958)

Introduction:
The first military coup of Pakistan in 1958 set up a pattern that continues to show itself forty
years later and dominate the public authority either straightforwardly or indirectly. The first
military coup of Pakistan likewise created an institutional path for the resulting three military
coups. The first military coup was because of different factors, not only one that common
military theorists disregard to explain. The British enrollment strategy during the pre-segment
period had as huge a part in creating the setting for the coup as did inconsistent dissemination of
resources and geological location.

Pakistani military at the hour of the segment was professional while the other institutions were
powerless, which challenges the thought that professional military doesn't cause coups. The
Pakistani military additionally gained prominence as a result of the inside and out external and
internal threats. The incredible military and bureaucratic partnership further deferred the
establishment of a constitution and changed seven PMs within first eleven years of independence
by further discrediting the legislators before the individuals. Every one of these occasions gave
event, opportunity, and attitude to the Pakistan army to influence the first coup by Broad Ayub
Khan in 1958.

Background:
Muslims were customary champions who vanquished the subcontinent in the late fourteenth
century by defeating Hindu Heads or Rajas who governed the Indian Subcontinent for right
around 800 years. The population of the subcontinent, around then, was fundamentally Hindu
and Buddhist. Because of the drawn-out standard of Muslims in India, the Muslims had the
option to change a few sections of the population over to Islam. They generally got comfortable
the provinces of East Bengal, Punjab, Boondocks Baluchistan, and Sind, the territories that are
presently Pakistan. By the sixteenth century, the Mughals dominated the reins of intensity in the
Indian subcontinent. In any case, they didn't attempt to drive their religion (Islam) on the Hindus,
the larger part population.
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POLITICAL INHERITANCE AND THE STRUCTURE OF PAKISTAN

BEFORE INDEPENDENCE:
A nation may have various arrangements of ethnic minorities, gatherings of individuals who may
have various thoughts, convictions, and rank frameworks; notwithstanding, solid political
leadership that has profound roots among individuals can just fill this hole and keep a nation
joined together. India and Pakistan appeared because of a political development under the
leadership of Mohan Das Gandhi, Savant Nehru, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were
instrumental in the mobilization of the individuals on the platforms of Congress (lion's share
Hindu representative gathering) and Muslim Alliance (Muslim representative gathering). They
additionally assumed a central function in the independence of India and Pakistan.

Directly from the beginning, there was no correlation between the two political coalitions.
Congress had established its foundations profoundly among the general population because of its
more extended presence and organizational expansiveness. The Congress Gathering (INC) was
framed in 1885 after a long demand by its chiefs. After 1920, particularly; Gandhi delivered
numerous changes based on a joint agreement in the gathering and empowered representation of
the individuals from varying backgrounds. Rizvi contends that the battle for independence
empowered Congress individuals to advance patterns to determine internal clashes and aggregate
different interests. These measures engaged the pioneers, yet additionally figured out how to win
the certainty of the individuals.

Nehru sustained democratic institutions, within the gathering also at the national level.
Accordingly, Congress won the 1937 decisions, the first that conceded full testimonial, forming
governments in eight out of eleven provinces. During these decisions, countless Muslims
likewise decided in favor of Congress. Subsequently, the Congress Gathering figured out how to
build up a nationwide political base among the individuals of the Indian subcontinent a long time
before independence. Congress' canny leadership even figured out how to cultivate some Muslim
chiefs, for example, Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad and Zakir Hussain, who called a ballot against
the parcel of India.
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THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF PAKISTAN AT INDEPENDENCE:

After independence, Jinnah centralized the forces by becoming the lead representative general
and leader of the constituent gathering of Pakistan. Instead of empowering the constituent
gathering and parliament, nonetheless, he centralized all position, in the lead representative's
office, laying down some unacceptable foundation for a democratic Pakistan. Jinnah and his
gathering's (Muslim Association) main target were the creation of Pakistan and the leadership
completely centered around this perspective; no one idea about the political and economic next.
In any case, when researchers debate the purposes behind the presence of Pakistan, some contend
that the goal of Pakistan was to create an Islamic state, while others contend that Jinnah's vision
was to create a cutting-edge reformist Pakistan where the majority would have equivalent rights.

1. Economic Inheritance
Another significant mishap for Pakistan at the hour of independence was injustice in the
exchange of resources by India, in an intrigue with the British. It included the low demarcation
of topographical limits, including Kashmir. These problems were further compounded because
of a mass influx of displaced people, who later framed 10% of the population of the asset kept
new state from Pakistan. The seeds of hatred were hence planted between the two nations, which
later battled three wars that brought about the ascendency of the Pakistani army as a political
institution. Under the British, the significant defense and industrial infrastructure were situated in
what became India. It included all the major financial institutions, state banks, steel plants, and
seven arms industrial facilities. These factors made India financially better, yet additionally in a
more grounded bargaining position with Pakistan.

2. Lack of Trained Bureaucrats

Not long after independence, Pakistan was caught in insurmountable problems as it had neither
resources nor trained administration. It needed to begin everything from scratch. Jalal contends
that one of the mammoth errands for Pakistan was to set up a capital at "Karachi," which
included the shifting of labor and records from Delhi. She points out that, most importantly,
Pakistan had just 157 government workers; Cohen states that Pakistan had just 80 government
employees, though India had in excess of 1,400 trained government employees at the hour of
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parcel. This was on the grounds that before the independence of the two nations, the education
rate among Hindus was extremely high contrasted with Muslims because of Hindu participation
in the English schools right off the bat. The level of Hindu bureaucrats in the Indian Common
Assistance was 82 percent, while, Muslims were just 5 percent, on account of their helpless
proficiency level.

3. Lack of Central Infrastructure

Another significant distinction among India and Pakistan was India's now settled central
infrastructure at the "capital," New Delhi, which it inherited from the British preceding parcel.
Hence, India didn't confront any administrative problems as all the official records and vital
infrastructure, including the state bank, major financial institutions, and all industries, continued
to fill in as common after the progress of intensity from Britain to India.

4. Refugees’' Problems
From its introduction to the world, Pakistan was deluged in enormous socio-political problems,
increased by a helpless infrastructure and its economy wrecked, which created a disorder like
situation. Approximately 100,000 displaced people were executed or slaughtered while in transit
to Pakistan. The quantity of exiles who should have been housed and given food was
approximately 1,000,000, and these later-shaped 10% of the population of Pakistan. The
Pakistani army, which were unfit, with a complete strength of 100 and 40,000 officers and men,
and had other challenges additionally, which will be talked about in Section II, was over-
extended to securely accompany these displaced people from India.

5. Internal Challenges
In contrast to India, the infant state of Pakistan confronted secessionist developments in two out
of a sum of four provinces, immediately after the parcel, as the two provinces demonstrated a
hesitance to surrender into Pakistan. They were unfortunate of the larger part Punjabi dominance.
The leader of Kalat, in Baluchistan, additionally pronounced its independence and its increase to
Oman, which brought about a flare-up of insurgency in Baluchistan. Rizvi contends,
"Afghanistan likewise started to show interest later on for the Pathans living on the east of the
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Durand Line when it turned out to be evident that the British were leaving India." Instances of
raid on certain pieces of Boondocks province by a portion of the ancestral, on the command of
Afghanistan additionally became known. The frail civilian government had no choice except for
to demand the army leadership to smother the insurgency.

6. External Challenges
This paper will later contend that one of the underlying drivers of the ascendency of the Pakistani
army lay in an existential threat to Pakistan from India. Rizvi contends that for Indian pioneers,
the creation of Pakistan was a stun for the common character of India. The seeds of grating and
hatred further developed in light of the debate with Kashmir just as India's military activity in
Junagadh (a state managed by a Muslim ruler with a greater part of Hindus), and annexation of
Hyderabad by the Indian army in 1948. These manifestations of functional activities were further
validated by the statements of Hindu pioneers who transparently discussed the reunification of
the subcontinent, for example, in the Hindu Mahasabha political decision statements of 1951.

British Period:
The British entered the sub-continent in eighteenth century as dealers. By 1858, they toppled the
Muslim realm in request to ensure their interests and administered India until 1947.The British
assumed control over the public authority of India, which changed the status of Muslims from
rulers to subjugate. Then again, for Hindus it implied adapting starting with one invader then
onto the next. The British utilized the strategy of separation and rule to disintegrate the Hindu-
Muslim conjunction for administrative accommodation. Dividing strategies delayed the function
of the British as mediators, which further aggravated cleavages between the two networks. The
first survivor of the British Raj was the Persian language, which was supplanted by English as
the official language.

Hindus rushed to adjust to the new arrangement of administration they gained education-related
open doors in the public authority, taken in the English language and dominated the higher
positions in the administration. The Muslims, be that as it may, despised the West and the
English language, which brought about their economic and material isolation. The Mullahs
(Muslim church) further upgraded the isolationist Muslim mind by issuing orders forbidding
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learning the English language. The British likewise moved to confine their advantages to Hindus
to isolate and discriminate Muslims from mainstream thriving. Muslims felt alienated and were
discriminated against as a result of their changed status, character, and relegation to the minority
population. Muslims were convinced that their future function in a unified democratic India
would be one of acquiescence to the Hindus after the flight of the British, and the Hindus, with a
ratio of one to three, would continue to dominate in the discretionary bodies electorate.

The Pakistani Army and Defense Resources:

It is critical to understand the British control of Indian military before segment since it shows
why the Punjabis have more association with the Pakistani army. Rizvi contends that the British
had kept the army troops at the ratio of 56 percent from Punjab, which later framed Pakistan, on
the grounds that the British minimized enrollment from the Hindu larger part zones since they
quit trusting them after they instigated a common insubordination/quit India development against
British (1905–1911). These districts (Punjab and Boondocks) had a positive demeanor toward
the army; therefore, the British depended more on the Muslims for enlistment. The individuals of
Punjab were loyal, yet additionally better heroes. The British procured kindness among most of
Punjabi officers (military races), who subsequent to returning home from leave or war or on
retirement, talked commonly exceptionally of the British Raj. They thereby generated kindness
toward the British among the individuals of Punjab and Wilderness. The British, through the
military, likewise penetrated the neighborhood common society, while interacting with the tip
top and upper strata.

UNDERSTANDING THE FIRST MILITARY COUP:

A fruitful coup is considered to set the pattern for common military relations in a nation. In
Pakistan, the first effective coup happened in 1958. This section gives the background and the
reasons for the first military coup in Pakistan, which was driven by Broad Ayyub Khan. The first
coup changed the part of the military in the nation and deeply affected resulting common
military relations in the sub-continent. What prompted the coup and its particular results?

Militaries often assume different functions in state formation and war making, from
implementing state pioneers' approaches to intervening in governmental issues either by
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accepting being utilized in political differences, refusing to follow the political elites' demands,
or by means of coups. Charles Tilly illustrates that the politicization of the military is definitely
not another wonder and dates back to 1400 BC when the Roman and Greek domains utilized
militaries broadly to expand their line.

B. BRITISH Enrollment Strategy BEFORE THE INDEPENDENCE OF PAKISTAN From

1858–1947, the British ran two equal administrations in India. The commander-in-boss (CNC) of
the military and the civilian emissary were separate in the execution of their obligations. Both
were straightforwardly constrained by London. After the emissary, the CNC was the second
most impressive expert in India and number two in convention. At the operational level, the
military and civilian specialists were equivalent. After 1833, the British set another senior
military counselor/spending officer straightforwardly under the civilian emissary in request to
attest power over the military financial plan (see Figure 2).115 All solicitations for assets of
military aid and prerequisites were handled through him.116 Bureau contends that civilian
control must be successful if the institutional set-up works adequately and the military financial
plan is observed in a productive manner.
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FACTORS THAT SHAPED THE ASCENDENCY OF THE PAKISTANI

ARMY
At the hour of independence, Pakistan, alongside India, inherited British institutions. Be that as it
may, in view of the manner in which the British Realm was set up, the Pakistani state inherited a
frail organization and economy, yet an intact military. It was professional, yet maintained a
centralized command, current qualities and British conventions. The army leadership was
coordinated, while civilian institutions were delicate, and this awkwardness altogether added to
shaping the state formation measure in Pakistan. Rizvi, in The Military State and Society,
contends that the military stands out as a distinctive institution, in recently emerging states, as
being profoundly disciplined and more situated toward current innovations, and that it has
overwhelming command over the instrument of violence.124 The administration mirrors a
portion of these attributes, however the military starts to lead the pack all things considered
possessing weapons, esprit de corps, intercommunication abilities and progressive qualities. The
political and civilian institutions barely mirror these qualities.

1. Mission of the Pakistan Army:

The Pakistani defense gathering first sat in September 1947 to define the mission of the Pakistani
Military: to help the common government and police in maintaining lawfulness and to forestall
any ancestral incursions. Its external job was to keep animosity from minor forces and to shield
against the significant forces. It imparted 3,250 and 1,320 outskirt miles to threatening India and
Afghanistan, individually. The 450-mile Kashmir fringe had just been proclaimed a combat area
by Pakistan. Authority contends that in request to apply powerful civilian control, its mission
must be appropriately defined. I battle that, for the situation of Pakistan, its mission was past the
abilities of the Pakistani army as it confronted various challenges not long after parcel, which
included a few problems:

 Escorting a great many evacuees,

 Highly volatile internal and external challenges that included an existential threat from
India, and
 Duran Line debates with Afghanistan.
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The doubts of the Pakistani leadership before long became reality when India involved the
Muslim princely states of Junagadh and Hyderabad; then involved Goa only a couple a long time
after independence and against internal rivals.

2. Nationalism and Existential Threats

Not long after the parcel, existential threats to the nation, for example, in the Kashmir Battle of
1948, the Baluchistan Insurgency, and engagements with Afghanistan, carried individuals and
army to one platform. Finer contends that, in certain instances, nationalism drives the army to
intervene. Consequently, only four years after the inception of Pakistan, two attempts to cause
military interventions were foiled.145 The first attempt was arranged by Broad Akbar Khan,
which got known as the "Rawalpindi Trick Case" (1951). In this coup plot, a portion of the
activists in common society likewise had an impact, for example, the writer Faiz Ahmed Faiz,
who was a proprietor of the paper, The Pakistan Times.146 The subsequent intrigue to arrange a
coup, by a portion of the center ranking officers, was additionally thwarted in 1953. General
Akbar, the then divisional commander during the Kashmir War, was instrumental in the planning
of a coup.

3. POLITICAL TENSIONS IN THE CIVILIAN SECTOR:

After the death of Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan, Pakistani government officials discovered it
amazingly hard to set up links with individuals and Pakistan unmistakably experienced an
incompetent and incapable leadership. Without a constitution, and with a lack of solidarity
among legislators, majority rule government couldn't generally thrive in Pakistan. The political
heads of Pakistan neglected to create institutions, yet they additionally neglected to satisfy the
essential economic requirements of the individuals. Ayesha contends that the political cycle went
off the rails a long time before the first military coup in 1958, when Liaquat Ali Khan neglected
to outline the first constitution of Pakistan, until his death four years after the independence of
Pakistan.
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4. POLITICAL BUREAUCRATIC TENSIONS:

With independence, Pakistan inherited a couple of exceptionally gifted bureaucrats. They were
British trained, experienced, prepared and proficient. At the hour of British, bureaucratic
enrollment was all through India and was serious, in light of on legitimacy: those chose were the
best brains of their occasions. Because of the deterioration of the political institutions, these
bureaucrats turned into the sole drivers of the nation's strategies and involved the main situations
in Pakistan's administration. Shuja contends that a triplet included civilian bureaucrat Iskandar
Mirza, the (secretary of defense) and Ghulam Muhammad, (the secretary of finance) and the then
army boss, General Ayub Khan, dominated the state institutions with the assistance of the
Judiciary.168 The two bureaucrats were the most senior officers in the Indian common help at
the hour of independence. Both were given the chance, to dominate civilian institutions because
of frail political leadership and their internal contrasts.

INTERNATIONAL INFLUENCE AND MILITARY AID:

I contend that one of the factors that inspired the military to intervene became its interaction with
evolved international locations. Soon after the partition, the navy leadership started out looking
closer to developed army powers to be searching for schooling to thwart outside threats. Because
of unfriendly buddies and rising conflict rhetoric with India on the Kashmir difficulty, the
civilian leadership additionally felt the want you bought new gadget and modernize its army as
in step with western training standards. Finer and Rizvi argue that “the navy has discovered to
use present day abilities on par with present day armies.” quickly Ayyub khan established
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contacts with the us while bypassing the susceptible civilian management. I contend that, in a
fragmented and backward society like Pakistan, the army management installed itself as a
function version and maintained a wonderful identity. Rizvi, within the army kingdom and
society argues, “an institutional imbalance become created among the Pakistan army and other
institutions due to continued interaction of the Pakistani army with the west.”

FINAL COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL LEADERSHIP

The very last crumble of the political authorities began with the emergence of the political
disaster in east Pakistan, in march 1958, when the chief minister did not get a finances exceeded,
and this ended in a tussle among him and the governor, fazlul haq. This resulted inside the
elimination of the two chief ministers and a governor via the president. 208 the president needed
to impose presidential rule in east Pakistan, which lasted months. In the meantime, in west
Pakistan, president, iskandar mirza, additionally imposed martial law as the political state of
affairs became out of manage. This becomes the last nail in mirza’s coffin. Rizvi explains that,
through 1958, the corruption, black advertising, the shortage of food and joblessness forced the
human beings out in their homes. 209 the government treasury become empty and forex reserves
had shrunk to 240 million rupees. 210 there has been tremendous business unrest and exertions
unions struck. The impotent leadership didn't supply and those began looking to the navy as their
saviors.