yaloalkanes and Haloarenes -# CH,—CH, > iy ls (CH,—CH,Cl es © Ba . al Same caste ‘tain , the halogen atom is bonded to atom whereas in haloarenes, the ded to sp?-hybridized carbon atom. rn containing compounds occur in . le, the antibiotic chloramphenien! is produced! microorganisms. It is an effective drug for the treatment of typhoid fever. ‘The harmone oo INTRODUCTION f thyroxine contains iodine. Tes denciony in our body aaarn the disease goiter. Syothetc helodin compound entof malaria. Halothane ‘The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms chloroquine is used for treatm« syimeatbon results in the formation of & halogen ic doing surgery. Certain erative of the hydrocarbon. In case the hydrocarbon perfluoro compounds are being considered as potential 'apatic, the product is hal fe and in case of blood substituies ‘a aurgery. Many halogenated ch as DDT. BH.C., ete. are used as ‘nate hydrocarbons the is haloarene. compounds Su faloalkanes are also important industrial, insecticides. Hi solvents for relatively ‘non-polar compounds. R-H Scanned with CamScannerIn this unit. methods of preparation: f meperties and uses of TEINS reper earn about the adverse © Srpotyhalogen eompounels classified as follows! 1. ON THE BASIS OF NU ATOMS Halogen compound! ai tri, or polyhalogen compouns they contain one, two, three OF more their molecules. For example js may be ¢l sds depen CH,CH.Br cai Be Hie Be CH,-Br HBr cH,—Br fonohalogen _Dibalogen ‘rihalogen Meacabeg® Cen compound x x x 60g x Monsbaloarene _‘Dihaloarene ‘rihaloarene 1, ON THE BASIS OF HYBRID STATE OF THE CARBON BONDED 0 THE HALOGEN Monchalogen compounds may be further jing upon the classified into the following types dependi hybrid state ofthe carbon to which the halogen atom is bonded. Compounds Containing C,,; —X Bond ‘This class includes the following three types: (i) Alky! halides or haloalkanes (R—X) In alkyl halides, the halogen atom is bond to an alkyl group. Their general formula in C,H,, X- Allyl halides are classified as, f primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl halides depending on whether the ialogen atom is attached to a primary, secondary or tertiary carbon atom respectively. For example, halogen atoms i” ntorerthane —2CHraprop ha ‘rrimary) vgrmirne Oy a eiglg ; aa (i) Allylic halides on ‘those are the compounds in atoms is bonded an allylic carbon which carbon next to the carbon-carbon a coxamples ty x O CH= CH CH Allylic halides (ii) Benzylic halides ‘these are the compounds in which atom is attached tothe sp°-hybridized cme to an aromatic ring. son CH,Cl CI-CH—cH, Benzylic halides Just like alkyl halides, allylic and begy, halides may be classified as primary, seciiay tertiary depending upon the carbon to whic halogen atom is bonded. (iv) Alieyelic halides ‘These are the compounds in which one ona hydrogen atomsin an aliyelichydrocarbon rer by halogen atoms. For example, a or x cl a a 1,234.56 Bromocyelohexane Hexachlorocy Scanned with CamScannertaining C sae contains Cre —X Bong i" oo pralogen compound yr? of Is are further of "Rene tart «tata en to ey ie Telemann nee et es i ibs nnatecers ed . The tale moi “nti hates an my ich halogen atm i attache eka om ‘ds en on Bo fl TaAtky! halides, allyl halides and benzyl halides loge dation « ee in bonded to an sp!-hybridized | halides halides : Alyt, a ae the compounds in which the halogen Mastodon benzylic halides may be further | ie primary, scary ntti baie ‘and vinyl halides halogen atom seg toa? relative Positions are indicated by prefixes ortho fo) and 1, 4. and pora (p3), respectively. The nance tt haloarenes are given here: names of a few C)-2 © Chlorobenzene Chloropherye (Benzyl ela Dichlorophenylmethane ‘Trichlorophetsx (Benzal dichloride) (Benzsrcty Br CH, Q : Br 3 Cl 1-Bromo-3- 2-Bromatlue® chlorobenzene (Brometeluer) CH, 1H, ; “Br Br 8-Bromotoluene 4-Bromotaleae (m-Bromotoluene) (p-Bromotauet) Scanned with CamScannercan exhibit De FOWiDg Kings o¢ ils ygomerism™ HM panes With four OF more carbo jon somerism. For example, hal do ki ie Cis CH,—CH—CH, 01 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane M atoms, ost CHa sane ti . 2 517 : Tension Tromeriem {hin ind ales with tee ae more carbona show tm ‘OF Oxampl HBr haw two position innmers Be CHLCH Crt ie ‘romopropane ("Peony beomaitey Resid hatoath a8 the above typ Molecules, ean eatin \ CHCHCH, 2-Bromnprapan ‘xn Propo eomider "sof structural ixomerisms, chiral centres in their inomerigg i, °*tibit enantiomeriam or optical OF exmaple, 2-chlorohutane exists as iomers Pair of enanti Ethylene eh or Bthylidene Bthylidene Chloroform ved Problems Base nclature and Isom Name the following compounds according a i classify them as alkyl, allyic, bensylic FERC 2s fy tertiary), vinylic and aryl halides: nary, se0ndarys (n(CH,),CCH,CH(CDCH, «iy CH,CH,CH = CHCH,Cl ‘iy Ou (i (CHy,CHCH,CH = C(CDCH,CH; (0) HCH = CHCH(Br)CH(CHy), (ui(CH,),C(Br)CH,C(CH)s ty Ov-eence, ‘cy \~CH(CH,)2 « Methylene chloride Ethylene dichloride ( aide) (gem-dihalide) Carbon tetrachloride Perfluoropropane Dichloromethane lorid = 1, 2Dichloroethane chloride 1, L-Dichloroethane dichloride ‘Trichloromethane Tetrachloromethane Octaflvoropropane Solution. CHy i. 0 HyC—0— Catal Cha cH, Cl 2Chloro-4, 4-dimethylpentane “Allyl halide (secondary) oa (ii) CH, CH, CH = CACH,CL tnloropent-2ene NE a) )—CH,Br henylmethane 1 1+ vm halide (orimary) Benzylic a0 by =f One a thylhept-3-ene halide 4 cH 18 (Gy CH 3-Chloro-6-met Vinylic rt Scanned with CamScannertr Cll 2-000 ‘Afytie halide tseconaa™? cls 4-Bromo-S-methylhe toy | cH, Ch 44, Atrimethylpentane as ide (ter" tiary) "Ally! hall cl win Or CHy 2.Chloro-2-phenylprepan® Benzylie halide (ertian”) cH Z cu no On, 1 -Chloro-4-isopropyibenzene Aryl halide Write structures of the follwing organic Talagen compounds: pBromaehlorobenaene (i) t-edo-methyleetohexone Gi) sce Buyl-2-thyl-iodobenzene (io) 1Bromo-3-methylpent-2-ene (e) perfluoroethylene (vi 2(GchlorophenyDbut 2-2ne. Solution. Br I a (i a oy CH,—CH—CH,—CH, i) CH, i tet cH-0-,— | = CH RMI ie trict \ ee) BEC names ofall the isomers haung Caer and classify ther a8 primary ie * Seon halides So 8 otution. FOU S0METE SF PON fog L CHLOE CH.Y 9 oy Ty py, : 4 fommon name + n-Butyl bromide i {pac name: Fbromobutane & Primary diet 8 CHC cH; . common name : 80-Butyl bromide ty 3 TUPAC name 1-Bromo- at 2metbylpropane agg Primary i Acompound is formed by the Feeso chlorine atoms for two hydrogen atom Aba i cumiber of structural isomers possible? Solution. Four structural isomers, as gives ey | possible. cl @ cH,-cH-0H (i CH,~CH—nag cl Nese a e Gi cH,-0 cH 5 Ge) Cyc, | i a a \ — THERE RT UIST Write structures of the folloving pounds: ( 2-Chloro-3-methylpentane (ii) 1-Chloro-4-ethyleyclohexane (iit) 4tert-Butyl-2-iodoheptane (iv) 1, 4-Dibromobut-2-ene (0) 1-Bromo-4-sec-butyl-2-methylbenzene. Scanned with CamScannersu gives annie 1. Fe myl chloride (i) see-Butyl iodige @ i) chlor (a Ally {u) Butylen ox many sible fOr por struct 5 To which a telong ? i inpTol] chloride (i) Benzyl bromide Amy! iodide. te IUPAC names of the following: HCH, =H (i) H Br H,C a ctty CCH} jon TPT PN Mey el cr cH, eM im Dra 5 iy secs o roctural formula and TUPAC names yp Mess) bromide (0) iso-Ponty ehlriag mon names of the following com, CCH,Br Go CICH,CH,CHc) cl | : CCl, yoroucacl — @ oHsoHl- ond line structures ofthe following halides; 1 chloride -o-2-phenylbutane oride (iv) Vinyl chloride 1 dichloride. isomeric aromatic compounds are the molecular formula C;H,CI? Give res and IUPAC names. tegory of halides do the following + Draw the Drow the nrctre fale tractral OEE shat havo the molecular formula CyFf,Br. Name isomer accord : classi jing to TUPAC system am ftasity thom an primary, secondary or tertiary (NCERT Sotved Example) z METHODS OF PREPARATION OF HALOALKANES Haloalkca methods nes are prepared by the following 1. FROM ALCOHOLS This i is nsige eee eee method for preparing Alcohols can be co os converted to haloalkanes by cay of —OH group with a halogen atom. som quiterent reagents canbe used to get haloalkanes from alcohols as described below: . ROIEY Reaction with Halogen Acids. Alcohols ca converted into haloalkanes by treatment with logen acids. The reaction, in general, can be represented as ROH + HX —» RX + H,0 Alcohol ‘Alkyl halide Chloroalkanesare obtained by treatingalcohols with HClin the presence of anhydrous zinechloride. The anhydrous ZnCl, acts as dehydrating agent and thus favours the forward reaction (LeChateliar principle). The mixture of HCl and anhydrous ZnCl, is known as Lucas reagent. anhyd.ZnCl, CH,CH,OH + HCl ————> CH,CHCL+ 1,0 Scanned with CamScannerdary It may be noted that primary ad toe Sa alcohols can be converted to ther respective oye's by using HCI and anhydrous tah, roth process), However, tertiary alcohols really "0 cone, HCI even inthe absence af ZnCl CH; | Cone. HCI “Room temp. | CH,—C—CHy | on tert-Butyl aleohot an also be obtained Bromoalkanes can also Be OMT aD identical manner by heating alcohols wi n situ (during the and cone. H,S0,. HBr is generated in S100 7 ay, reaction By rection of KBr or NaBr with Se KBr + 11,S0, —? KHSO, ao 0,H,OH + HBr — CaHlsBr + Sao ‘The reaction can also be carried out solution (48%) of hydrobromic acid. : Todoalkanes are obtained by heating with KI and 95% H,PO, (phosphoric acid). KI+H,P0,—> — KH,PO, Pot. dihydrogen phosphate OH,0H+HI— C,HI+HjO This reaction cannot be carried out by using KI and cone. H,SO, because H,SO, oxidizes HI to iodine. ‘The reaction can also be carried out with cone. solution (57%) of hydroiodic acid. Reactivity of halogen acids towards this reaction is: HI > HBr > HCl Itis because ofthe act that the bond dissociation ‘energy of HI is less than that of HBr which in turn is less than that of HCI. : Reactivity of alcohols towards this reactions is: tertiary > secondary > primary 7 It is because of the fact that greater the number more the ale agnea sezrbon atm of alcool, eae ond. Consequentl; frst ha wth whch lave — by Reaction with : Chioathanes are obtained by nectar ali. POl, or Pl, ¥ Feaction of alcohols with 3CH,CH,OH + PCI, — 3CH,cH, Bihan EOL + HPO, aleohols + HI Phosphorus CH, : heron +PClL— CHCHCL 4 Pock 5 HCl osphorus oxychloride Bromo and iodo alkane, of alcohols with a mixture of re sn red arly The frnction of red phoypt Pht 2 get PBr, and PL, during the gmt" ang find Phy being relatively uns? of either in situ oF just before uae oh for longer periods. For exam cn P, + 6B, —> 4PB,, My th “sy 3CH,CH,OH + PBry — acy Ethanol HCH,bp Bromethang * th 4 P, + 61, — 41, th 3CH,CH,CH,OH + Pl, — 3c Propan-1-ol SAH Ll, ‘The alkyl halides are obtaine ae (80%) in this reaction. The phosphme a js better than halogen acid meth (i) certain alcohols such tiary alcohols tend 10 deena, ag ence of halogen acids, rate in a (i intermediate carbocation formed 5 rearrangement in the present % (©) By Reaction with Thiongi i this method the alcohol is refluxed with ote, in the presence of a small amount of! Refluxing is the process of heating a olan. o a flask fitted with a condenser so that the vats condensed back into the flask. "Pour The reaction of straight chain in the presence or absence ofpyridineiseae Dat procedure. Pyridine is used in the reas neutralise hydrogen chloride formed inthe rent! Pyridine CH,CH,OH + SOC, ——> cya Ethanol Thionyl Chlorete chloride +80, +Ha! BP eto Yur Rese ‘Thionyl chloride is preferred in the preparation afaik chlorides because in this case the side products at aseous and can be easily expelled during distillatia. wea esults inthe formation of chloralkanes ix 2 converst® bove methods cannot be applied rsion of phenols to aryl halides because ct gpvgen bond in phenols has partial double character diffeute ee ‘Fesonance and hence is stone Scanned with CamScannersaan pen _ gp sit and IV ininte that C—O tai [double bond character. bond sin Pa procARBONS in be prepared from alkanes a oF ides sake nal ga rom aeons through addition Net n rough allylic substitution, yee a ‘alkanes . Fro ee me ereated with halogens, chlorine art ce of light or heat, they undergo da mixture of mono- and 0.1 ystitutl cubstiemgucts is obtained. p, the substitution beyond monohalo- be $U essed by using alkane in excess ¥ Fis not of much practical use because of Hs Rparation of such 2 mixture, nes, different isomeric ¢ bigher alka n mono-substitution is case of d even whe! Oe jut. a a, | CH,CH,CH,Cl + CH,CHCH, LChloropropane 2-Chloropropane (45%) (55%) ingeneral, the ease of substitution of different spsufhydrogen atoms is: Rengylic, allylie > tertiary > secondary > primary > vinylic, aryl hheiodination of alkanes is reversible and is ‘ney heating with iodine in the presence of oxidising ‘i ike cone, HNOg, HIO, oF HIO,- The function Of wh Teenie ee Nate sienve s9 cs nation MF eepernf NS recta vs othe wot the pe dive on, Men sm rset ee ive Wrest tory prepar tary ereparetion of ure halen corte hee ca be uned te Inbwrntory aim specific ay! ahi v0 + When all the hydrogen atoms Monosubstitution. In «uch ea be applied " 7 UV tight or Heat CH, + Cl, , crcl + BCH ( ty cH, cH, \ ct a iene + Cl, —> CH, -C— CHa + nC! - Hs CH, ae neo Pooty! chloride can be prepared from by this method nm atoms are ic and 2. Allylic and benzylic halides alkenes and arenes respectively because allylic and benzylic hydrog substituted much more readily than viny! aryl hydrogen atoms 500-600" . 500-600" oy, = CH — CHC! tar chloride + HCL Qruwe Benasl bromide inylie and ary! bydroge ticipate in free CH, = CHCH, + Cl, Propene OQronrt =“ Toluene In such cases vi ns being. radical less reactive do not par" substitution. Allylic a substituted very easily stitution proceeds via allylic and benzylic free radicals a5 es are 5 intermediates. These intermediat resonance and hence being stable are fo! rate. .. atoms are CH, = cH-CH, — OH,—CH = CH, Resonance in Allyl Radical # Scanned with CamScannera cal yoneyl Radic Resonance in Benes Ikanes th al halogens will ity of different @- The rect of lierent RT re the order F >> Cl os nent ert ¢ atoms in alkanes: follows the oe aay sa 2 aa > 1H > Vinylic, aryl mntaining a 3°H atom would be more stitution reaction than an alkane 1d 2°H atoms. iso-Butane ily than .sof hydrogen ‘Thus,analkane co reactive toads substi with only 1*H atoms oF 1° an | Siem a propane or ethane. “¢ Thismethod generally yields a mixture ofhaloalkanes and polyhaloalkanes. ’ fe Alkyl iodides are generally not prepared by this ‘method bocause the reaction with iodine is slow and reversible ‘¢ Fluorinatin takes place explosively. Therefore, alkyl fluorides are prepared by indirect methods. (6) From Alkenes Haloalkanes can be prepared from alkenes by the addition of halogen acids (HCI, HBr, H1), CH, = CH, + HI—+ CH,CH,1 Ethene Iodoethane In unsymmetrical alkenes the addition of halogen a takes place according to the Markownikov's rule, Br CH,—CH = CH, + HBr — cH,-o—crt Propene 2-Bromopropane™ The order of reacti acids is: HT > HBr > HCL Addition of HBr to unaym he presence am Peroxide, takos Blace ana «. manner. This is known ay pool a.” ig met louy Kharasch effect. Tonia hig Benzo a CH,CH = CH, + HBr 2729 Prosi, 4 Propene ~ Chey, Lag hy ring hy, Addition of bromine disso ; Ive in cy results in formation of a vicina ines hy reaction the reddish brown coloye - ry discharged. ro se min : ‘ CH—CH = CH, + Br, Cu, Cpe rt This reaction is employed ay a 4 dotection of unsaturation in a molecule,“ fr 9, 3, BY HALIDE EXCHANGE Todoalkanes can be obtained by treat or chloroalkanes with a solution of sodium 7% acetone or methanol. For example, ind Acetone R R-X +Nal > R-T+ NX chogy, Acetone CHBr + Nal ——S ORL sy Bromoethane Todoethane The reaction is known as Finkelstein reactg This reaction is based on the fact that Nal is soluble, acetone but NaBr and NaCl are not. As a resit, equilibrium in the above reaction is very muchin free of forward reaction, The reaction gives best results wig primary halides. Fluoroalkanes are difficult to prepare directly; the action of alkanes with fluorine. It is because fluorite has got a high reactivity towards the hydrogen. t abstracts all the hydrogen atoms from the hydrocarma molecule, CH, + 2F, ——> 4HF +C However, fluoroalkanes can be obtained by treats alkyl halides with salts like AgF, Hg,F., CoF, or, This reaction is known as Swarts reaction. Scanned with CamScannerF, —? 2CH,CH,F Fluoroethane ¢ Pe, 30! ere si Nore mont of tW0 OF three halogen ‘CoF; or SDF, is used, atoms sam . 2sbF, —*8CHs—C— CH, *28bC1, F fa ever SALTS OF FATTY AcIDs anes are obtained by this method by its offatty acids with bromine in Och, | olla Lets : . ; col, ir, ——» CH,CH,Br +CO, + 0088+ BF as AgBr 3 jonate a reaction mown as Borodine tion and can be employed for is ct ie however cannot be obtained by this on pecause iodine forms esters with silver salt, city 20108- ° 9 I I ac ‘The reaction is known as Simonini reaction. O00 You Kuow? Vinyl chloride, which is used for d utifical rubber by polymerizatio Addition of HCI to acetylene in th |g + I, ——> R—C—OR + CO, + 2Agl CH= CH + HCI Br Me,c1 PREPAj _— RATION @ MALOARENES An atrona Prepared ‘rly dlaconted, alky! halides can be a Foagenta ern oho hy reaction with m variety of halogen agTih Feplace “OH group of alenhol ith cannot a: On the otherhand, CH group of phenol Phenols pawhatituted eanily heeause C—O bond in Tesonane Partial double hand character due te erefore fey RENE in stronger and diffe to leave Sea hlaarene age nat prepared from phenols haloarec™® iMPortant methods of preparation of fenes are being described as follows: ne a3 — (By Electrophilic Substitution) fsloarenes can be prepare e direct halogenation of benzene i el dare and im th AICI eof halogen carrier or Lewis acids such as FeCl, ly» ete. In addition to these, iodine and iron fillings $22 also be used as halogen carriers. The reaction involves electrophilic substitution and takes place through resonance stabilized carbocation. cl FeCl, Oras + HL Benzene Chlorobenzene Br + Br, Feet, + HBr 2 Fer, Benzene Bromobenzene It may be noted that aryl fluorides cannot be obtained by this method because of the high affinity of fluorine for hydrogen. If toluene is used instead of benzene, the substitution takes place at ortho- or para-position. because methyl group is ortho and para directing group. Hy CH, r Hs rate Or: cL o-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluen FeChs eth, dark Scanned with CamScannerted due to large difference in ily separa a 7 isomers can be eat a in nature. These Feactions are eqer The orto and pra emer nn reer en mae Ther rection “ti Reaetions with iodine ave slow a) in such as HNO, 0” ‘an oxidizing agent su @ Add to our Reowledge — sir halogons in the presence of sunlight and In LM Hel to ous SOW? th resulting in the formation of aralkgh pee Re when heated we alkyl chain rest mat sibs heerneaapey or) the a peewee of sunlight, substation takes pg tne er Chalgen arin egy substation ; healliat ae : - J cH, 438 K tes | CO] + ee antes” Chiorophenylmethane Toluene sed in ext .wo hydrogen atoms also get replaced by hal ; in excess the other two ICC, is passed cH,CL CHC! . +O, +0, “3 aor ‘HCL Hel Dichlorophenylmethane ‘Trichlorophenylmethane In case of ethylbenzene, substitution takes place at benzyli¢ posi pe CH—CH, + Hor Ou-anaua 2 Onpeen a a 1-Chloro-1-phenylethane Side chain halogenation in arenes can also be carried out with sulphuryl chloride (SO,CL) a 475 Ring, presence of light and traces of peroxides. Ore, + $0,Cl, oR, Orn + SO, + HCl nation in arenes takes place through free radicals ag intermediates, S| 2, From Diazonium Compounds (By Sandmeyer’s Reaction) The method consists in fj azonium salt is obtained, menor ee te, Ti Orm,. UL Orwe + 2H,0 Aniline Benzenediszoniam Scanned with CamScanneraiazoniom COmPoUnd ie trented wig O-xa aa, ene daze : chloride Orrra + Cone if diazonium salts with CUCL and Cun sie ection pe nel SOPPOF Powder and Ho or get gi ra One ous na Bensone dasoniam oe Oprvrers HBr Cu , ©-» +N, +H Sense gniom pea es are obtained by warming of benzeng diazonium salts with KI. rndoarent Opvers Kr Wem © N, + Kel esse zo cand es are obtained by the reactio Fluoroarenes are by n of correspon, he: fluoborate which on gain ating produces fluorobenzen ding diszonium salt with flucboric acid to produce e. Nor Nar, P + HBR, ae Heats + BR, +N, Fluoborie Benzenediazonium Fluorobenzene cia uoborate ‘This reaction ig called Balz-Schiemann, reaction, Preparation of haloarenes from diazonium salts is more ‘portant than. direct halogenati te fllowing two reasons: (0 Fluorides and iodides which ca method. Mt) Direct halogenation yields a mi; this method the ree’ Scanned with CamScanner3. From Benzene (Commercial Method oe of benzene, hydrogen chloride and ‘uCl, as catalyst at about 525 K. ol CuCl, +Ho++ hb . O ot +O “Geek Benzene This process is known as Raschig Proce! iisotves Problems yl halides Explain why ally ra jot prepared in laboratory by free alkanes. Solution. Free radical method for laboratory alkanes isn kyl halides nosubsti halogenation o synthesis of all results in the formation many isomeré mo produets through substitution of different kinds of H Moreover, polyhalogenation may als0 take place. ‘Select the halides that can be good yield by ree radical ‘hydrocarbon: «@cH,el (ii) CH,CH,CI (ii) CH,CH,CH,CL@) (CH,CH,CH,CH,C! (o)(CH),CCH,CL (vi) CeflgOH,C- which are ob dical halogenatl jalogenation of the Pa Chlorobenzene is manufactured by Passing © ‘oxygen over H,0 ed care gonerally ion of jot suitable because it ituted atoms. prepared in rent tained from the Solution. The halides ‘aly one kind of active H atoms ea hydrocarbons containing © be obtained in good yield. The by monosubstitution by using hydrocarbon in exces, CH,CI, CH,CH,CI, (CH,),CCH,Cl and C,H,CH,Cl ¢ “obtained in good yield. The parent hydrocarbons in ceases are CH,, CH,CHs, (CHy),C Explain why free radical brominatt butane yields 2-bromobutane as the major product. Solution. CH,CH,CH,CH, = = | Br (Major product) ‘substitution can be restricted Thus, san be these and C,H,CH, respectively. tion of + CH,CH,CH,CH,Br Free radical bromination of n-bi of n-butane yields ‘2-bromobutane as the major product because it is formed via more stable secondary free ee rad ical intermediate. The more stable into, (rg, ‘ay rato, resulting in the format subsequent product. 1-Bromabutye, mon ‘\ 00 nt rata ly | Give the a ce ericte from Bethy2penene sae conditions : tinder ene (i) HBirin the presence Ai HCL in the presence et Solution. _—_ CoH I ( CH,CH,—C = CH—cH, « yp, peso t Tah Markownihov addtiony? HCH ~¢, . ys Hh CoH (i) CH,CH,—C = CH—CH, + Ho. Ce, ps oe TMarkownikow addition) (CH,CH,—C—c} PS a —— SSE ERT INTEAT QUESTIONS: Why is sulphuric acid not wed dori reaction of alcohols with KI? Solution, H,S0, cannot be used alongwith Klin are aon ofan alcohol to an alkyl iodide as it converts KI sponding HI and then oxidizes HI to I Write structures of aiferent dale derivatives of propane. Solution. Four dihalogen derivatives are possible ore ‘These are: al Scanned with CamScanner® cH _cH-X s—CH—CH, o_o ein x x x 1 oth (io) X—CH, cnc, par ax “Among the isomeric alkanes of molecular D entify the one that on Photochemical a lori Mate moneetoride ae iomerie monochlorides jc monochlorides. y isomer Draw the structure of major mono halo ei following reactions: in Geen @ + SOCl, ——> ’ CH,CH; Bry heat or UV light oN CH; “Om (v) CH,CH, Br + Nal ——> Station, Ch O heat UV light cHancn, diy ON CH,CI ny Ho cH, On Br () CH,CH, wi 1, Which out of HCl and SOCI, is preferred for converting ROH to RCI? 2. On chlorination of ethane, two isomeric dihalides are formed alongwith C,H,Cl. Give their structures. 3, Name the reagent used for producing fluorobenzene from benzene diazonium chloride. What is the name of this reaction? 4. How will you obtain the following from an alcohol? (@ see-Butyl chloride tert-Butyl bromide. 5. Complete the following reactions: (ii) Fluoroethane Hel — @ CH ucts oy OH ‘8g,00 Br (i) cH,COOH ——? =>? Peroxide (ii) CH,CH = CH, + HCl ——>? cl ww /\J +0 a (CHIC=0,, w) A + OH/C,H,OH ——? Scanned with CamScanner