124 G loSSARy 119

119

Timeline – Between 600 and 850

The Mayans build El Caracol
patina: Green
observa-
– 1519
surface of metals,
or brown coloration on the
The either
explorer applied or causedMagellan
Ferdinand
Rococo: An elabora
119
painting,
leaves architectu
Timeline – Between 600 and 850
tory
TheatMayans
ChichenbuildItza.El (Mexico)
by oxidation. 1519
Caracol observa-
–
onThehisexplorer
voyage toFerdinand find a route from
Magellan
ration, characterize
naturalleaves
motifs, orig

Timeline – Between
– The
600 and 850
tory at Chichen Itza. (Mexico)
782 Mayans build El Caracol observa-
pattern:
design.
A – 1519
Europe
repeated
The
to
motif, Asia by
element, sailing
or
on his voyage to find a route from
explorer
Atlantic
Europe Ocean. Ferdinand
to Asia (Spain)
by sailing
across
Magellan
the
becoming
the
across leaves
1720s
the
popular t
through th

–tory
The
782 at Chichen
scientist Itza.
Jābir ibn(Mexico)
Hayyān intro- perpendicular: onAtlantic
his voyage
Being at aOcean.
righttoangle
find atoroute from
(Spain) salted-paper print:
duces experimental investigation something.
into – Europe
1537 to Asia by sailing across print
the used in photo
B.C. The scientist Jābir ibn Hayyān intro- itive image was crea
– 782
alchemy and creates the
duces experimental basis ofphotograph:
investigation mod- into A–Atlantic
The1537
fixed Ocean.
physician
image and(Spain)
captured alchemist
by Paracelsus
sensitized printing p
B.C. The
ern chemistry
scientist Jābir
and ibn
the Hayyān
scientific intro-
meth-
using a camera. writes Grosse Astronomie (Whole and exposing both t
– 500–480 alchemy and creates the basis of mod- The physician and alchemist Paracelsus
duces experimental investigation into – resulting print with
od. (Kufa [present-day
ern chemistry and the scientificIraq]) meth- Astronomy),
1537
writes Grosse a manual
Astronomie of astrology.
(Whole
B.C.
The direct
– 500–480 lost-wax method for casting photography: The method of capturing an to fix the image.
alchemy
od. (Kufa and[present-day
creates the basisIraq])ofimagemod-by chemical, The physician
(Switzerland)
mechanical,
Astronomy), andor alchemist
a manualelectron- Paracelsus
of astrology.
bronze sculpture is developed.
The direct lost-wax method for casting – ern (Greece)
Early 1200s and the scientificical
chemistry meth-processes.writes Grosse Astronomie (WholeSambin, Hugues: (
– 500–480 (Switzerland) Wood-carver, desig
bronze sculpture is developed. (Greece) od. (Kufa
Astronomical [present-day
Miscellany Iraq])
(p. 10) is pro- – Astronomy),
1542 a manual of astrology.
– The
323 direct lost-wax method for casting – Early 1200s photosensitive: The quality of a material gineer who, in 1551,
duced and illustrated.
Astronomical Miscellany (England)
(p. 10) that
is makes it react
pro- –(Switzerland)
Andreas
1542to light.Vesalius, a physician and guildtheof menuisiers
–bronze
The323 sculpture is developed.
mathematician Euclid writes (Greece)
– Early vised many design p
duced 1200s
and illustrated. (England) founder
Andreas of Vesalius,
the modern study of and
a physician anato-
Elements, a text on geometry
The mathematician and num-
Euclid writes physics: The study of matter and energy and king theof France.
– Astronomical
1275 Miscellany (p. 10) istheir pro- – 1542
my,
relationships. writes of
founder Dethe fabrica
modern corporis
studyhumani
of anato-
– 323
ber theory. (Greece)
Elements, a text on geometry and num- duced The and
physician illustrated.
William (England)
of Saliceto Andreas
(On the Vesalius,
Structure a
of physician
the Human andSavery,
the Roelandt: (
Body).
The – 1275 my, writes De fabrica
mixed corporis humani
bermathematician
theory. (Greece) Euclid writes pigment: A powdered substance Draftsman, painter,
– Elements,
300–100 a text on geometry and num-
writes ChirurgiaWilliam
The physician (Surgery), of which
Salicetowith a liquid tofounder
docu- (The
add theofStructure
(OnNetherlands)
color, theinmodern
as paintoforthe study
ink.Humanof work
anato-
Body).for the Holy R
– 1275
ments his work with human
writes Chirurgia (Surgery), which docu- dissection. my, writes De
(The Netherlands) fabrica corporis humani
included studies of
–ber theory.Youth
Victorious
300–100 (Greece)(p. 17) is cast. (Greece) porcelain: A–hard, white ceramic material menagerie. Savery’s
The physician
(Italy) William of Saliceto
ments his work with human dissection. (On
1547 the Structure of the Human Body).
Victorious Youth (p. 17) is cast. (Greece) writes Chirurgia (Surgery), which docu- made of kaolinite clay fired at high tempera- portant roles in the
– 300–100
250 (Italy) tures; often coated –(The
The1547 Netherlands)
astrologer
with glazes. Nostradamus makes genres:hisfloral still lif
– ments
1364 his work with human dissection. first other animals, citys
Thepredictions.
astrologer (France)
Nostradamus makes his
–Victorious
Parchment
250 Youth (p. 17) is
is produced fromcast.the
(Greece)
dried press-mold: To shape
– 1547
an object by pressing
skins of animals such as calves, goats, –(Italy)
The
1364Aztecs build Tenochtitlan. its source material first
intopredictions.
a mold; also,(France) a mold scientific illustratio
Parchment is produced from the dried (Mexico) used for this–purpose.
The
About astrologer
1550 Nostradamus makes his
of something from
– 250
and sheep. (Pergamum The Aztecs build Tenochtitlan.
skins of animals such [present-day
as calves, goats, – 1364 details with accurac
Parchment (Mexico) –first
Oval predictions.
About Basin 1550(p. 8) (France)
is made by Bernard
and sheep.is(Pergamum
Turkey]) produced from the dried
[present-day – The
primary consumer:
1412Aztecs build Tenochtitlan. organism that Palissy.
In an ecosystem, an
(France)
skins of animals such as calves, goats, feeds
OvalonBasin plant (p.material
8) is made secondary consum
(such by Bernard
Turkey]) (Mexico)
The architect Filippo Brunelleschi as a rabbit eating
– Aboutgrass).1550 organism that feeds
and sheep. (Pergamum [present-day – 1412 Palissy. (France) (such as a fox eating
Turkey])
A.D.
writes Rules of Perspective,
The architect a textproducer:
Filippo Brunelleschi de- In– anOval
1575 Basin (p.
ecosystem, an8) is made by Bernard
organism
– 1412
scribing the mathematical
writes Rules of Perspective, laws related
a textthatde-produces – Palissy.
1575 (France)
Craftsmen
materials in Venice
consumed by and
otherFlorence semi-permeable m
A.D. The architect
toscribing
linear Filippo
perspective. Brunelleschi
(Italy) organisms.
make the first attempts at a cell surrounding t
imitating
– 105 the mathematical laws related Craftsmen in Venice and Florence some substances, bu
writes Rulesperspective.
to linear of Perspective, a textprovenance:
(Italy) de- –The1575
Chinese
history
make porcelain.
the offirst
ownership (Italy)
attempts of aat imitating
through.
A.D.
Ts’ai
– 105 Lun, an imperial court official, in-
– scribing
1450 the mathematical laws related work of art. Craftsmen in Venice and Florence
vents Chinese porcelain. (Italy)
Ts’aithe Lun, paper-making
an imperial court process, which
official, in- to linear perspective. (Italy) – make theanfirst attempts
shape: An enclosed
– 105
later spreads east and west along the
Florence
– 1450 becomes the center of 1580
pull: To exert force on object in orderattoimitating closed line; one of t
vents the paper-making process, which Renaissance culture. (Italy) move it toward– Chinese
The
the French
source porcelain.
ofRenaissance
the force. (Italy)Cabinet (p. 19)
Ts’ai Lun, an imperial Florence becomes the center of 1580
Silk Road.
later spreads east andcourt
(China) westofficial,
along the in-
– 1450 (France) silica: A nonreactiv
vents the paper-making process, which Renaissance culture. (Italy) push: To exertisforce carved
The French
on
in Burgundy.
an objectRenaissance
in order toCabinet (p. 19)occurring
naturally
Silk Road. (China) 1460–70 becomes the center of move it away– from
– Florence 1580
– later spreads the source
is carved of the force.(France)
in Burgundy. sand, that is ground
About 150 east and west along the
Renaissance
The French culture.
King at (Italy)
Court (p. 15) from – The
1590 French Renaissance Cabinet ments
(p. 19) as a compone
– 1460–70
–Silk Road.150
Ptolemy,
About (China)
the scientist, astronomer, radiation: The process by which heat is
mathematician, and geographer, writes
The
TheStory of Two
French KingLovers
at Court (Historia
(p. 15) de
from
transmitted –is carved
Galileo
1590
through in Burgundy.
Galilei,
a substance the (France) Snyders, Frans: (Fl
in mathematician
the form
Ptolemy, the scientist, astronomer, – 1460–70
duobus amantibus), an illuminated and astronomer, De motufirst
– About
the Almagest,
150 the earliest survivingwrites as- The Story of Two Lovers (Historia of waves.
de Galileo Galilei, writesthe mathematician (Onspecialist in an
mathematician, and geographer, The French
manuscript King
of theat Court
novel by(p. 15)
Eneas from – Motion),
1590 a description of a new Flemish genr
experiments
Ptolemy,
tronomical thetreatise.
scientist, astronomer,
(Greece) duobus amantibus), an illuminated raw umber: A pigment and astronomer,
made of, and the De motu
writes works(Onallowed Snyd
the Almagest, the earliest surviving as- The Story
Silvius of Two
Piccolomini Lovers
(Pope (Historia
Pius II), deis Galileo
he Galilei,
conducted to the mathematician
determine the rate of
mathematician, and geographer, manuscript of the novel by Eneas color of, natural earth.
Motion), a description of experiments organizing a rich va
tronomical treatise. (Greece) writes duobus
created. amantibus),
(France) an illuminated and
speed astronomer,
of falling writes
objects. De motu
(Italy) and
(On shapes. In addi
– the
About Almagest,
400 the earliest surviving as- Silvius Piccolomini (Pope Piusreflective: II), is Capable he conducted
of casting light to determine
back to a thegetic ratehunting
of scene
manuscript of
created. (France) the novel by Eneas light source. Motion), a description of experiments
speed of falling objects. (Italy)Snyders was often e
tronomical
The Vergilius
– About 400 treatise.
Vaticanus(Greece)
(Vatican Virgil),
– Silvius
1490 Piccolomini (Pope Pius II), is – he1592 conducted to determine the rate friend of Peter Paul Ru
anTheilluminated
Vergilius manuscript
Vaticanus (Vaticancontaining Virgil), created. refraction: The deflection of light, radio, and
–The
1490artist(France)
and inventor Leonardo da –speed
The1592 of falling
ancient Roman objects. of Pompeii, sections of R
city (Italy) animal
– About
theanwritings400 of the
illuminated poet Virgilcontaining
manuscript (died other types of waves as they pass between
Vinci
The draws The inventor
artist and VitruvianLeonardo
Man.mediums
(Italy)
da of differentburied by the volcanic
densities.
The ancient Roman city eruption of A substance t
solid:
of Pompeii,
The
19the Vergilius
b.c.), Vaticanus
is created.
writings of the(Rome)
poet(Vatican
Virgil (diedVirgil),
– 1490 a gas, but rather firm
an19illuminated manuscript Vinci draws The Vitruvian Man. (Italy) –Revival:
1592
Mount
buriedA Vesuvius
by in a.d. 79,
the volcanic is rediscov-
eruption of and stable in co
b.c.), is created. (Rome)containing – The
1500artist and inventor Leonardostyle
Renaissance
da in art andThe ered. ancient
(Italy)
nineteenth-century
Roman city of79,
uid)
Pompeii,
– the
600writings of the poet Virgil (died Mount
architecture Vesuvius
that was in a.d.
influ- is rediscov-
Faience
–Vinci
1500draws and The Vitruvian
majolica Man.
are first pro-(Italy)by earlier
enced buried
styles by
ered. thatthe
(Italy) drew volcanic
inspiration eruption solution:
of A chemic
–19
The b.c.),
600 printingis created.
of books(Rome)
begins with en- from ancient Greece and Rome. in a.d. 79, is rediscov- or more elements is
duced industrially. (Italy)
Faience and majolica are first pro- Mount Vesuvius
graved woodblocks.
The printing of books (China)
begins with en- – 1500 element.
duced industrially. (Italy) ered. (Italy)
– 600 graved woodblocks. (China) Faience and majolica are first pro- Art & Science:
The printing of books begins with en- ArtA&curriculum
Science: A curriculumfor K-12 teAcherS for K-12 teAcherS
duced industrially. (Italy)
graved woodblocks.
© 2013 J. Paul Getty Trust.
(China)
This education resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
ArtTo & view a copy of
Science: Athis license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
curriculum for K-12 teAcherS
 124 G loSSARy
120 TI ME l I N E
120 TI ME l I N E

patina: Green or brown coloration on the Rococo: An elabora

– 1602 – 1637 – 1794of metals, either applied or caused
surface painting, architectu
– 1602 – 1637 – oxidation.
by 1794 ration, characterize
The astronomer Tycho Brahe’s The philosopher and mathematician The inventor Eli Whitney patents the natural motifs, orig
The astronomer Tycho Brahe’s The philosopher and mathematician The inventor Eli Whitney patents the
Astronomiae instaratae progymnas- Rene Descartes writes La Géométrie cotton
pattern: A gin. (America)
repeated motif, element, or becoming popular t
Astronomiae instaratae progymnas- Rene Descartes writes La Géométrie cotton gin. (America)
design. the 1720s through th
mata (Introductory Exercises toward a (Geometry). (France)
mata (Introductory Exercises toward a (Geometry). (France)
Restored Astronomy), which details the – 1807
perpendicular: Being at a right angle to salted-paper print:
Restored Astronomy), which details the – 1807
location of 777 fixed stars, is published – 1650–55 something.
The scientist William Hyde Wollaston print used in photo
location of 777 fixed stars, is published – 1650–55 The scientist William Hyde Wollaston itive image was crea
(edited by Brahe’s assistant, the astrono- Butterfly, Caterpillar, Moth, Insects, invents the
photograph: camera
A fixed lucida.
image (England)
captured by sensitized printing p
(edited by Brahe’s assistant, the astrono- Butterfly, Caterpillar, Moth, Insects, invents the camera lucida. (England)
mer Johannes Kepler). (Prague) and Currants (p. 7) is drawn by Jan van using a camera. and exposing both t
mer Johannes Kepler). (Prague) and Currants (p. 7) is drawn by Jan van resulting print with
Kessel. (The Netherlands) – 1816
Kessel. (The Netherlands) – 1816
photography: The method of capturing an to fix the image.
Galileo investigates the properties of Sir by
image David Brewster,
chemical, the mathematician
mechanical, or electron-
Galileo investigates the properties of Sir David Brewster, the mathematician
pendulums. (Italy) – 1651 icaland
processes.
astronomer, invents the kaleido- Sambin, Hugues: (
pendulums. (Italy) – 1651 and astronomer, invents the kaleido- Wood-carver, desig
The astronomer Giovanni Riccioli scope. (Scotland)
photosensitive: The quality of a material gineer who, in 1551,
The astronomer Giovanni Riccioli scope. (Scotland)
– 1608 names many lunar features in his map that makes it react to light. guild of menuisiers
– 1608 names many lunar features in his map
The lensmaker Johann Lippershey in- of the moon. (Italy) – 1830 vised many design p
The lensmaker Johann Lippershey in- of the moon. (Italy) – 1830 The study of matter and energy and
physics: king of France.
vents the telescope. (The Netherlands) The
their botanist Robert Brown discovers
relationships.
vents the telescope. (The Netherlands) The botanist Robert Brown discovers
– 1657 Savery, Roelandt: (
the cell nucleus in plants. (Scotland)
– 1657 the cellAnucleus
pigment: powdered insubstance
plants. (Scotland)
mixed
Draftsman, painter,
Galileo constructs an astronomical tele- The scientist Christiann Huygens, fol- with a liquid to add color, as in paint or ink.
work for the Holy R
Galileo constructs an astronomical tele- The scientist Christiann Huygens, fol-
scope. (Italy) lowing the research of Galileo, creates – 1839 included studies of
scope. (Italy) lowing the research of Galileo, creates – 1839
the design for the first clock pendulum. porcelain:
The artist A hard, white ceramic
and physicist material
Louis-Jacques- menagerie. Savery’s
the design for the first clock pendulum. madeTheofartist andclay
kaolinite fired atLouis-Jacques-
physicist high tempera- portant roles in the
– 1610 (The Netherlands) Mandé
tures; Daguerre
often coated withannounces
glazes. the inven- genres: floral still lif
– 1610 (The Netherlands) Mandé Daguerre announces the inven-
The alchemist Jean Beguin writes tion of the daguerreotype method of other animals, citys
The alchemist Jean Beguin writes tion of the
press-mold: Todaguerreotype
shape an object by method
pressingof
Tyrocinium chymicum (Beginner’s – 1665 photography. (France)
Tyrocinium chymicum (Beginner’s – 1665 its source material into
photography. a mold; also, a mold
(France) scientific illustratio
Chemistry), the first chemistry text- The scientist Robert Hooke coins the used for this purpose. of something from
Chemistry), the first chemistry text- The scientist Robert Hooke coins the details with accurac
book. (France) term cell, to describe the biological – 1848
book. (France) term cell, to describe the biological – 1848 consumer: In an ecosystem, an
primary
structures in cork, in his Micrographia organism
Gold isthat discovered
feeds on plantin California.
material (such secondary consum
structures in cork, in his Micrographia Gold is discovered in California.
– 1610–15 (also titled Some Physiological as a rabbit
(America) eating grass). organism that feeds
– 1610–15 (also titled Some Physiological (America) (such as a fox eating
Juggling Man (p. 13) is created by Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by producer: In an ecosystem, an organism
Juggling Man (p. 13) is created by Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by
Adriaen de Vries. (Prague) Magnifying Glasses). (England) – 1857
that produces materials consumed by other semi-permeable m
Adriaen de Vries. (Prague) Magnifying Glasses). (England) – 1857
organisms.
The chemist and microbiologist Louis a cell surrounding t
The chemist and microbiologist Louis some substances, bu
– 1614 – 1683 Pasteur proves
provenance: that fermentation
The history of ownership of a through.
– 1614 – 1683 Pasteur proves that fermentation
Flower Still Life (p. 9) is painted by Isaac Newton, the physicist and math- work of art. by biological organisms.
is caused
Flower Still Life (p. 9) is painted by Isaac Newton, the physicist and math- is caused by biological organisms. shape: An enclosed
Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder. ematician, explains his theory of the (France)
pull: To exert force on an object in order to closed line; one of t
Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder. ematician, explains his theory of the (France)
(The Netherlands) gravitational attraction on the tides by move it toward the source of the force.
(The Netherlands) gravitational attraction on the tides by silica: A nonreactiv
the sun, moon, and earth. (England) – 1857–60
the sun, moon, and earth. (England) – 1857–60
push: To exert force on an object in order to naturally occurring
– 1616 moveTheit Emperor’s
away from Private
the Mosque
source of the in the
force. sand, that is ground
– 1616 The Emperor’s Private Mosque in the
The astronomer and mathematician – 1749 Marble Palace, Agra Fort, India (p. 11) ments as a compone
The astronomer and mathematician – 1749 MarbleThe
radiation: Palace,
processAgraby Fort,
whichIndia heat is(p. 11)
Willebrord Snell discovers Snell’s law of Mercury and Argus and Perseus and is photographed
transmitted through aby Dr. John
substance in Murray.
the form Snyders, Frans: (Fl
Willebrord Snell discovers Snell’s law of Mercury and Argus and Perseus and is photographed by Dr. John Murray.
refraction. (The Netherlands) Medusa (p. 16) are produced by the (India)
of waves. first specialist in an
refraction. (The Netherlands) Medusa (p. 16) are produced by the (India) a new Flemish genr
Ginori Porcelain Factory. (Italy)
Ginori Porcelain Factory. (Italy) raw umber: A pigment made of, and the works allowed Snyd
– 1620 – 1859
color of, natural earth. organizing a rich va
– 1620 – 1859
Plymouth colony is established. – About 1751 The naturalist Charles Darwin pub- and shapes. In addi
Plymouth colony is established. – About 1751 The naturalist
reflective: Capable Charles
of castingDarwin
light back pub-
to a getic hunting scene
(America) Compound Microscope and Case (p. 12) light lishes his theory of evolution in On the Snyders was often e
source.
(America) Compound Microscope and Case (p. 12) lishes his theory of evolution in On the
is made by Jacques Caffieri. (France) Origin of Species by Means of Natural friend Peter Paul Ru
is made by Jacques Caffieri. (France) Origin of
refraction: TheSpecies by Means
deflection of light,ofradio,
Naturaland animal sections of R
– 1624 Selection. (England)
– 1624 Selection.
other types of (England)
waves as they pass between
The chemist Johannes Baptista van – 1775 _______________________________
mediums of different densities. solid: A substance t
The chemist Johannes Baptista van – 1775 _______________________________
Helmont identifies gases as a substance. The American Revolution begins (end- To learn more about the broader historical con- a gas, but rather firm
Helmont identifies gases as a substance. To
The American Revolution begins (end- Renaissance learn more about the broader historical con-
Revival:
text surrounding A nineteenth-century
the works of art featured in uid) and stable in co
(Belgium) ing in 1783 with British recognition of text surrounding the works of art featured in
style incurriculum,
art and architecture that was
(Belgium) ing in 1783 with British recognition of this see The Timetables of influ-
History:
U.S. independence). (America) thisby
enced curriculum, see The
earlierLinkage
styles thatTimetables
drew of History:
inspiration solution: A chemic
A Horizontal of People and Events by
U.S. independence). (America) fromA Horizontal
ancient Linkageand
Greece of People
Rome. and Events by or more elements is
Bernard Grun, 4th revised edition (New York:
Bernard Grun, 4th revised edition (New York: element.
Simon & Schuster, 2005).
Simon & Schuster, 2005).

Art & Science: A curriculum for K-12 teAcherS

Art
© 2013 J. Paul Getty & Science:
Trust. A curriculum for K-12
This education resource teAcherS
is licensed ©visit
under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, 2013 J. Paul Getty Trust
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Art & Science: A curriculum for K-12 teAcherS © 2013 J. Paul Getty Trust