Name:

CONCLUSION QUESTIONS 1.4.1

1. Why did your grandparents or other senior members of the community have
vaccinations that you did not have to have?
Today's time is much different compared to theirs because more discoveries have been
made, so we do not need certain vaccines that they may have needed.
2. Explain how vaccination could eradicate a disease such as smallpox.
Vaccinations reduce the risk of a certain disease by working with the body's natural
defenses to help them develop immunity to diseases, such as smallpox. when germs,
such as viruses invade the body, they attack and multiply.
3. Explain why babies born in different countries may be vaccinated against
different diseases.
Different countries have different diseases; therefore a baby who was born in a different
country other than you will have a different vaccination list.
4. What do you notice about disease trends in the 1900s and in modern day?
many diseases in the 1900s spread and developed much quicker. These diseases were
also much more fatal. today, vaccines and medications have helped prevent the spread
of disease as well as treat them.
What factors do you believe contribute to the trends you observe?
Advancements we have made in modern science has allowed us to treat
more people and vaccinate them from past diseases that were fatal.
5. Do parents have a right to decide whether or not to vaccinate their child?
certain vaccines are not required but are recommended, such as the flu shots. Children
need certain vaccinations in order to go to school, so unless a child is not around other
people, then parents do have a right to a certain extent.
6. Explain why the hepatitis B vaccine is administered multiple times over the
course of a child’s life.
Hep B vaccine is created through the use of dead Hep B pathogens and/or pieces of the
Hep B pathogen. Administrating it in three doses helps the development of the memory
B lymphocyte cells and ensures immunity against the disease.
What does it mean when doctors use the term “booster shot”?
​An additional dose of a vaccine needed periodically to 'boost' the immune system.
7. Using science you have learned in this unit, explain how doctors can
determine if you will require an additional dose of a vaccine. (HINT: Think
back to your lab work in Lesson 1.)
A doctor can take your blood and do what is called an 'immunity titer'. He will look for
the antibodies against the disease in question. This antibody test may even be a form of
the ELISA test we conducted to determine what antigen Sue was sick with. ELISA tests
can test for antibodies or antigens; it depends on how the test is designed.
8. It can be said that a vaccine does not prevent infection; rather it primes the
immune system to respond to an invader. Using information about human
immune response, explain this statement. Mention what happens in the body
from the time of vaccination through contact with the infectious agent.
It is not that the person doesn't contract the disease, it is that the person now has
immunity against the pathogen and can defend against it. After a vaccination, if a
 Name:

pathogen enters the body then the memory B lymphocytes can immediately activate the
cytotoxic T cells in the case of a virus, or activate the neutrophils in the case of a
bacteria. Initially, when a vaccine is administered and the body recognizes it as a
pathogen, an eater cell such as a macrophage, dendritic phagocytize 'eats' the
pathogen and presents the pathogen cited on its surface. This activates the B
lymphocytes that create memory B cells or plasma cells that produce antibodies. These
antibodies 'tag' the pathogen for ingestion by other eater cells, or the memory B cells
activate cytotoxic T cells to handle the virus invaders.
9. Jenner tested his vaccine on a young child. What ethical considerations must
be addressed when a new vaccine is being tested and released to the public?
We have to make sure the child and/or parents consented to being tested. Also, if you
take bacteria from one person and put it into the other, you risk sharing other diseases
that were unknown.