OW104 - Open Windows 3.x For Users - SG - 0494

OpenWindows 3.
x for Users
OW-104
Student Guide
Sun Microsystems Computer

Corporation
2550 Garcia Avenue
MIL 02-34
Mountain View, CA.
94043-1100 U.S.A.
Course Number: OW-104

Revision A, April 1994
Credits and Trademarks
The Sun logo, Sun Microsystems, Sun Workstation, SunLink, The Font Department, ImageSource,
Interpersonal, NeWS, NeWSware, NFS, PC-NFS, and TypeMaker are registered trademarks of Sun
Microsystems, Inc.
SunOS, SunView, OpenWindows, and DeskSet are unregistered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc.
Yellow Pages is a registered trademark in the United Kingdom of British Telecommunications plc., and may also
be a trademark of various telephone companies around the world. Sun will be revising future versions of
software and documentation to remove references to Yellow Pages.
UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T.
All other products or services mentioned in this document are identified by the trademarks or service marks of
their respective companies or organizations and Sun Microsystems, Inc. disclaims any responsibility for
specifying which marks are owned by which companies or organizations.
Copyright  1993 Sun Microsystems, Inc.—Printed in the U.S.A.
All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by copyright hereon may be reproduced in any form or by any
means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical—including photocopying, recording, taping, or storage in an
information retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
Restricted rights legend: use, duplication, or disclosure by the U.S. government is subject to restrictions set forth
in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 52.227-7013
and in similar clauses in the FAR and NASA FAR Supplement.
The Sun Graphical User Interface was developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. for its users and licensees. Sun
acknowledges the pioneering efforts of Xerox in researching and developing the concept of visual or graphical
user interfaces for the computer industry. Sun holds a non-exclusive license from Xerox to the Xerox Graphical
User Interface, which license also covers licensees of Sun.
This product is protected by one or more of the following U.S. patents: 4,777,485; 4,688,190; 4,527,232; 4,745,407;
4,679,014; 4,435,792; 4,550,368, in addition to foreign patents and applications pending.
Contents
Introducing Your Workstation 1-1

Introducing the OpenWindows Environment 2-1
Managing Your Data with File Manager 3-1
Examining and Editing Text Files with Text Editor 4-1
Electronic Mail with Mail Tool 5-1
Advanced Use of Mail Tool 6-1
Managing Appointments with Calendar Manager 7-1
Managing Printing with Print Tool 8-1
Working with Sound Files with Audio Tool 9-1
Working with Image Files in Image Tool 10-1
Working with Floppy Disks 11-1
Customizing Your OpenWindows Environment 12-1
Index Index-1
iii
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iv OpenWindows 3.x for Users Revision A

Introducing Your Workstation 1
Objectives
Upon completing this module, you will be able to:
■ Identify the main components of your workstation.
■ Explain why different users have their own accounts
on the workstation.
■ Log in to and out of your account.
■ Set or change your password.
1-1
Copyright © Sun Microsystems Computer Corp.
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Your Workstation
Monitor
System
Unit
Mouse
Keyboard
Mouse Pad
1-2 OpenWindows 3.x for Users

1
Your Workstation
This course is to introduce you to using the Sun workstation
through the OpenWindows graphical user interface. You
will see that while the Sun workstation is highly
sophisticated and powerful, it is very easy to use. You do
not need to be a computer expert to make the Sun work for
you.
First, you need to identify the main components of the
workstation:
The System Unit

This is where the central computer of the workstation is
located. It contains the Central Processing Unit (CPU), the
computer’s main memory or RAM and the disks used to
store your data.
The Monitor
This is the screen, where the computer displays its output.
The Sun workstation uses a high quality, “high resolution”
screen, meaning that the text and graphics displayed is very
easy to read.
The Keyboard
You use the keyboard is used to tell the computer what to
do. It is very similar to a standard PC keyboard, but there
are a few special keys; you will discover these during the
course.
The Mouse and Mouse Pad

The mouse is a device that you use to “point” to elements on
the screen when you are using OpenWindows. The mouse
has three buttons on the top. These will be described more
in the next chapter. For the mouse to work, it has to be used
on top of the silver mouse pad.

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Users and Accounts
■ Many users can use the workstation
■ Each can be individually identified
■ The Operating System manages the workstation and

shares it among users

1
Users and Accounts

The Sun workstation is designed to be used by many
different people, known as users.
In some cases, several different users can use the system at
the same time. For this to work, the workstation needs to
differentiate among the different users.
It does this by requiring you to have an account on the
system before you can use it. To begin working, you identify
yourself to the system, and if your account details are valid
you may proceed.
At all times when you are using the Sun, the system can tell
who you are and what you are allowed to do.
The software that manages the components of the
workstation and shares them among the users is called the
operating system. The operating system that controls the Sun
workstation is called Solaris.

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Your Account
■ User Name
Identifies you to the system
■ Home Directory
Your own private area of the workstation’s file system,
for storing data.
■ Password
Protects your account from unauthorized use.

1
Your Account
Your account gives you access to the system and to files you
need for your work.
The combination of a user name and home directory
constitutes an account.
■ Your user name (login name) identifies you to the
system
■ Your home directory is an area in the file system
reserved for your use
To prevent other users from using your account (in other
words impersonating you on the system) you can protect
your account with a password. This is not always
mandatory, but is highly desirable.

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Logging in to Your Account
Type your user Your password

name in response will not be shown
to the prompt as you type it
calais login: user401

Password:
Sun Microsystems Inc. ...
calais%
System prompt -
you may now enter
commands to the
system

1
Logging in to Your Account

Logging in identifies you as a valid user and gives you
access to your account.
When the system is available, the screen will display the
login prompt. This normally includes the host name (the
name of the actual system you will be using).
To log in to your account:
1. Type your user name after the login prompt and press
Return.
2. Type your password after the password prompt and
press Return.
Notice that the characters of your password are not
displayed on the screen as you type them.
If your account does not have a password, you will not
be prompted for one.
If you have typed in the correct password the system
prompt appears. This is where you type commands to
the system.
If you type either an incorrect user name or an incorrect
password the message
login incorrect
is displayed and the login prompt appears again.
In the slide example, the hostname of the system is calais

and the user has a user name of user401.

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Your Password
■ Protects your account from unauthorized access.

■ May initially be set by the System Administrator for
your system.
■ You can change your password.
■ Choose a password carefully.

■ Try to avoid anything someone might guess.
■ Use 6-8 characters.
■ Combine letters (upper and lower case) with numbers
and symbols.
For example: Hope2Day, and Crazy4U
■ Don’t write down your password or share it with

other people.

1
Your Password
The password is a central part of the security mechanisms in
Solaris. Its job is to prevent other users impersonating you
so that they can use the system.
When your System Administrator creates an account for you
on the workstation, they may set an initial password for you
or leave the account “open”.
In either case you can should set the password to one of
your own choice.
Treat your password with care. Avoid writing it down, or
sharing it with other users unless you trust them.
Take care when choosing a password. Choose one that is not
easy for other people to guess. Avoid passwords such as
family or pet names, phone numbers or car registration
numbers.
As a guide, use 6-8 characters in the password (you can use
more than 8 if you want). Try and use a mix of characters
(for example upper and lower case, or numbers as well).
However don’t choose a password that is too complicated -
you may forget it! If you do forget your password, see your
System Administrator.

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Changing Your Password
calais% passwd
Changing password for user401 on calais.
Old password:
New password:
Retype new password:
calais%
■ Change your password regularly.

■ Change at least 2 characters each time.

1
Changing Your Password

To change your password:
1. Type passwd after the system prompt, then press
Return.
The system prompts you to enter your old password. If
you do not currently have a password, you will not see
this prompt.
2. Type your current password and press Return.
The system prompts you to enter the new password
3. Type your new password and press Return.
When changing a password you must make “significant”
changes, normally at least two characters.
After you have pressed Return, the system prompts you
to re-enter the new password.
4. Retype the new password and press Return.
This is to confirm the new password.
Change your password regularly. Sometimes the system is
set up to require you to change it regularly, and if you do
not you will be prevented from logging in.

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Logging Out of Your Account
■ Always log out of your account before leaving the

workstation.
calais% logout
calais login:
Login prompt - the system is

now ready for another user
NEVER switch off your workstation without getting the

System Administrator to shut down the system first.

1
Logging Out of Your Account

It is important to log out before leaving your workstation.
Otherwise, any unauthorized user can gain access to your
files or use your identity to access the system and even the
network.
To log out of your account:
1. After the system prompt, type logout and press
Return.
Alternatively you can type exit.
Never switch off the workstation. The workstation should

only be powered off after having been shut down in an
orderly way. This is normally done by the System
Administrator.

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Summary
In this module you learned to:

■ Identify the parts of your Sun workstation.
■ Login to your account.
■ Set and change your password.
■ Logout from your account.

1
Summary Exercise
Complete this exercise to practice the skills you learned in

this module.
1. Log in to your account. Your instructor will tell you
which user name to use.
2. Using the method shown in the notes, set your
password.
3. Log out of your account.
4. Log in to your account again, using your new password.

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Introducing the OpenWindows
Environment 2
Objectives
Upon completing this chapter, you will be able to:
■ Start the OpenWindows environment.
■ Start DeskSetTM applications and utilities using menus
and the mouse.
■ Use on-line help.
■ Manipulate windows and icons.
■ Design and save your Workspace layout.
■ Leave OpenWindows.
Reference Information
Solaris 2.2 User’s Guide
Chapter 1
2-1
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Starting OpenWindows
■ OpenWindows may be started automatically when

you log in.
■ This is set up by the System Administrator
■ It can be started manually:
calais% openwin
2-2 OpenWindows 3.x for Users Revision A

2
Starting OpenWindows
OpenWindows is a graphical user interface that is used with

the Sun workstation. Its aim is to make applications and
utilities easy to access and use.
When your account is set up by the System Administrator, it
can be configured so that OpenWindows is started
automatically, when you log in. Otherwise, you will need to
start it manually.
To start OpenWindows manually:
1. Type openwin, then press Return:
The screen clears and the Solaris logo appears. Then the
screen clears again and finally the initial display appears.

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The Initial OpenWindows Screen Display
Console (Command Tool) Help Viewer
Wastebasket File
Icon Manager

2
The Initial OpenWindows Screen Display
When OpenWindows is started, a number of applications/

utilities are started for you. The screen display will probably
look like the slide.
The initial utilities include the File Manager, the Console
and the Help Viewer:
■ The File Manager and Waste Basket are covered in
more detail in the next chapter.
■ The Help Viewer is a hypertext-based help system,
with useful tutorial information about the
OpenWindows environment in general and the
individual utilities. When OpenWindows starts, the
Help Viewer is set to take you through an
introduction to the environment.
■ The Console is a window that is used to display
system error messages and diagnostic information.
You should not delete the Console window from your
desktop, otherwise messages will be displayed across
the screen and will corrupt the display.

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The Mouse and the Screen Pointer
Pointer
■ Mouse movement is tracked by the pointer on the

screen
■ The pointer is represented by an arrow
■ The shape may change as pointer moves across screen
■ The pointer shape is also used to indicate certain
conditions
■ For example:
Indicates that the system is busy per-

forming some calculation.
Displayed when a window is being re-

sized.

2
The Mouse and the Screen Pointer
As you move the mouse on its pad, a pointer moves on the

screen, tracking the mouse’s movement.
You use the mouse to select objects on the graphical display
for processing. You also use the mouse to select options from
menus that can be displayed from time to time.
The basic shape of the pointer is an arrow. As the pointer
moves over certain objects, the shape may alter.
The shape is also changed when certain operations are
underway. For example, when the system is busy and no
operations are possible using the mouse, the shape changes
to a stopwatch.
When you are changing the size of window (as described
later in this chapter) the pointer resembles a target.

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Using the Mouse
The Mouse Buttons
Adjust
Select
Menu
Mouse Actions
Action Meaning
Press Hold down a mouse button, without moving the mouse.
Point Move the mouse so the pointer points at a specific object on
the screen.
Click Press and release a mouse button.
Double-click Click twice quickly.
Drag Move the mouse while holding down the Select button.
Control-drag Same as drag, but hold down the Control key as well.

2
Using the Mouse
The Sun mouse must be used with the mouse pad,

otherwise any movement will not affect the screen pointer.
Also, the pad should be in the same orientation as the
screen, that is in “landscape” or horizontal orientation.
There are three buttons on the mouse, and each has its own
principal use.
SELECT This is the left button. It is used to highlight and
manipulate objects on the screen, and to choose
settings and activate “buttons”.
When you select an object with the SELECT
button, it will normally be highlighted in some
way, to confirm that the selection has succeeded.
ADJUST This is the middle button. It is used to alter the
range of selections made previously.
MENU This is the right button.Its main use is to display
or select options from menus.
Actions carried out using the mouse are known by certain
terms. These are listed in the table on the slide and will be
used from now on in the course.

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Exercise 2-1
1. Start the OpenWindows environment, if you have not

already done so.
2. Point to the Wastebasket icon.
3. Click SELECT on the Wastebasket icon.
4. How do you know if an icon is selected?
__________________________________________________
5. Move the pointer onto the frame (border area of the
window except the corners) of the Console window.
6. Press SELECT on the frame and move the mouse.
7. Drag the File Manager window to the left-hand corner of
the screen.

2
Exercise 2-1
This exercise is designed to help you become familiar with

the basic OpenWindows graphical environment, and with
using the mouse.

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Using Menus
■ A menu is a selection of basic actions that can be

performed
■ Basic appearance:
Indicates submenu
associated with
selection
Indicates popup
window associated
with selection
■ Click MENU to display a menu

2
Using Menus
In OpenWindows, you use menus to select actions to be
performed.
The menus are known as “popup” menus, because they can
be made to appear at whatever position the screen pointer is
currently at, simply by clicking the MENU mouse button.
Menus consist of a list of options, displayed vertically. Some
options cause direct actions to take place, others require
more information from you before proceeding. For example,
some menu options have further submenus containing more
choices associated with them.
Many menu options cause a further window to appear,
where you have to enter more information before the
requested action is carried out.
Certain menu options may be not be available; these are
displayed in grey text.

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The Workspace Menu
■ Click MENU on the background of the display:
■ Main control options for OpenWindows

2
The Workspace Menu
If you click the MENU button on the mouse when the

pointer is over the background of your display (that is, not
over any windows or icons) then you will see the Workspace
Menu.
The Workspace Menu is the main menu for your
OpenWindows session. It has six options:
Programs: a submenu of the deskset tools
Utilities: a submenu of options for housekeeping in your
OpenWindows environment
Properties: options for customizing your environment
Workstation Info: a display of configuration information
relating to your workstation
Help: on-line help system
Exit: leave the OpenWindows environment

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Selecting Menu Options
■ Press MENU button and drag mouse

■ Release button when desired option is highlighted
■ Drag to the right to expose submenus
Release MENU
button to
select
highlighted
item

2
Selecting Menu Options
To select an option from a menu:

1. Press the MENU button to display the menu.
Remember that the menu displayed will depend on the
position of the screen pointer.
2. Holding the MENU button down, drag the mouse so
the pointer moves over the different menu options.
Notice how the options are highlighted as the pointer
moves over them.
If you drag the mouse to the right over an option with a
submenu, the submenu is displayed.
3. When you have highlighted the desired option, release
the mouse button.
This “selects” the option and the specified action will
now take place.

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Starting the DeskSet Tools
■ Programs submenu from the Workspace Menu

2
Starting the DeskSet Tools
OpenWindows contains an extensive set of graphical

applications to help you get the most from your
workstation, these are collectively known as the DeskSet
Tools.
You start DeskSet Tools by selecting options from the
Workspace menu, Programs submenu. The DeskSet contains
the following applications:
Application Function
File Manager Manage files and directories
Text Editor Edit text files
Mail Tool Managing, sending and reading electronic mail
Calendar Manager Scheduling appointments
Command Tool Interface allowing Solaris commands to be entered
Shell Tool Interface allowing Solaris commands to be entered
Clock Display time and date
Calculator Desk calculator
Performance Meter Displays system and network performance
Print Tool Print files and manage the print queue
Audio Tool Recording, mixing and playing sound
Tape Tool Backup and restore files to tape drives
Image Tool Manipulate graphics images
Snapshot Capture screen image into a file
Icon Editor Edit icon images
Binder Associate icons and printing methods with files
AnswerBook Start the Solaris AnswerBook documentation
viewer

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Introducing the Pushpin
■ Unpinned menus disappear when options selected

■ Pinned menus are always displayed
Pushpin
Click SELECT on Unpinned Menu

Pushpin to pin menu
or unpin menu
Pinned Menu

2
Introducing the Pushpin
In the top left corner of certain menus (not all) is the pushpin.
The pushpin pins the menu to the workspace.
When a menu is pinned to the workspace, it will not
disappear after an option has been selected. An unpinned
menu disappears after option selection.
To pin a menu to the workspace:
1. Display the menu.
Use the MENU button.
2. Holding the MENU button down, drag the mouse so
the pointer is over the pin.
Notice how the pin appears to “stand up”.
3. Release the MENU button.
The menu is redrawn with a thicker border. It is now
pinned up and will stay displayed until unpinned.
To unpin a menu:
1. Click SELECT on the pushpin
The menu will now disappear.

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Exercise 2-2
1. Press MENU outside any icon or open window to

display the Workspace menu.
2. How many menu options have submenus?
__________________________________________________
3. Highlight the Programs option in the Workspace menu,
and drag the mouse to the right.
4. What do you see to the right of the Programs option
arrow?
__________________________________________________
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for the Utilities option.
6. Open the Workspace menu again and pin it.
7. Unpin the Workspace menu.
8. Display the Workspace menu and pin it.
9. Start a Clock by highlighting Clock in the Programs
submenu.
10. Start a Calculator.
11. Start another Calculator.

2
Exercise 2-2
The aim of this exercise is to familiarize you with menus, in

particular the Workspace menu, and pushpins.
You will also gain experience of starting DeskSet
applications.

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Anatomy of a Window
Window Header Resize

Menu Corner
Button
Frame
Pane Pane Menu Scrollbar

2
Anatomy of a Window
Windows in the OpenWindows environment have common

features, which means they can all be manipulated in similar
ways.
Every window is enclosed by a window frame. The inside of
the window is the part that is actually controlled by the
application, this is called the window pane. Normally the
window frame is a different colour from the window pane.
The top of the window frame is the header. This usually
contains a message that identifies the application.
In the top left of the window frame is the window menu
button. If you press the MENU button on the mouse when
the pointer is over this button, a menu of options regarding
window manipulation is displayed. The window menu is
described in more detail later in this chapter.
In each of the four corners of the window frame are the
window resize corners. These are used to change the size of
the window, described later in the chapter.
Applications control what happens in the window pane.
Often there will be a menu associated with this, known as
the pane menu.
To display the pane menu:
1. Point at the window pane.
2. Press the MENU button on the mouse.
The pane menu is likely to be different for different
applications.

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The Window Menu
Click MENU in window

frame to show
window menu

2
The Window Menu
Every window has associated with it a menu of options that

are used to manipulate the window.
To display the window menu:
1. Press the MENU mouse button with the pointer
anywhere in the window frame.
The window menu options are principally concerned with
changing the size or appearance of the window. Many of the
options have “shortcuts”, using either the mouse or the
keyboard, associated with them.
The options are:
Close: Close the window to an icon.
Full Size: Resize the window so that its height is the full
height of the screen.
Move: Reposition the window at another part of the
screen.
Resize: Change the height or width of the window.
Back: Hide the window behind other windows that it
may currently be obscuring.
Refresh: Redraw the window, in case the display in the
window pane has been corrupted.
Quit: Destroy the window and terminate the
application running in the window.
The “Properties” option in the menu is grayed out, meaning
that it is not available.

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Base Windows and Popup Windows

2
Pushpin Popup
Window
Base
Window

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Base Windows and Popup Windows
Main application windows are known as Base Windows,

they appear as described earlier.
Some applications use sub-windows to display messages or
obtain information from users at various stages during the
application. These windows are called popup windows.
They appear similar to base windows, except that the
window frames do not have the menu button. Instead, most
popup windows have a pushpin. This is used in the same
way as the pushpin on menus.
If the window is unpinned, then it disappears when the
dialogue with the user has finished. If it is pinned, then it
stays displayed on the screen.
Popup windows also have a slightly different window menu
to base windows. Instead of the Close option, they have an
option “Dismiss” that is used to unpin and remove the
window.

2
Windows and Icons
■ Use the “Close” option from Window Menu to close a

window to an icon
■ Use “Open” from the Icon Menu to restore window
■ Shortcut:
Click SELECT on
Window Menu Button
■ Also key L7 (“Open”) on left of keyboard

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Windows and Icons
A window can be “closed” to an icon. This saves space on

the display, keeping it tidy.
An icon is a small pictorial representation of a window. The
picture normally relates to the application that is running in
the window, so different applications will have different
icons.
The application continues running when it has been closed
to an icon, but it cannot accept any input from the keyboard.
To close a window to its icon, select the “Close” option from
the window menu. Alternatively, click SELECT once on the
window menu button.
To restore a window from its icon, double click SELECT on
the icon. Icons also have menus that are very similar to
window menus. The only difference is the replacement of
the “Close” option with an “Open” option. You can use this
to restore the icon to the window.
A further method of opening and closing windows is to use
the L5 key (marked “Open”) on the keyboard. When the
pointer is over any part of a window, this key will cause the
window to be closed. When the pointer is over an icon, this
key will cause the icon to be restored to the window.

2
Moving Windows and Icons

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Moving Windows and Icons
When an application starts in OpenWindows, it is placed at

a certain point on the screen. However you can move
windows and icons around the screen, positioning them
where you wish.
To move a window or icon:
1. Point at any part of the window frame (except the
menu button, pushpin or resize corners), or at any part
of the icon.
2. Drag the mouse with the SELECT button held down.
An outline of the window will follow the pointer across
the screen.
3. Release the SELECT button when the window or icon
is in the desired position.
The window or icon will be redrawn at the new location.
Alternatively, you can use the window menu:

1. Select the “Move” option from the window menu.
The window or icon will have an outline drawn around
it.
2. Position the pointer anywhere in the window or icon,
and drag the mouse with the SELECT button pressed.
The outline will follow the pointer.
3. Release the SELECT button at the new location
The window or icon will be redrawn.

2
Changing the Size of a Window
■ Use the Resize Corners:
Selected resize
corner
■ Alternatively, use the “Resize” option from the

window menu.
■ “Full size” option from the window menu makes the
window full height.
■ “Restore size” restores to original size

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Changing the Size of a Window
You can change the size of a window. This is done using the
Resize Corners on the window frame.
To resize a window:
1. Choose in which direction you wish to grow or shrink
the window.
2. Point at the appropriate Resize Corner on the window
frame.
Notice how the pointer shape changes to resemble a
target.
3. Drag the mouse with the SELECT button held down.
An outline of the new size of the window follows the
pointer.
4. Release the SELECT button when the required size is
reached.
The window is redrawn at the correct size.
You can also use the “Resize” option from the window
menu. Once you have selected this option, you use the
Resize corners to indicate the correct size.
You can change a window size quickly using the “Full Size”
option from the window menu (or by double-clicking
SELECT with the pointer in the window frame). This
changes the size so that the window is the full height of the
screen. The width does not change.
You restore the window’s size by double clicking SELECT in
the window frame, or selecting “Restore Size” from the
window menu of the full size window.

2
Quitting an Application

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Quitting an Application
To terminate an application, you can use the “Quit” option

from the window menu.
You may see a popup window asking you to confirm the
operation.
For some of the DeskSet Applications, this is the only way to
quit.

2
Using the Scrollbar
Click SELECT to scroll

to top of the window
Click SELECT to scroll up
Click SELECT and drag

mouse to position the
window display
Click SELECT to scroll down
Click SELECT to scroll

to bottom of window

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Using the Scrollbar
Many windows in OpenWindows have a scrollbar. The

scrollbar is used when it is not possible to display all the
required information in the window.
The scrollbar appears as an elevator on a cable. The cable is
coloured grey, with a black section to indicate which part of
the total information is currently displayed in the window.
Using the mouse in the scrollbar, you can reposition the
display to see other parts of the information.
To scroll upwards, click SELECT in the top section of the
scrollbar “elevator”. This moves the display up by a small
amount. To continuously scroll up, hold down SELECT in
this part of the elevator.
To scroll down, click SELECT in the bottom section of the
elevator.
To position the display at a specific point, point at the
middle section of the elevator. Press SELECT and drag the
mouse up or down until the required information is visible.
Then release the mouse button.
You can quickly scroll to the top (or bottom) of the display
by clicking SELECT in the box at the top (or bottom) of the
scrollbar.
Scrollbars can also operate horizontally.

2
Working with Multiple Windows
■ The active window receives input from the keyboard.

■ The active window is identified by a highlighted
header.
Active header
■ Click SELECT in a window header to activate the

window.
■ OpenWindows can be configured to automatically
activate a window when the pointer is over the
window.

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Working with Multiple Windows
Normally you will have several windows open in your

OpenWindows session. Of these, there may be more than
one that can receive input from the keyboard.
To help organize this, there is always one window marked
as the active window. The application running in this
window will receive any characters that you type at the
keyboard.
The active window can be identified because its header will
be highlighted in some way.
To activate a window:
1. Point anywhere in the window frame.
It is usually easiest to point to the window header.
2. Click once on SELECT.
The window header should then be highlighted, and the
window becomes the active window.
You can configure OpenWindows so that a window

automatically becomes active when the screen pointer
moves over it. This is covered later in the course.
Note that the active window need not be displayed on top of
other windows.

2
Exposing and Hiding Windows
■ Click SELECT on a window frame to expose the

window.
■ Use the “Back” option from a window menu to hide
the window.
■ Use the L5 key (marked “Front”) on the keyboard.

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Exposing and Hiding Windows
OpenWindows allows you to arrange windows so that they

overlap. You can then expose or hide windows as you need
to use them.
To expose a window that is currently obscured, click
SELECT with the pointer in the window header or frame.
Note that this is the same as the method for activating the
window; the window that is exposed becomes active.
You can also press the L5 key (marked “Front”) on the
keyboard with the pointer on any part of the window to
bring a window to the front.
To hide a window that is obscuring other windows, use the
“Back” option from the window menu.
Once more, you can use the L5 key here, in this case the
window is put to the back.

2
Exercise 2-3
1. Display the Window menu of an open window.

2. Close the window to an icon.
3. Display the Window menu of a closed window (icon).
4. What are two ways to close a window?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
5. Close two open windows on your workspace.
6. What happens when you close windows?
__________________________________________________
7. Double-click SELECT on an icon to open it.
8. Place the pointer over an icon, press the MENU button,
and highlight Open.
9. Quit the File Manager and any Calculator windows, if
they are on your Workspace.
10. Point to the Console window’s frame.
11. Press SELECT and drag the window to the upper-right
corner of the screen.
12. Open a Calculator tool, if you do not have one open.
13. Move your Calculator window to the lower- right corner
of your workspace.
14. Place the pointer in a resize corner of the Calculator
window frame.
15. What happens to the pointer when it is positioned over a
resize corner of a window frame?
__________________________________________________

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Exercise 2-3
16. Practice resizing the Calculator window.

17. Increase the size of the window to Full Size and then
resize it to Normal Size using the window menu options.
18. Move the Calculator window so it overlaps another open
window.
19. Expose (Front) and Hide (back) the windows using two
of the three methods discussed.
20. How can you tell when a window is “activated”?
__________________________________________________

2
The Clock
Timezone name Icon
Clock Pane Menu

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The Clock
The OpenWindows clock can be used to display the current

time. The time shown on the clock is kept right by the
system.
You can close the clock window to an icon, even then the
icon will always show the correct time.
If you look at the pane menu for the clock, there is only one
option, marked “Properties”. There are many different
properties that can be set to modify the how the time is
displayed.

2
Clock Properties

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Clock Properties
Options in the properties popup window are set by clicking

SELECT with the pointer in the appropriate box. If an option
is set, the box will be highlighted.
You can choose a digital or analogue display style. You can
include a second hand on the clock, or display the date as
well as the time. You can choose a Roman numeral style of
display for the icon.
Other options allow you to set an alarm, specifying a time
after which the clock will beep at you. You can use the clock
as a stopwatch, to time certain activities.
You can display the time in other time zones, by selecting
from the timezone menu. Press MENU over the timezone
menu button to display the options here.

2
The Calculator

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The Calculator
The DeskSet Calculator is a sophisticated scientific and

financial calculator that can carry out a wide range of
functions.
It is designed to appear and operate like a typical desktop
calculator. There is a display at the top, and you “press”
calculator buttons by clicking SELECT with the pointer over
the button.
Many of the buttons on the calculator have menus
associated with them. You should select menu options in the
same way as you do for other menus in OpenWindows.
The calculator can operate in different number bases (for
example decimal, octal or hexadecimal). It has 10 memory
registers that can be used to remember intermediate results.
A wide range of scientific and financial functions are built
in, and you can define your own extra functions.
The calculator can perform logical operations similar to
those used inside the computer.

2
Getting Help - The Help Viewer

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Getting Help - the Help Viewer
OpenWindows has a comprehensive help system that will

provide you with useful information, hints and tips on how
to use the DeskSet tools.
The Help Viewer is the central part of the Help system. It is
a hypertext based viewing tool that lets you read the
information for particular topics. You can navigate through
the information using the mouse.
Help Viewer is designed to be self-documenting, with good
instructions displayed to you at each stage.
There is a “handbook” for each of the DeskSet tools
containing information on how to use them and get the most
from them. There is also some general introductory and
background information about OpenWindows.
The Help Viewer is started automatically for you with
OpenWindows. You may wish to quit from it; if you do then
you can restart it from the Programs menu at any time.

2
Getting Help - The Help Key
Spot Help Starts Help

Viewer for
Clock

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Getting Help - The Help Key
OpenWindows also has a “spot help” facility, where you can

obtain a quick summary piece of help about one aspect of
the system.
When you press the “Help” key on the keyboard, a popup
window is displayed that contains a few lines explaining the
feature of your desktop where the pointer is currently
positioned. For example, to obtain information on the
pushpin move the pointer over the pushpin on any window
and then press the Help key.
The initial help window contains a button marked “More”.
If you click SELECT on this button, the corresponding
section from the Help Viewer will be displayed.
The F1 function key often (but not always) operates in the
same way as the Help key.

2
Saving Your Workspace Design

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Saving Your Workspace Design
You can design your own desktop (workspace) layout, and

then save the details. OpenWindows will recreate saved the
desktop for you the next time you start OpenWindows.
Each individual user can have their own workspace layout.
If you choose not to do this, then you will always see the
default layout on your initial screen.
To save your workspace layout:
1. Start all the applications you want, and position them
as you want them on the screen.
2. Choose Workspace ➤ Utilities ➤ Save Workspace
That is, the “Save Workspace” option from the “Utilities”
submenu of the “Workspace” menu.
Click on the “OK” button in the popup window that
appears after the operation has completed.

2
Locking Your Screen
■ Lock your screen when leaving your terminal.
■ Press any key, then enter your password to unlock the

screen.

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Locking Your Screen
You should not leave your workstation unattended, as other

people may then use the utilities and the system will believe
it is you. In this way other people can gain access to your
files without your knowledge.
It is not always necessary to log out every time you have to
leave your seat. You can lock the screen. This prevents other
anybody from using it, but does not interrupt any
applications that are currently running.
To lock the screen:
1. Choose Workspace ➤ Utilities ➤ Lock Screen.
The screen will be blanked and a constantly changing
pattern displayed. This pattern is useful because it saves
wear on the monitor that can occur through displaying
the same image all the time.
To unlock the screen and resume your work:
1. Press any key.
The pattern will be cleared from the screen and you will
be asked to enter your password.
2. Enter your password
If you do not have a password, then press Return.
If you enter the wrong password, the lock pattern will
display again. If you do not enter anything, the lock
pattern will display again after a short time.
If you enter the right password then your workspace will
be restored and you can continue working.

2
Leaving OpenWindows
■ Use the Exit option from the Workspace menu
■ Confirmation required

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Leaving OpenWindows
When you have finished work and you wish to log out of
the system, you must first leave OpenWindows.
To exit from OpenWindows:
1. Choose Workspace ➤ Exit.
A popup window will be displayed, requesting
confirmation of the Exit operation. You can confirm or
cancel the exit operation here.
2. Click SELECT on the “Exit” button.
Notice that the “Cancel” button has a double boundary.
This signifies that it is the default choice. To select this
option you need only press Return.
When OpenWindows has finished you will see the system

prompt again. You can then log out using the method
described in Chapter 1.

2
Summary
In this chapter you learned to:

■ Start the OpenWindows environment.
■ Start DeskSet applications and utilities.
■ Manipulate windows and icons.
■ Use on-line help.
■ Design and save your Workspace layout.
■ Lock your screen.
■ Exit the OpenWindows windowing environment.

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Summary Exercise
Complete this summary exercise to practice the skills you

learned in this module.
1. First, to set the scene, if you are in the OpenWindows
environment, exit and log out.
2. Log in to your account.
3. Start the OpenWindows environment.
4. Start a File Manger from the Workspace menu, if you do
not have one open.
5. Match the three items to their button position on the
mouse.
a. MENU left
b. SELECT middle
c. ADJUST right
6. Close the File Manager window to an icon.
7. Bring up the Workspace menu and pin it.
8. Start a Clock.
9. Move the Clock window to the upper right corner of
your workspace.
10. Close the Clock window.
11. Start a Calculator.
12. Unpin the Workspace menu.

2
Summary Exercise (continued)
13. Close the Calculator window to an icon using the

window menu.
14. Open the Calculator icon.
15. Open the Clock icon using a different method than the
one used above.
16. Resize the Clock window:
a. Make it larger.
b. Make it smaller.
c. Change it to Full size.
d. Return it to Normal size.
17. Move the Calculator window to the lower right-hand
corner of your workspace.
18. Move the Clock window so that it overlaps with the
Calculator window.
19. Expose (Front) and Hide (Back) the Calculator and Clock
windows.
20. Quit the File Manager icon.
21. Open a Command Tool.
22. What are the two methods for activating a window?
a. ________________________________
b. ________________________________

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23. Quit the Command and Calculator tool windows.

24. Arrange your workspace as you would like it.
25. Save your workspace.
26. Lock your screen.
27. Now it’s time for coffee!

Managing Your Data with File
Manager 3
Objectives
■ Describe the role of files and folders in organizing
data.
■ Identify the main components of File Manager.
■ Navigate through the Solaris file system using File
Manager.
■ Open files and folders.
■ Rename, copy and move files and folders
■ Delete files and folders.
Solaris 2.2 User’s Guide,
Chapter 3
3-1
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How Solaris Organizes Data
■ Data and programs are stored in files.
■ Files are organized into folders (directories).
■ Folders can also contain other folders.
■ Similar organization to a filing cabinet.

3
How Solaris Organizes Data
Your Sun workstation can store a vast amount of data, so

there must be a way of organizing the storage efficiently.
All data and programs are stored in files. Files can be
grouped together and stored in directories or folders. Folders
can contain other folders as well as files, or they may be
empty.
This method of organizing data is similar to the use of a
filing cabinet in an office. If you think of paper documents as
files, then files can be held in folders. Folders can also hold
other folders, and so on.

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The Solaris File System
■ Hierarchical structure:
root
file folder /
directory
■ A user’s home directory is part of the overall tree

structure.
■ Each user can freely manipulate files and folders in
their home directory area.
■ Access to files and folders outside a user’s home
directory is strictly controlled.

3
The Solaris File System
This method of organizing files leads to a hierarchical,

treelike structure as shown in the diagram. In Solaris, there
is no limit to the depth of the tree.
The collection of files and folders available in your system is
known as the file system. The file system is often illustrated
as a upside-down tree, as shown on the slide.
The base of the file system is usually shown at the top. It is
known as the root directory of the file system.
Your home directory is a portion of the overall file system (a
subtree). You have the ability to freely manipulate, create
and delete files and folders within this subtree, but outside
here your access to files and folders is strictly controlled.
While you may be able to read files, you will not be able to
change their contents.

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File Manager
Current folder name
Header
Control
Area
Path
Pane
File
Pane
Footer
Wastebasket

3
File Manager
File Manager is a tool that allow you to create and

manipulate files and folders in the Solaris File System. It
displays the structure and contents of the file system, and
allows you to perform operations using the mouse and
control buttons.
The icon for File Manager appears like a folder. Underneath
is the name of the “current folder” or “current directory”,
the folder that is currently open in File Manager.
The main File Manager window has a control area, with a
set of four buttons that each control a number of processing
options. There are also two graphical display areas.
The top area is known as the Path Pane. This is used to
illustrate the position of the current folder within the overall
file system structure.
The lower area is known as the File Pane. This illustrates the
contents of the current folder.
There are also two status areas, above and below the File
Pane. These are used to display information and messages
as File Manager operates.
You will also see the Wastebasket icon. The Wastebasket can
be used to store files that you have deleted from the current
folder. These files can be restored at a later date, if you
realize that you have made a mistake. Use of the
Wastebasket will be covered later in the chapter.

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The Path Pane
■ Displays the path from file system root to current

directory:
Indicates
open folder
■ The path can also be written as a string:
/homedir/user401
Start Separate folder
at root names with /
■ The string method is used in window headers.

■ It is also used in other Solaris commands.

3
The Path Pane
The Path Pane is used to tell you which folder is currently

open.
The folder is specified by giving a path through the file
system tree structure from the root to the current folder. The
current folder is represented by an open folder, others as
closed folders. The name of each folder is shown underneath
the icon representing the folder.
The path to a folder can also be represented as a string of
characters, known as the pathname. For example, the path to
the folder shown on the slide can be represented as
/homedir/user401
The / character at the start of the pathname signifies that the
path starts from the root of the file system. Then, the names
of all the directories in the path are added, separated by /
characters.
You will often see this pathname representation in window
headers, and also in other Solaris commands that are not
part of OpenWindows.

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The Folder View
■ To see the position of current directory in full file

system hierarchy:

3
The Folder View
You can view the position of your current directory in

relation to the entire file system hierarchy in the Folder
View.
This is displayed in a separate window from the main File
Manager window. The Folder View window is a base
window, and can be closed to an icon like the main File
Manager window.
To open a Folder View window, choose
View ➤ Open Folder View.

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The Folder View Window
Current Directory
Use scrollbars to see other parts of file system hierarchy

3
The Folder View Window
The Folder View window presents a graphical view of the

file system hierarchy. This will normally be too large to fit
into the window, so there are horizontal and vertical
scrollbars that you can use to see other parts of the
hierarchy.
If your File Manager window is open (not iconized) then the
current directory is marked in the Folder View window by
an open folder icon. If the File Manager is iconized, the
current directory icon is a closed folder.
You can close the Folder View window to an icon using the
standard methods; it is closely linked with your main File
Manager window but can be manipulated separately.

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Changing the Folder View

3
Changing the Folder View
Instead of showing the hierarchy vertically, you can specify

that the Folder View is displayed horizontally.
To do this, choose
View ➤ Show horizontal
in the Folder View window.
You can change back by choosing
View ➤ Show vertical
from the Folder View window when the display is
horizontal.

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Restricting or Expanding the Folder View
Selected folder

3
Restricting or Expanding the Folder View
The View button in the Folder View window allows you to

change which part of the file system hierarchy is displayed
in the window.
The default display starts at the root of the file system. To
restrict this view, click SELECT on one of the folders, then
choose:
View ➤ Start Folder View Here
and the display is redrawn, showing only the subtree
starting at the selected folder.
You can alter the style of the display in other ways, specified
using the View menu:
Add Parent: This expands a restricted folder display
to include the parent of the selected
folder.
Hide Sub Folders: This removes from the display all the
folders below the selected folder.
Show All Sub Folders: This adds to the display all folders
below the selected folder in the
hierarchy.

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The File Pane
■ Displays the contents of the current folder.
■ Different icons indicate different file types.
■ Examples:
Folder
Ordinary text file
Document for FrameMaker
Lotus 123 spreadsheet
Executable program
■ The display will be in colour.

3
The File Pane
The File Pane shows the contents of the current folder. Each
file or sub folder is represented by a graphical icon.
Different icons are used to indicate different “types” of file.
The type of a file affects the way the file is opened and
printed.
File Manager knows about a large number of different file
types. Some examples are shown in the slide.
Experienced users of Solaris and OpenWindows can add
more file types into the system, using a tool called the
Binder.

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View Options for the File Pane

3
View Options for the File Pane
You can use the View menu of the main File Manager
Window to alter the way in which the current folder’s
contents are displayed. You can change the appearance of
each file or subfolder, and also the order in which they are
displayed.
The default display style is “Large Icon” style. Choose
View ➤ Small Icon View
to alter the size of the icons so that more of them can be
displayed in the pane.
Choose
View ➤ List by...
to see the details such as the size displayed with each file or
sub folder on a separate line.
You can order the entries in various ways. Icon based
displays can be ordered by the files’ names, or types. List
based displays can be ordered by name, type, size or the
date when they were last modified.

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Exercise 3-1
1. Start File Manager, if it is not running already.

2. Make sure your home directory is the current folder.
Click SELECT on the Go To: button to make sure.
3. What is the pathname of your home directory?
________________________________
4. Open a Folder View window to see your home directory
in the complete file system hierarchy.
5. Change the Folder View display to horizontal.
6. Change the Folder View display so that it begins at your
home directory.
7. Add the parent folder of your current folder to the
Folder View display.
8. Close the Folder View window.
9. Display the contents of your home directory in the
following formats:
a. small icons, grouped by file type.
b. list format, ordered by file size.
c. large icon format, ordered by filename.

3
Exercise 3-1
The aim of this exercise is to become familiar with the

viewing options of File Manager.

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Selecting Files and Folders
Click SELECT to Click ADJUST to

select one file select additional
or folder files or folders

3
Selecting Files and Folders
Many of the operation you will perform in File Manager

require you to select files or folders.
You can select a single file or folder by clicking SELECT with
the pointer over the file in the File Pane. You can then add
further files or folders to the selection by clicking ADJUST
over them.
The slide shows the File Manager with two objects, the
directory mammals and the file dante, selected.

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Opening Files and Folders
■ Alternatively double click SELECT on the file icon.

■ Action depends on file type:
■ Text file: start Text Editor and load file
■ Folder: make selected folder the current folder
■ Program: run the program
■ Open in Editor starts Text Editor and loads file
■ regardless of contents

3
Opening Files and Folders
To open a file or folder:

1. Select the file or folder you wish to open
You can select more than one file if you want, but it is
more common to open one at a time.
2. Choose: File ➤ Open
The action that takes place depends on the type of file
that is being opened.
If the file is a plain text file, then Text Editor is started
and the file loaded.
If the file is a program, then the program is run.
If you open a folder, then that folder becomes the current
folder. The Path Pane, File Pane and Folder View
windows will change to take account of the new current
folder.
If the file is an application file (like a 123 spreadsheet),
then the application will be started and the file loaded.
Another way to open a file is to double-click SELECT on the
file or folder icon.
You can force the file to be loaded into Text Editor. To do

this:
1. Select the file or folder
2. Choose: File ➤ Open in Editor

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Changing the Current Folder
■ Open the required folder
■ You can select a folder in the File Pane or the Path

Pane
Use File ➤ Open to make

this the current folder

3
Changing the Current Folder
When you wish to change the current folder, simply Open

the desired folder as described earlier.
You can select any folder that is visible in the Path Pane or
Text Pane.
This is how you can change back “up” through the file
system hierarchy after having changed “down” to a sub
folder.

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Using the Go To Button
Type in folder name

then click SELECT
on Go To: button
List of directories visited

with File Manager

3
Using the Go To: Button
You can use the Go To: Button to change the current folder.
To use the button:
1. Type the name of the folder in the text field to the right
of the button
Use the “pathname” notation as described earlier.
2. Click SELECT on the Go To: button.
If the pathname is valid, the current folder is changed.
File Manager remembers all the folders that you “visit”

during your session. You can see them by using the MENU
mouse button with the Go To: button. You can then select
one of them and the current folder will be changed to that
folder.
If you simple click SELECT on the Go To: button with no
pathname specified, then you will be changed back to your
home directory.

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Renaming Files and Folders
Click SELECT on Type in new name

name to select Press Return to finish
name for changing

3
Renaming Files and Folders
Renaming files and folders is very easy with File Manager.

To rename a file or folder:
1. Select the name by clicking SELECT when the pointer
is over the name.
The name will be highlighted and appear with a line
underneath.
2. Type in the new name.
The highlighted text will be replaced with the characters
you type.
Use Delete just as you would normally.
3. Press Return when you have finished.
The highlighting and underlining is removed, although
the file or folder will remain selected.

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Information about Files and Folders
■ Select a file or folder, then choose:

File ➤ Information
Change the name of the file by typing here
Click SELECT to Click SELECT to

apply any changes view advanced
information

3
Information about Files and Folders
In Solaris, a large amount of information is stored about

each file and folder. You can examine this information using
File Manager. To do this:
1. Select a file or folder
As before
2. Choose File ➤ Information
A popup window appears containing data about the file
or folder. Information available includes the name and
type of the file, its size, the date when the file or folder
was last modified, and the access control information for
the file or folder.
You can change some elements of this information. In
particular this is another way to change the name of a
file or folder.
At the bottom of the window is a small button marked
‘+’. This will display more advanced information about
the file or folder.
3. Click SELECT on the Apply button to save any
changes.
If you change any of the pieces of information, make
sure you click on the Apply button otherwise the
changes will not be made to the file or folder.

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Creating a New File or Folder
New file
New folder
Change
the name
to that
required

3
Creating a New File or Folder
You can use File Manager to create new files and folders.
To create a new file or folder:
1. Make sure you are in the correct current folder.
It is easy to make the mistake of creating a file or folder
in the wrong place.
2. Choose File ➤ New Document to create a new file, or
File ➤ New Folder to create a new folder.
A new file or folder is added to the File Pane of the
current directory.
The new file has the name “NewDocument” or
“NewFolder”. The name is highlighted, ready to be
changed to the name you wish to give the new file or
folder.
3. Type in the new name, press Return to finish.
You can leave the name unchanged temporarily, but
make sure you change it before long, otherwise
confusion can arise in later operations.

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Exercise 3-2
1. Change your current folder to the folder called mammals

in your home directory.
2. Write down the names of at least two of the files in this
folder.
_______________________________________
3. Change back to your home directory.
4. What is the size of the file feathers in your home
directory? ________________________________
Who is the file’s owner? ______________________
5. Create a folder in your home directory called games.
6. Look in your file pane to verify that games has been
created.
7. Change the name of the games folder to play.
8. Open the play folder and create four new folders in it.
Name them: backgammon, cribbage, checkers,
and chess.
9. Open the checkers folder and create two files in
checkers. Name them black and red.
10. Go back to the play folder and open the chess folder.
Create three new folders in chess. Name them knights,
pawns, and rook.
11. Go back to the play folder once more and open the
backgammon folder. Create two new folders in this
folder. Name them white and black.
12. Open a Folder View window and check the structure of
the files and folders you have created.

3
Exercise 3-2
The aim of this exercise is to practice moving between

folders in File Manager, and creating new files and folders.

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Copying Files and Folders
■ Making duplicates in the current directory:
Make a
duplicate of
this file
Now rename
the new file

3
Copying Files and Folders
There are a number of ways to copy files and folders with

File Manager.
First, you may wish simply to create a duplicate copy of a
file or folder in the current folder. To make a duplicate:
1. Select the file or folder you wish to duplicate.
As before. You can duplicate more than one file or folder
at once if you wish.
2. Choose File ➤ Duplicate
A new file (or folder) will be created in the current
folder, with the same name as the original except for the
characters “.1” on the end.
If you choose the duplicate option again, a further file or
folder will be created, with the name extension “.2”, and
so on.
3. Rename the duplicate.
Change the name to the one you require. You do not
have to change it, you can leave the name if you wish.

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Copying to Other Folders
Files /
folders
copied to
clipboard
■ Change to a new folder
Files /
folders
pasted
from
clipboard

3
Copying to Other Folders
You can also make copies of files and folders to other

folders. To copy to another folder:
1. Select the files or folders you wish to copy.
As before.
2. Choose Edit ➤ Copy
The files are copied to a central clipboard. The File Pane
display does not change, but a message is displayed in
the File Manager window footer.
You can also use the L6 key (marked “Copy”) on the
keyboard to copy the selected files or folders to the
clipboard.
3. Change to another directory.
4. Choose Edit ➤ Paste
The files will be added to the (new) current folder.
You can also use the L8 key (marked “Paste”) on the
keyboard to paste the files into the folder.
Note that if the destination folder is outside your home area

of the file system, you may not be permitted to paste the
files there. In this case, File Manager will display an error
message.
You can paste many times from the clipboard, but the next
time you perform a “copy” operation, the contents of the
clipboard will be lost.

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Moving Files
Files /
folders
cut to
clipboard
■ Change to a new folder:
Files /
folders
pasted
from
clipboard

3
Moving Files
You can move files and folders to a new folder using Cut
and Paste:
1. Select the files or folders you wish to move.
As before.
2. Choose Edit ➤ Cut
The files are copied to a central clipboard. The files are
removed from the File Pane.
You can also use the L10 key (marked “Copy”) on the
keyboard.
3. Change to another directory.
The files will be added to the (new) current folder.
You can use the L8 key (marked “Paste”) on the
keyboard.
If the destination folder is outside your home area of the file
system, you may not be able to paste the files there.
Remember you can paste many times from the clipboard,
but the next time you cut or copy, the contents of the
clipboard will be lost.

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Copying and Moving with Drag and Drop
Release over Drag the mouse with SELECT pressed

any folder Hold Control key down for copy

3
Copying with Drag and Drop
You can copy or move files using a technique called drag

and drop:
1. Select the files and/or folders you wish to copy/move.
As before.
2. Drag the mouse with SELECT pressed to move the
files. If you wish to copy the files, hold the Control key
on the keyboard as well.
An outline of the selected icons will follow the pointer as
you move the mouse.
3. Release the buttons over the destination folder.
The files and folders will then be copied or moved into
the folder.
The destination folder must be “visible” for this to work.
It can be in the File Pane, the Path Pane or a Folder View
window.
As before, if the destination is outside your home area, you

may be prohibited from putting the files into the folder.

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Exercise 3-3
1. In the chess folder, make a duplicate of the pawns

folder and change its name to bishops.
2. Move the red and black files in the checkers folder to
the cribbage folder.
3. Copy the white and black folders from the
backgammon folder to the checkers folder.
4. Change the name of the white folder that is now in the
checkers folder to red, and change the name of the
black folder to green.
5. Change the name of the white folder in backgammon to
red.

3
Exercise 3-3
The aim of this exercise is to practice copying and moving

files using File Manager.

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Deleting Files and Folders
Files are
now in
waste
basket

3
Deleting Files and Folders
It is easy to delete files and folders using File Manager. The

simplest method uses the Delete menu option.
To delete files and folders:
1. Select the files and folders you wish to delete.
As before.
2. Choose Edit ➤ Delete.
The files or folders are removed from the File Pane.
If you delete a folder that contains files or other folders, a
popup window appears and you must confirm that you
want to remove the folder and all of its contents.
Notice that after deletion, the Wastebasket icon appears
as if it contains papers. This is because the files and
folders you deleted have been placed in the Wastebasket.

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The Wastebasket
Icon when wastebasket is empty
Icon when wastebasket contains files and folders
Wastebasket
window

3
The Wastebasket
The Wastebasket is a special part of the File Manager, used

to manage the files and folders that you have deleted.
When you delete a file or folder, as described earlier, the file
or folder is placed in the Wastebasket. It remains there until
you empty the Wastebasket.
Until then, you can “restore” the file by moving it back to
the original File Manager window.
When File Manager starts, the wastebasket is created

alongside it. If it is empty, the Wastebasket is shown as an
icon that resembles an empty basket. When files or folders
are deleted, the icon changes to indicate that there is
something in the Wastebasket.
When you open the Wastebasket window, you will see that
it is similar to the File Manager window. There is a “Path
Pane”, that shows the Wastebasket icon. There is also a File
Pane that displays the files currently in the Wastebasket.

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Deleting by Drag and Drop
Drop over the

Wastebasket

3
Deleting by Drag and Drop
Another way to delete files and folders is to drag them to

the Wastebasket.
To delete by drag and drop:
1. Select the file(s) and folder(s) you wish to delete.
As before.
2. Point at one of the selected files or folders and drag the
mouse, holding the SELECT button down.
An outline shape of the file or folder will follow the
pointer.
3. Release the button when the pointer is over the
Wastebasket icon.
The files will disappear from the File Pane, and the icon
will indicate that the Wastebasket is no longer empty.

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Restoring from the Wastebasket

3
Drop on
File Pane

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Restoring from the Wastebasket
As long as a file or folder is in the Wastebasket, it can be

restored to your local area.
To restore a file or folder from the Wastebasket:
1. Open the Wastebasket window.
2. Select the file(s) or folder(s)
As before.
3. Point to one of the selected files and press SELECT,
drag the mouse while holding down SELECT.
An outline will follow the pointer as you move the
mouse.
4. Release the button when the pointer is over the File
Pane of the File Manager.
The file is moved back into the current folder. It is no
longer in the Wastebasket.
You can also restore the files or folders to another
directory by releasing the button when the pointer is
over the folder icon. This is just like the normal File
Manager “move” operation.

3
Emptying the Wastebasket
■ Files and folders cannot be restored after the

Wastebasket has been emptied.
■ Make sure you do not require them before emptying
the Wastebasket.

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Emptying the Wastebasket
When you are sure that the files or folders are no longer
required, you can empty the Wastebasket.
To empty the Wastebasket:
1. Open the Wastebasket window.
2. Check that the files and folders in the Wastebasket are
no longer required.
3. Choose Empty Waste in the Wastebasket window.
Now the files and folders are gone and cannot be
restored.

3
Leaving File Manager
■ Confirmation will be required
■ You can empty the Wastebasket when leaving File

Manager

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Leaving File Manager
To leave File Manager, choose:

File ➤ Quit File Manager
A popup window will appear, asking you to confirm that
you want to leave File Manager.
If you confirm, and there are files or folders in the
Wastebasket, you will be asked if you wish the Wastebasket
to be emptied.
The next time you start File Manager, the current folder will
be set to the folder that was current when you quit.

3
Exercise 3-4
1. Create a new file in your home directory and name it

trash.
2. Locate the Wastebasket icon on your workspace.
3. Drag and drop the trash file to the Wastebasket icon.
4. Open the Wastebasket icon to verify the trash file is in
it.
5. Restore the trash file to your home directory.
6. Create a folder and name it garbage.
7. Delete the garbage folder you just created.
8. Verify that the garbage folder is in the wastebasket.
9. Empty the Wastebasket.

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Exercise 3-4
The aim of this exercise is to give you practice deleting files

and folders, and using the Wastebasket.

3
Summary

■ Identify File Manager components.
■ Open files and folders.
■ Navigate through the Solaris file system using File
Manager.
■ Create new files and folders.
■ Delete files and folders.
■ Manipulate files and folders.

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Examining and Editing Text Files
with Text Editor 4
Objectives
■ Examine the contents of a text file
■ Insert text into a text file.
■ Save a new or existing file.
■ Edit and format text.
■ Find and replace text.
Solaris 2.2 Users Guide
Chapter 3
4-1
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Introducing Text Editor
■ Text Editor is a tool for viewing and editing text files.
■ To start Text Editor:
■ Choose Workspace ➤ Programs ➤ Text Editor.
■ Double click SELECT on text files

in File Manager.
■ Choose File ➤ Open on selected text

files in File Manager.
■ Choose File ➤ Open in Editor on other

file types in File Manager.

4
Introducing Text Editor
Text Editor is a utility that can be used to examine and

change the contents of text files.
Text files do not contain a special formatting information
such as different typefaces and fonts. Text Editor cannot deal
with such files - use a word processing or desktop
publishing package for this.
With Text Editor you can view the contents of files marked
as text files in File Manager. You can edit the contents of
these files and save the results into the same file or into a
new file.
Text Editor is not difficult to use. You can start it in a
number of ways:
1. Choose the “Text Editor” option from the Programs
submenu of the Workspace menu.
2. Double click SELECT on a text file (as shown by the text
file icon) in File Manager.
3. Choose File ➤ Open on text files in File Manager.
4. Select another type of file in File Manager and choose
File ➤ Open in Editor.

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Text Editor
Header Drop Target
Control
Area
Caret
(inactive)
Text
Pane
Footer
Text Editor Icon

4
Text Editor
The Text Editor window has four main parts:

Header This normally displays the names of the file
being edited and the folder containing the file.
If no file is currently open, the name will be
shown as NONE.
Control area The control area contains four buttons, each
with a menu of editing functions. Also in the
control area is the drop target, used with drag
and drop loading of files (see later).
Text Pane This is where the contents of the file are
displayed. The caret marks the current editing
position in the file.
Footer This is where messages and status
information are displayed.
The Text Editor icon also displays the name of the currently
open file, or “NO FILE” if no file is being edited.

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The Text Pane Menu
Click MENU in the text

pane to display the menu

4
The Text Pane Menu
As well as the four menu buttons in the control area, Text

Editor has a popup menu that appears when you click
MENU on the text pane.
The popup menu has five submenus, four of these
correspond to the menus that appear from the control area
buttons. The fifth, “Extras”, contains some useful functions
that are more specialized.
You can use either the menu buttons or the popup menu
options, whichever you find more convenient.

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Using the Scrollbar - Split Views
Press MENU
to display
menu
Regions are
independently
scrollable

4
Using the Scrollbar - Split Views
If the file is too large to show in the Text Editor window, you
can use the scrollbar to determine which portion of the file is
currently visible.
You can also use the scrollbar to split the text pane into two
(or more) sub windows, each providing you with a view of a
part of the file.
To split the view:
1. Press MENU with the pointer over the scrollbar region
of the window
The scrollbar menu appears.
2. Select the “Split Views” option from this menu.
The text pane is split into two.
The sub-windows have scrollbars associated with them, and

can be scrolled independently of each other. Remember,
however, that they are different views of the same file, and
changing text in one will affect the other window.
Each of the views can be further split, and you can also join
two views together again.
To join two views together:
1. Press MENU with the pointer in the scrollbar region.
The scrollbar menu appears, but this time there is an
option “Join Views”.
2. Select the “Join Views” option.
The two views are joined into a single view.

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Inserting and Deleting Text
Header indicates the text

has been altered
Caret
■ The active caret marks the editing position in the file.

■ New characters are inserted after caret.
■ Delete key removes characters to the left of the caret.
■ Click SELECT to position and activate the caret.

4
Inserting and Deleting Text
To enter text into a file you are editing with Text Editor, you
simply type the characters at the keyboard. First, however,
the Text Editor window and the caret must be activated.
The caret is a marker that is used to indicate the current
editing position in the file. When the window is active, the
caret is displayed as a black triangle. When inactive, the
caret is displayed as a grey diamond.
To position and activate the caret, click SELECT at the
required position in the text.
Note that the caret may not be on the portion of the file that
you can currently see. You can scroll the text using the
scrollbar after you have activated the caret. The caret will
still be the current editing position, although it may not be
currently visible in the text pane.
As you type characters, they are inserted at the caret’s
position and the caret moves to the right. If you press the
Delete key or the BackSpace key, the character to the left of
the caret is deleted and the caret moves to the left.
When you add or delete text, the Text Editor window header
changes to indicate that you have altered the file’s contents
since the file was last saved.
The changes you make are not finally applied to the file
until you “save” the file.

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Line Wrapping

4
Lines wrapped at
character
boundary
Lines clipped -
no wrapping

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Line Wrapping
If lines in your file are too long to be displayed in the Text

Editor window, Text Editor will “wrap” the line around to
start at the beginning of the next line in the window. As you
enter text, the line you are currently typing will
automatically be wrapped at the window’s edge, and
continue on the line below.
If you resize the window making it narrower or wider, then
the line wrapping will automatically be adjusted to match
the new width.
You can force a break onto a new line by simply pressing the
Return key. These line breaks are not affected by resizing the
window.
Normally, Text Editor will not break a word when
performing line wrapping. This is known as Wrap at word
behaviour.
You can change this using the View ➤ Change Line Wrap
options in Text Editor.
Wrap at Character means the line will be wrapped when no
more characters may be entered on the current line. This will
cause words to be broken and can make the file difficult to
read.
Clip Lines means that no line wrapping is performed. The
window will display as much of each line as possible, but
“clip” the line at the edge of the window.

4
Undo
■ Reverses the last change made to the text in the

window.
■ You can also undo all changes made since the file was
last saved.

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Undo
If you make a mistake when entering or deleting text, you

can use
Edit ➤ Undo
to reverse the change(s).
You can either undo the last edit operation you performed
on the text in the window, or you can undo all the changes
that have been made since the file was last saved.

4
Saving Your Changes
Save changes to
original file
Save to a different
file

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Saving Your Changes
You should save your changes at regular intervals. You do

this using the File menu of Text Editor. To save changes in
the current file:
1. Choose File ➤ Save
You can also save the file with a different name. You will
have to do this if you have no current file open (if the
filename in the window header is NONE).
To save the file with a new name:
1. Choose File ➤ Save as...
The file chooser window appears, for you to choose the
folder and filename into which you want to save the file.

4
Choosing a File

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Click SELECT
to choose
the folder
Type the
file name
Click to
save the
file

4
Choosing a File
When you choose to save your text in a new file, you will
see a popup window that you use to specify the file to use.
To save in a different file using the file chooser popup
window:
1. Check that you are in the correct folder.
The window displays the current folder (directory) name
and a list of all sub folders. The names of files in the
folder are also visible, but grayed out.
You can change into one of the sub folders by double
clicking SELECT on the sub folder name. Alternatively,
click SELECT once on a sub folder name to highlight the
name and then click on the Open Folder button at the
bottom of the window.
The option Go up one folder... in the list of names
allows you to change to the parent folder as well.
If you know the pathname of the folder you want, you
can type it in the field next to the Go To: button. Then
click SELECT on the button, and you will change to the
folder.
2. Type the name of the file in the Save As: field.
3. Click SELECT on the Save button.
The file will be saved.
You can abandon the “Save as” operation by clicking

SELECT on the Cancel button, or dismissing the popup
window.

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Exercise 4-1
1. Open a Text Editor.

2. How do you activate the text caret in a Text Editor
window?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
3. Resize the window and insert the text as shown below.
4. Store the text you have entered as a new file in your

home directory. Name the file editor_1.
5. Verify that the file was created by looking at the text
pane header. The new file name should appear in it.
6. Keep this Text Editor window open.

4
Exercise 4-1
7. Open a File Manager, if one is not already open.
8. Move the windows so they do not overlap.
9. Go to your home directory.
10. Create a folder in this directory called test.
11. Store the same file again, but this time in the test
directory. Name the File editor_2.
12. Quit this Text Editor window. (You will have to use the
window menu.)
13. Open the test folder to verify that editor_2 is in it.
14. Open the editor_2 document in a new Text Editor
window. (Use the Open method from File Manager.)
15. Choose File ➤ Save; notice how Text Editor responds
with an alert box.
16. Click SELECT on the Continue button.
17. Modify the file by adding a few lines of text. Choose
File ➤ Save again. The file can now be saved without
the alert box coming up.
18. Add some more text to the file. Now try and quit from
Text Editor; notice the alert box that is displayed.
19. Decide whether you wish your new text to be saved,
then quit Text Editor.
20. Close the File Manger to an icon.

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Loading a File into Text Editor
■ You can load a file using the File menu:
Highlight the file

to load by clicking
SELECT
Click SELECT on the

button to load the file
or cancel the operation

4
Loading a File into Text Editor
There are two main ways to load a new file into Text Editor.
The first uses the File menu. To load a file:
1. Choose File ➤ Open
An “open” popup window appears.
2. Select the file you wish to load.
Highlight the file’s name in the list of file names
displayed in the popup window by clicking SELECT.
If you wish to change to a different folder, you can do so
in the same way as you changed to a new folder in the
“Save as...” operation described earlier.
3. Click SELECT on the Open button.
The file whose name is highlighted is loaded into Text
Editor, replacing any text that was currently being edited.
If there were unsaved changes in the “current” file, you
will be given the chance to save or abandon the changes
before the new file is loaded.
You can also load the file by double clicking SELECT on the
filename in the list shown in the popup window.

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Loading a File with Drag and Drop

Drop target
From
File
Manager
■ Hold down SELECT and drag the file icon from File
Manager.
■ Release when the file icon is over the drop target.

4
Loading a File with Drag and Drop
You can also load a file into Text Editor using a technique
known as drag and drop. This uses the mouse, File Manager
and Text Editor windows.
To load a file with drag and drop:
1. Identify the file you want to load in File Manager.
Move the mouse so the pointer is over the icon for the
file.
2. Press SELECT and drag the mouse out of File Manager
towards Text Editor.
The file icon should follow the pointer, even after it
leaves the File Manager window.
3. Move the mouse so the pointer and icon are positioned
over the drop target on the Text Editor window.
4. Release the mouse button.
The contents of the file will be loaded into Text Editor.
As with the menu-based file load operation, you will be

warned if there are unsaved changes in the current text in
the editor.

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Including a File
■ First position caret at the insertion point
Click SELECT to
choose the file to
include
Click SELECT to
include the file

4
Including a File
You can include the contents of another file into the file you
are currently editing.
To include a file:
1. Position the caret at the point where you would like
the new file to be inserted.
2. Choose File ➤ Include.
A popup window appears containing a list of files. Select
the file to include in the same way as for the “Open”
operation.
3. Click SELECT on the Include button.
The file you have selected will be inserted into your
current file at the point marked by the caret.
You can also include a file using drag and drop.

To include a file using drag and drop:
1. Position the caret at the desired insertion point.
2. Identify the file you want to include in your File
Manager window.
3. Drag the file icon from File Manager over to Text
Editor.
4. Drop the icon over the text pane.
Do not drop over the drop target, otherwise the existing
contents of your Text Editor window will be replaced. By
dropping over the text pane, the file is inserted at the
caret position.

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Exercise 4-2
1. Open a new Text Editor.

2. Load the file called dante into the newly opened Text
Editor window. This file is located in your home
directory.
3. Include the file called dante_1 into the same Text Editor
window. This file is also located in your home directory.
4. Verify that both these files have been added to the open
Text Editor.
5. Keep this Text Editor window open.

4
Exercise 4-2
This exercise is to give you practice loading and including

files into Text Editor.

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Selecting Text
Selected
Text
■ Selected text can be:

■ deleted (cut) from its current position.
■ replaced with new text typed at the keyboard.
■ pasted at another location in the file.
■ or into another Text Editor window.
■ copied to another location in the file.

■ or into another Text Editor window.

4
Selecting Text
Text Editor allows you to perform actions on a block of text

that is treated as a single object. First, you must mark or
select this text.
Selected text is always highlighted in the Text Editor
window. Once you have selected text you can:
■ replace the selected text with new text that you type
at the keyboard.
■ delete, or cut, the text, removing it from the file.
■ reinsert, or paste the text at another point in the file, or
into another Text Editor window.
■ copy the text to another point in the file, or into
another Text Editor window.

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How to Select Text
■ Press SELECT, drag the mouse to end of required text,

release mouse button.
■ Click SELECT at start of required text, click ADJUST

at end of required text.
■ Accelerators:
■ Double click SELECT to select a word
■ Triple click SELECT to select a line
■ Quadruple click SELECT to select the entire document
■ To deselect text, click SELECT anywhere in the text

pane

4
How to Select Text
There are numerous ways to select text. First, move the

mouse so the pointer is at the start of the required text.
1. Press SELECT on the mouse and drag the mouse to the
end of the region you want to select.
A highlighted area of text will follow the pointer as you
drag the mouse.
A second method you can use is:
1. Click SELECT at the start of the required text.
2. Move the mouse to the end of the text you want to
select.
3. Click ADJUST.
The text between the point where you clicked SELECT
and the current pointer position will be highlighted and
selected.
When you wish to select a well-defined piece of text, there
are some shortcuts you can take:
1. To select an entire word
Point to the word, and double click SELECT.
2. To select an entire line
Point to the line, and triple click SELECT.
3. To select the entire document in the window
Quadruple click SELECT. Even the parts of the
document that you cannot see will be selected.
To deselect text, click SELECT anywhere in the text pane and

the highlighting disappears.

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Cutting and Pasting Text

4
Selected text
is removed
Text is reinserted
at the current
caret position

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Cutting and Pasting Text
To cut and paste a block of text:

1. Select the text you wish to operate on.
Use any of the methods described earlier.
2. Choose Edit ➤ Cut.
The selected text disappears from the Text Editor
window. It is held on a temporary “clipboard”.
3. Position the caret at the point where you wish to
reinsert the text.
The text will be inserted into the document at the caret
position.
Note that after a Paste operation, the text remains on the
clipboard and can be pasted again at different points in
the file.

4
Other Ways to Cut and Paste
■ Use the L10 (Cut) key on keyboard to cut selected text.
■ Use the L8 (Paste) key to paste at the caret position
■ You can also use drag and drop:
■ Select the text to cut.
■ Hold down SELECT, drag the mouse.
■ Release SELECT when the target shape is over the

required text position.

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Other Ways to Cut and Paste
There are other ways you can cut and paste text:
1. Select the text you wish to cut.
As before
2. Press the L10 key (marked “Cut”) on the keyboard.
The selected text is removed from your window.
3. Position the caret where you want the text to be
reinserted.
4. Press the L8 key (marked “Paste”).
The text is pasted at the caret position.
You can also use drag and drop to cut and paste text:
1. Select the text you wish to cut
As before.
2. Press and hold the SELECT mouse button, and drag the
mouse.
A small target shape follows the pointer. Move the
mouse until the target is at the position in the text where
you wish to paste the text.
The text will be cut from its original position and pasted
at the new position.

4
Copying and Pasting Text

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Selected text is
copied to
temporary
clipboard
Text is inserted at the

new caret position

4
Copying and Pasting Text
To copy and paste a block of text:

1. Select the text you wish to operate on.
Use any of the methods described earlier.
2. Choose Edit ➤ Copy
The selected text does not change in the Text Editor
window. However it is copied to the temporary
“clipboard”.
3. Position the caret at the point where you wish to paste
the text.
The text will be inserted into the document at the caret
position.
As with cut and paste, the text may be pasted many times
from the clipboard.

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Other Ways to Copy and Paste
■ Use the L6 (Copy) key on keyboard to copy selected

text.
■ Use the L8 (Paste) key to paste at the caret position.
■ AlsoControl-drag and drop:
■ Select the text to copy.
■ Hold down the Control key and SELECT, and drag

the mouse.
■ Release the buttons when the target is over the

required text position.

4
Other Ways to Copy and Paste
There are other ways you can copy and paste text:
1. Select the text you wish to copy.
As before.
2. Press the L6 key (marked “Copy”) on the keyboard.
There is no change to the display, but a copy of the
selected text has been made to the clipboard.
3. Position the caret where you want the text to be
reinserted.
4. Press the L8 key (marked “Paste”).
The text is pasted at the caret position.
You can also use Control-drag and drop to copy and paste
text:
1. Select the text you wish to cut
As before.
2. Press the Control key on the keyboard, then press and
hold the SELECT mouse button, and drag the mouse.
A small target shape follows the pointer. Move the
mouse until the target is at the position in the text where
you wish to paste the text.
The text will be copied from its original position and
pasted at the new position.

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4 Not to be copied
Cut or Copy and Paste Between Windows
Selected text is
copied to
clipboard
Text can be pasted

from clipboard into
other Text Editor
windows

4
Cut or Copy and Paste Between Windows
You can paste text that you have cut or copied from one Text
Editor window into another window, or into several other
windows:
1. Copy or Cut the text as described earlier.
2. Position the caret in the new window at the point
where you wish to insert the text.
This action will activate the window as well.
3. Choose Edit ➤ Paste in the new window.
The text will be inserted at the caret position.
It is also possible to paste the text into other applications.

The text is treated as normal input, so if the application
accepts text from, say, the keyboard, you will be able to
paste text that you have cut or copied from a Text Editor
window. This is a very powerful feature of OpenWindows.

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4 Not to be copied
Exercise 4-3
Use the Text Editor window you created in exercise 4-2.
1. Open a new Text Editor window.

2. Move this window and the one you worked on in
exercise 4-3, so they are side by side.
3. Select the heading “YOUTH” and the two paragraphs
under the heading, then select Edit ➤ Copy.
4. Paste the text you have just copied into the newly
opened Text Editor window.
5. Now, Cut the text starting with “STUDENT” and the
paragraph underneath it, and Paste it into the Text Editor
under the section you just added.
6. Quit the first Text Editor. Do not save changes.
7. Highlight the first line starting “Exact details...”and drag
it to the end of the second paragraph.
8. Undo the Last Edit.

4
Exercise 4-3
The aim of this exercise is to practice copying and moving

text within a Text Editor window, and between windows.

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4 Not to be copied
Searching For and Replacing Text
Search for
Replace
with

4
Searching For and Replacing Text
Text Editor has a powerful search and replace facility,

allowing you to substitute patterns of text throughout a file.
To use Find and Replace:
1. Choose Find ➤ Find and Replace...
A popup window appears, where you specify the text
that you wish to search for, and what you want to
replace it with (if anything).
2. Type in the text you wish to search for.
You may include spaces and multiple words in the text.
3. Type in the text you wish to replace it with
If you simply want to locate a piece of text, you may
leave this blank.
4. Click SELECT on the search or search/replace operation
that you wish.
You can search forwards or backwards through the file.
You can combine search and replace operations.
You can also replace all occurrences of your search
pattern with the replacement in a single operation.
5. Dismiss the popup window when you have finished.

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4 Not to be copied
Exercise 4-4
Use the Text Editor window from exercise 4-3.
1. Find all the occurrences of “Croce” and replace them

with “Fe.”
2. Quit this Text Editor.
3. Choose “Discard edits, then Quit” in the popup window
that appears.
4. Quit the File Manager.

4
Exercise 4-4
The aim of this exercise is to practice using the Find and

Replace features of Text Editor.

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4 Not to be copied
Summary
In this chapter you learned how to:

■ View the contents of a text file.
■ Insert text into a text file.
■ Save a new or existing file.
■ Edit text.
■ Find and replace text.

4
Summary Exercise
Complete the exercise to practice the skills you learned in

this chapter.
You will be editing the feathers file in your home
directory.
1. Open a Text Editor window and keep it open.
2. Open a File Manager.
3. Go to your home directory and open the feathers file.
4. Scroll to the last section of the text titled
“CLAIRVOYANCE.”
5. Position the caret just before “CLAIRVOYANCE”
6. Select the entire block of text from the title
“CLAIRVOYANCE” to the end of the document.
7. Drag and drop the selected text onto the newly opened
Text Editor tool.
8. In the newly opened Text Editor, insert the following
sentence, in front of the paragraph beginning “C. N.
Jerome...”
Lantos is just one of many people with psychic powers.
9. Select the line starting “After a neighbor’s wife...” in the
first paragraph.
10. Deselect the line selected above.
11. Select the word “wife” from the sentence referenced
above.
12. Change “wife” to “husband.”
13. Delete the word “Just” (the first word in the first
paragraph).

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4 Not to be copied
14. Find all the occurrences of “Lantos” and replace them

with “Londos”.
15. Move the paragraph starting “Londos could
concentrate...” to the end of the text.
16. Undo the last Edit. (The edit made in #16.)
17. Store this new file as clairvoyance in your home
directory.
18. Empty the text pane contents.
19. Insert the following text:
SPIRIT DEPARTURE
Mr. Albert Sykes reports the following experience: “I was
sitting having a biscuit with some friends when I felt my
spirit leave my body and go make a telephone call.”
20. Save the file as spirit in your home directory and quit
the Text Editor window.
21. Quit the Text Editor.

4
Advanced Summary Exercise
If you have completed the summary exercise for this module

and would like to test more of your skills, complete this
advanced summary exercise.
In this exercise, a file named Lab4 has been scrambled. You
need to load the file into a Text Editor and unscramble the
file so that it reads as shown below.
EXAMINING PSYCHIC PHENOMENA

There is no question that there is an unseen world. The problem is,
how far is it from midtown and how late is it open? Unexplainable
events occur constantly. One man will see spirits. Another will hear
voices. A third will wake up and find himself running in the Darkness.
How many of us have not at one time or another felt an ice-cold hand
on the back of our neck while we were home alone? (Not me, thank
God, but some have.) What is behind these experiences? Or in front of
them, for that matter? Is it true that some men can foresee the future or
communicate with ghosts? And after death is it still possible to take
showers?
Fortunately, these questions about psychic phenomena are answered
in a soon to be published book, BOO!, by Dr. Osgood Mulford Twelge,
the noted parapsychologist and professor of ectoplasm at Columbia
University. Dr. Twelge has assembled a remarkable history of
supernatural incidents that covers the whole range of psychic
phenomena, from thought transference to the bizarre experience of
two brothers on opposite parts of the globe, one of whom took a bath
while the other suddenly got clean. What follows is but a sampling of
Dr. Twelge’s most celebrated cases, with his comments.
APPARITIONS
On March 16, 1983, Mr. J. C. Dubbs awoke in the middle of the night
and saw his brother Amos, who had been dead for fourteen years,
sitting at the foot of his bed flicking chickens. Dubbs asked his brother
what he was doing there, and his brother said not to worry, he was
dead and was only in town for the weekend. Dubbs asked his brother

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4 Not to be copied
Advanced Summary Exercise (continued)
what it was like in “the other world,” and his brother said it was not
unlike Cleveland. He said he had returned to give Dubbs a message,
which was that a dark blue suit and Argyle socks are a big mistake.
At that point, Dubb’s servant girl entered and saw Dubbs talking to “a
shapeless, milky haze,” which she said reminded her of Amos Dubbs
but was a little better-looking. Finally, the ghost asked Dubbs to join
him in an aria from Faust, which the two sang with great fervor. As
dawn rose, the ghost walked through the wall, and Dubbs, trying to
follow, broke his nose.
This appears to be classic case of the apparition phenomenon, and if
Dubbs is to be believed, the ghost returned again and caused Mrs.
Dubbs to rise out of a chair and hover over the dinner table for twenty
minutes until she dropped into some gravy. It is interesting to note
that spirits have a tendency to be mischievous, which A. F. Childe, the
British mystic, attributes to a marked feeling of inferiority that have
over being dead. “Apparitions” are often associated with individuals
who have suffered an unusual demise. Amos Dubbs, for instance, had
died under mysterious circumstances when a farmer accidentally
planted him along with some turnips.

Electronic Mail with Mail Tool 5
Objectives
■ Retrieve and view messages.
■ Compose and send messages.
■ Print, delete, and undelete messages.
Solaris 2.2 Users Guide,
Chapter 4
5-1
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5 Not to be copied
Electronic Mail

5
Electronic Mail
Electronic mail is a method for different users to exchange

messages with each other.
Messages can be sent between users on the same system, or
between systems. When computers are connected together
into large networks, electronic mail is a very powerful
means of communication. It is possible, for example, to send
electronic mail to, and receive mail from users on the other
side of the world.
Each user has an electronic mail address. You send the
message to this address. When the message arrives, the
electronic mail system places it in a mailbox. The user will be
informed in some way that the message has arrived, and can
then choose to read it.
Solaris has a powerful electronic mail system. You access
this through the OpenWindows utility Mail Tool.

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5 Not to be copied
Introducing Mail Tool
■ Mail Tool has three icons.

■ The icon indicates the status of your mailbox.
New mail waiting to be read.
Mailbox contains messages, but no

new mail is waiting.
Mailbox is empty.

5
Introducing Mail Tool
You start Mail Tool by choosing

Programs ➤ Mail Tool
Mail Tool normally appears as an icon, that describes the
current status of your mailbox. There are three possibilities:
1. New mail messages have arrived since you last read the
mailbox.
2. The mailbox contains messages, but none have arrived
since you last examined the mailbox.
3. The mailbox is empty.
This means that you can tell at a glance whether or not you
have messages that need to be read.
If new mail arrives while Mail Tool is running, the icon will
change to show that this has happened. Once you have read
the mail, the icon changes back again.

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5 Not to be copied
The Mail Tool Window
Control Area Header
In-Box Listing Status messages

5
The Mail Tool Window
The main Mail Tool window appears as a scrolling list of

messages.
The window header identifies Mail Tool and includes the
name of the default mailbox, known as the In-Box. Each user
has their own In-Box.
There is a Control Area that contains a collection of buttons
used to perform various operations within Mail Tool. The
buttons are in three groups:
■ the standard menu buttons - File, View, Edit and
Compose.
■ the user-defined menu buttons - Done, Next, Delete
and Reply. You can set up your own buttons to
replace these - this is described in the next chapter.
■ the mail file buttons - Move, Copy and Load.
The window footer displays status messages about the In-
Box. As you perform operations on your In-Box, the
messages here will reflect any changes that are made.

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5 Not to be copied
Message Headers
Status Sender Message Size

(lines/characters)
Message When the message Subject

number was sent

5
Message Headers
In the In-Box listing you will see the message headers for all
the messages in your In-Box.
The header gives you information on each message, such as:
■ who sent the message.
■ when the message was sent.
■ the size of the message (given in lines and characters).
■ the subject of the message.
Messages are numbered starting at 1. At the start of each

message header is a status indicator. The values for this can
be:
■ blank, indicating a message that you have already
read.
■ U, indicating that the message is unread.
■ N, indicating that the message is new (it has arrived
since the In-Box was last updated).
■ ♦, indicating that the message has an attachment.
Attachments are described in the next chapter.

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Viewing Mail Messages
Current message Click SELECT on header

5
Viewing Mail Messages
You view mail messages by selecting them from the message

window.
To view a single message, simply double click SELECT on
the header.
To view more than one message at once:
1. Click SELECT on the first message header
The header is highlighted and the status area shows an
arrow (➜).
2. Click ADJUST on any other message header you wish
to include.
Each additional header is highlighted in the same way as
the first.
3. Choose View ➤ Messages
Each selected message is displayed in its own popup
window.
When a message is displayed, the popup window also

contains extra information related to the delivery of the
message.
You can display extended administrative information for
messages by choosing
View ➤ Messages ➤ Full Header
The default behaviour is to show a message with an
“Abbreviated Header”.

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5 Not to be copied
Navigating Through Your Mail Messages
Affects order of
message headers
in window
Fill in details
then click on
appropriate
search
button

5
Navigating Through Your Mail Messages
You can move through the messages in your In-Box,

selecting and viewing them in turn by choosing
View ➤ Next
and
View ➤ Previous
As you select messages, they will be displayed in the
message viewing window if that window is open.
The View menu has two other options that are helpful when
viewing messages.
To reorder the messages in the window, choose
View ➤ Sort by
You can sort messages using any of the message header
fields as the key.
To search for a particular message, choose
View ➤ Find
A popup window appears. You fill in the details of the
message you are looking for, and then click on the
appropriate search button.
You can also use the Next button, underneath the View
button as a means of stepping through the messages.

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5 Not to be copied
Exercise 5-1
1. Start Mail Tool.

2. How do you know if you have mail?
__________________________________________________
3. Open the Mail Tool icon.
4. Double-click SELECT on the mail message with the
subject “project meeting”.
5. Who sent this message?
__________________________________________________
6. Dismiss the message window.
7. View the message after “project meeting” using the Next
button.
8. Dismiss this message window after you have read it.
9. How do you know if a message is new?
__________________________________________________
10. Close the Mail Tool window to an icon.

5
Exercise 5-1
The aim of this exercise is to practice reading mail messages

using Mail Tool.

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5 Not to be copied
Printing Messages
Selected message(s)
are sent to the printer

5
Printing Messages
After reading a message, you may wish to print it so that

you can keep a “hard copy”.
To print one or more message:
1. Select the message(s) you want to print
As described earlier.
2. Choose File ➤ Print
The selected message(s) will be printed.
Normally each message will be formatted to include a
header describing the main features of the message.

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5 Not to be copied
Deleting Messages
Selected message(s)
will be deleted

5
Deleting Messages
You can delete messages from your In-Box once you have
finished with them. To delete messages:
1. Select the message(s) you want to delete.
As before.
2. Choose Edit ➤ Delete
The selected message(s) will be deleted from you In-Box.
You can also use the Delete button, underneath the Edit
button, to delete messages you have selected.

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5 Not to be copied
Undeleting Messages
Click SELECT to
choose messages
to undelete
Click to undelete the messages

5
Undeleting Messages
When you delete messages, they do not immediately

disappear. You can “undelete” them, restoring them to your
In-Box.
To undelete the last message you deleted, choose
Edit ➤ Undelete ➤ Last
Mail Tool remembers all the messages that you delete, until
you save your the changes to the In-Box. Until that time you
can undelete any of the messages.
To undelete messages from the deleted list:
1. Choose Edit ➤ Undelete ➤ From List
A popup window appears, containing a list of all the
messages that you deleted since the last “save” operation
on the In-Box.
2. Click SELECT on the messages you want to restore.
The messages are highlighted.
3. Click SELECT on the Undelete button.
The highlighted messages are restored to the In-Box
message list, and disappear from the deleted messages
list.

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5 Not to be copied
Saving Changes to the Mailbox
■ No undelete operations are possible after changes are

saved.

5
Saving Changes to the Mailbox
When you have deleted messages, you can save the changes
to your In-Box.
After this operation, the messages in the mailbox are
renumbered, and it is not possible to undelete any messages.
When you attempt to quit from Mail Tool without saving
changes, you will be prompted to see if you want the
changes to be applied to the mailbox.

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5 Not to be copied
Exercise 5-2
1. Print a copy of the “project meeting” message.

2. Delete your copy of the “test_2” message.
3. Delete the “project meeting” message.
4. Undelete the Last message you deleted.

5
Exercise 5-2
The aim of this exercise is to practice printing and deleting

mail messages.

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5 Not to be copied
Composing a New Message
Addresses of
main recipients
Subject of
the message
Addresses of
any other
recipients
Text of the
message

5
Composing a New Message
To compose a new message to someone:

1. Click SELECT on the Compose button, or alternatively
choose Compose ➤ New.
This causes the Compose Window to appear. When you
are composing a new message, all parts of the Compose
window will be blank.
2. Fill in the details in the Compose window:
To: Type in the electronic mail address(es) of the
people who are to receive the message. The
format of an electronic mail address is usually
username@systemname
but you can use just the user name if the user
is on the same system.
Subject: Type a brief summary of what the message is
about. Remember this is displayed in the
message header so it should be only a few
words.
Cc: Type in the address(es) of other users you
wish to receive copies of the mail (Cc stands
for Carbon Copy).
3. Type the message into the text pane.
When typing in the text pane you have the same facilities
available to you as in Text Editor, using the text pane
menu.
The Attachments pane will be described in the next chapter.

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5 Not to be copied
Including a Message

5
Selected message
is inserted into
compose window

Sun Education
5 Not to be copied
Including a Message
When composing a message, you can include the contents of

one or more messages from your In-Box.
To include a message:
1. Select the message you want to include.
Click SELECT on the message header in your message
header window.
2. Choose Include ➤ Bracketed or Include ➤ Indented
Your choice should depend on how you wish the
included message to appear in your message. The slide
shows “indented”.

5
Delivering a Message
■ Message is delivered to all addresses in the

To: list and the Cc: list.
■ Options determine what happens to Compose window
after delivery.

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5 Not to be copied
Delivering a Message
When you have entered your message, you send it using the
Deliver menu.
The options on this menu are used to determine what
happens to the Compose window after the message has
been sent.
The default option is to quit from the Compose window
after the message is delivered. For this, click SELECT on the
Deliver button.
Otherwise, you can choose to:
■ close the window to an icon.
■ clear the message from the window.
■ leaving the window untouched.
The message is delivered, to all users whose addresses

appear in the To: list or the Cc: list.

5
Replying to a Message
Reply to the selected message
Name and
subject are
filled in by
Mail Tool
Original
message
is included
in the reply
Enter your
reply
message

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5 Not to be copied
Replying to a Message
Often you wish to send a message in direct reply to one

which you have received. Mail Tool makes this easy, through
the
Compose ➤ Reply
facilities.
You can reply to the sender of the original message, or you
can reply to everyone who received the message (including
all those on the Cc: list) so that they can see your response.
You can include the original message as part of your reply,
so that the users can relate your points to the original
message.
The example in the slide shows how you can reply to the
sender of the message, including the original message. To
reply in this way:
1. Choose Compose ➤ Reply ➤ To Sender, Include
Mail Tool opens a Compose window, having already
filled in some of the details for you. The To: field has the
address of the sender of the original message. The
Subject: field has the original subject field, preceded by
“Re:”. The original message is included in the text pane,
marked with the characters “> “.
2. Add the text of your reply to the text pane.
You can also add more addresses to the To: field or to the
Cc: field.
3. Deliver the reply.
As before.

5
Forwarding a Message

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5 Not to be copied
Forward the selected message to other users
Fill in name(s)
of other users
who are to
receive the
message
Subject field
is filled in by
Mail Tool
Type in any
other text you
wish to add
Original
message
is included

5
Forwarding a Message
You may wish to forward a message to other users.

To forward a message:
1. Choose Compose ➤ Forward
Mail Tool opens a Compose window which, like the one
used for replying to mail, has certain parts already
completed.
The Subject: field contains the original message’s
subject. The To: field is empty. The text pane contains the
text of the original message, bracketed by two special
lines.
2. Fill in the address(es) of the users to receive the
message.
3. Add any text of your own to the actual message.
You may wish to annotate the original as you forward it.
4. Deliver the message.
As before.

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5 Not to be copied
Exercise 5-3
Before starting this exercise, you will should find out the
electronic mail address of the person to the left of you.
1. Open the Mail Tool window.
2. Open a Compose Message window.
3. Using the Compose window you have opened, do the
following:
a. After the To: enter the mail address of the person to
your left.
b. Enter the Subject: Mail Test
c. Write the following message in the text pane:
This message was sent using the Mail Tool. It was easy to
use. Please send me a Reply to let me know you have
received it.
4. Send the message.
5. Forward the “project meeting” message in your In-Box to
the person on your left. Add the following comments
before forwarding it:
I will not be able to attend the staff meeting on Thursday. Can
you let me know what was discussed when I get back next
Monday?
6. Reply to any message you have received, including the
original message with your reply.
7. Keep the Mail Tool window open.

5
Exercise 5-3
The aim of this exercise is to practice composing and

delivering messages, and also replying to messages that you
have received.

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5 Not to be copied
Summary

■ Start Mail Tool.
■ Recognize when you have received mail.
■ View, compose, deliver, reply, and forward messages.
■ Print, delete, and undelete messages.
■ Save changes made to your mailbox.

5
Summary Exercises

learned in this module. You will need to know the email
address of the person to the right of you before starting this
exercise.
1. Open a Mail Tool.
2. Open a mail message so you can read it.
3. Open a Compose Message window.
4. Using the Compose window you have opened, do the
following:
a. After the To: enter the mail address of the person to
your right.
b. Enter the subject: Summer Party!
c. Enter your mail address after the Cc:
d. Write the following message in the text pane:
It’s almost time for the annual summer party on August 3!
Tickets for the event will be going on sale next week in the
cafeteria.
Hope you will be able to attend.
5. Send the message.

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5 Not to be copied
6. Forward another message in your In-Box to the person

on your left.
7. Reply to a message you have received. Include the
original message with your reply.
8. Print your copy of the Beach Party! message using
the Mail Tool.
9. Delete the Beach Party! message.
10. Undelete the Beach Party! message.

Advanced Use of Mail Tool 6
Objectives
■ Use Attachments with Electronic Mail messages.
■ Organize messages using mail files and directories.
■ Use the Vacation Notifier.
■ Create and use a private mail alias.
■ Customize your Mail Tool.
Chapter 4
6-1
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6 Not to be copied
Introducing Attachments
Indicates the message has attachment(s)
Text file attachment

6
Introducing Attachments
An attachment is a file that is attached to a mail message, but

retains its own file format.
If you wish to send a document that has been written in a
word processor format to someone using electronic mail,
you can attach the document to the message and the two
items will be sent together.
A message can have several files attached to it.
When you receive a message that has attachments, the Mail
Tool window will display a small diamond (♦) to the left of
the message header.
When you view the message, the Attachment Pane at the
bottom of the viewing window will contain icons
representing the attached files.
The icons are the same as those used in File Manager and
indicate the type of the attached file.
The slide shows a message with a single attachment that is a
text file.
It is possible to attach image files, audio files, programs or
data files from other applications to messages.

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6 Not to be copied
Reading an Attachment
Click SELECT
to choose
attachment
Alternatively,
double click
SELECT on
attachment
icon

6
Reading an Attachment
To examine the contents of an attachment, you open the

attachment as you would open a file in File Manager. For a
text file, the attachment is loaded into a Text Editor window.
You can open an attachment by double-clicking SELECT on
the icon.
Another way to open an attachment:
1. Select the attachment by clicking SELECT on the icon.
The icon will be highlighted. This is the same as you do
in File Manager
2. Choose File ➤ Open from the attachments buttons.
The attachment buttons are located immediately above
the Attachment Pane.
The file will be opened according to the “open method”
associated with its file type.
In the example on the slide, the attachment is an ordinary

text file, so it is loaded into a popup version of Text Editor
where you can examine it.

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Saving an Attachment

6
Drag and drop

to File Manager

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You may wish to save your own private copy of the

attachment. Otherwise it is connected to the mail message,
and will be lost if the message is deleted.
You can save an attachment using drag and drop onto an
open File Manager window. The attachment file will be
saved into the current folder in File Manager.

6

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Click SELECT to
choose folder
Type in the name of

the file
Click SELECT to
save the attachment

6
An alternative method of saving an attachment is to use the

attachment File menu button:
1. Select the attachment you wish to save.
Click SELECT on the icon, as before.
2. Choose File ➤ Save As
A file chooser popup window appears, similar to the one
used in Text Editor.
3. Select the folder where you wish to store the
attachment.
Click SELECT on the folder entry in the list to highlight
it.
4. Type in the file name.
5. Click the Save button to save the file.

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Deleting an Attachment
Click SELECT to
mark the attachment(s)
to be deleted
■ The deleted attachment can be undeleted.

■ Use Edit ➤ Undelete to undelete attachments.
■ No undelete operations are possible after mailbox

changes are saved.

6
Deleting an Attachment
To delete an attachment from a message:

1. Select the attachment (or attachments) you want to
delete.
Click SELECT on the first attachment icon, click ADJUST
on subsequent icons to select a group.
2. Choose Edit ➤ Delete.
Use the Edit button above the Attachment Pane.
3. If you wish, you can undelete attachments by choosing
Edit ➤ Undelete.
This is useful if you mistakenly delete an attachment.
However it is only possible until you save changes made
to your mailbox.

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Including Attachments in Mail Messages
Drag and
drop from
File
Manager

6
It is straightforward to attach a file to a mail message:

1. Select the file you wish to attach in File Manager.
Click SELECT on the file in the File Manager window.
2. Drag the icon and drop over the Attachment Pane.
The file is attached to the message. An icon appears in
the Attachment Pane with the name of the original file.

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Select name of
file to attach to
message

6
You can include attachments in messages using the

Attachment menu buttons:
1. Choose File ➤ Add
A file chooser popup window appears.
2. Select the name of the file to attach.
You can navigate through the folders in your file system
until you find the correct file.
Click SELECT on the filename to select the file for
attaching.
3. Click on Add.
This attaches the file to the mail message.

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Renaming an Attachment

6
Renaming an Attachment
You may wish to give an attachment a different name from

its original filename.
To rename an attachment:
1. Select the attachment to rename.
As before.
2. Choose Edit ➤ Rename.
A popup window appears.
3. Type in the new name for the attachment.
4. Click on the Rename button to apply the new name.

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Exercise 6-1
1. How many messages in your In-Box have attachments?

_______________________________________
2. Examine the attachment to the message whose subject is
“file requested”.
a. What is its name? ________________________
b. What type of attachment is it? ________________
3. Compose and send a message to the person on your left,
asking them to send you a copy of the file dante.
4. When you receive this message (from the person on your
right), reply to it enclosing the file as an attachment.
(The file is in your home directory.)
5. When you receive the reply from the person on your left,
check to see that the file dante has indeed been attached
to the message.
6. Save the attached file in a file called attachment-1 in
your home directory.

6
Exercise 6-1
The aim of this exercise is to practice using attachments with

electronic mail messages.

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Introducing Mail Files

6
Introducing Mail Files
You can organize your mail by archiving related messages

into mail files. This allows the messages to be removed from
your In-Box, preventing your In-Box from becoming
overcrowded.
Mail files can be loaded into Mail Tool just like the In-Box,
and the messages in the mail files can be examined at a later
date, in the same way as if they had just arrived.
Before you use mail files, you need to create them. This is
done using the mail files popup window, that you access by
choosing
File ➤ Mail Files
from the Mail Tool window.

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Where Mail Files are Stored
Enter name
of the folder
to hold
your mail files
Click SELECT
to apply the
changes

6
Where Mail Files are Stored
By default, mail files are created in your home directory.

However, it is usual to have a separate folder in which to
store your mail files.
To specify the folder to hold mail files:
1. Choose Edit ➤ Properties from the Mail Tool main
window.
A popup Properties window appears. This is the way to
set the general properties of Mail Tool. Mail file setup is
part of this.
2. Choose Mail Filing from the properties categories
menu.
This menu is associated with the menu button towards
the top of the window. The window will now appear as
in the slide.
3. Type in the name of the folder where you want the
mail files to be stored.
Enter this in the Mail File Directory text field.
4. Click on Apply.
This applies the changes. From now on, mail files will all
be referenced relative to the specified directory.

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Creating a Mail File
Enter name of
mail file

6
Creating a Mail File
To create a mail file:

1. Open the Mail Files window.
Do this by choosing
File ➤ Mail Files
as described earlier.
2. Type the name of the mail file in the Name field.
3. Choose Create ➤ Mail File.
The mail file is created, and a new entry appears in the
list of mail files in the window.
You can also create a sub folder to hold groups of related

mail files. This is done in the same way as above, but you
choose
Create ➤ Directory
instead of
Create ➤ Mail File
Once you have created such a folder you can change to it by
double clicking SELECT on the entry, or by “opening” the
folder.

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Storing Messages in Mail Files

6
Select mail file name
Message remains in In-Box
Message is removed from In-Box

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Storing Messages in Mail Files
When you store a message in a mail file, you can choose to

Copy or Move the message. Copying stores the message in
the mail file, leaving a copy in the In-Box. Moving stores the
message in the mail file and removes it from the In-Box.
To store a message in a mail file:
1. Choose the name of the mail file to use.
Type the name into the Mail File text field, or select the
name from the list associated with the Mail File menu
button.
2. Select the header(s) of the messages you want to store
in the mail file.
Click SELECT on the header(s) to select, as described
before.
3. Choose Copy ➤ mail file name or
Move ➤ mail file name as appropriate.
Each of the Mail File buttons has a menu that will
contain the names of the mail files. You select whichever
mail file you want to use from these menus.
If you click SELECT on the Copy or Move button, you
will select the default mail file, which is the one whose
name is currently in the Mail File text field.

6
Viewing Mail File Contents

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Specify mail file name
Window header displays mail file name
To reload
In-Box

6
Viewing Mail File Contents
To examine the contents of a mail file:

1. Select the mail file you want to view.
Do this using the Mail File text field as before - either
type in the name or select from the menu of mail file
names.
2. Choose Load ➤ mail file name.
Alternatively, you can click SELECT on the Load button.
The contents of the mail file are loaded into the Mail Tool
window.
You can now process these messages in exactly the same
way as you process messages in your In-Box. You can print
the messages, store them into other mail files or delete (and
undelete) them.
To return to your In-Box, choose

File ➤ Load In-Box

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Mail Files and File Manager
Drag message,
drop over mail file

6
Mail Files and File Manager
It is possible to use drag and drop to and from File Manager

to process mail files.
To store a message in a mail file:
1. Select the message(s) to store.
Click select on the message headers, as before.
2. Drag the messages into File Manager and drop on
required mail file.
Hold down SELECT, drag the mouse, the message(s)
follow the pointer. Drop over the icon of the required
mail file and the messages are added to the mail file.
If you drop on the background of the File Manager
window, a new mail file called “mail file” will be created
to store the message(s).
To load a mail file:

1. Select the mail file icon in File Manager.
Click SELECT on the mail file icon, as before.
2. Drag the icon to the Mail Tool window, drop over the
window background.
The mail file is loaded.

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Exercise 6-2
1. Create a mail file called weekly.report.

2. Highlight the “weekly report” message and copy it into
the weekly.report mail file.
3. Using the Mail Files popup window, create a mail
directory called projects.
4. Create a mail file in the projects directory called
software.projects.
5. Copy the “project schedule update” message into the
software.projects mail file
6. Verify that the mail files and directory were created by
looking at the Mail File submenu.
7. Select another project message from your In-Box and
move it into the software.projects mail file.
8. View the messages in the software.projects mail
file.
9. Return to your In-Box to view your current messages.

6
Exercise 6-2
The aim of this exercise is to practice using mail files to

arginase your electronic mail messages.

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Using Aliases
■ An alias is an alternative electronic mail address for a

user.
■ Aliases are also used to represent groups of addresses
Alias
representing
a single
user
Alias
representing
a group
of users

6
Using Aliases
Sometimes it is convenient to be able to use an alternative

electronic mail address for a user, for example a shortened
version of an address that you use regularly.
You may also wish to use a single address to refer to a group
of people, for example a team working together, all of whom
need to receive the same messages.
You can do this using a feature of electronic mail known as
aliases. An alias is another means of specifying one or more
electronic mail addresses.
In Solaris, the system administrator may set up a number of
well known, “global” aliases that everyone will be able to
use.
You can use Mail Tool to set up some of your own
“personal” aliases. These are only available to you.
You use an alias where you would normally include a full
electronic mail address, when composing a message. Aliases
can be entered in the To: field or the Cc: field.

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Setting Up Personal Aliases
Alias providing shortened address
Alias for group

of users Enter details
Click to apply Click appropriate
changes button

6
Setting Up Personal Aliases
You manage your personal alias list using the Alias

properties of Mail Tool. To add a new alias:
1. Choose Edit ➤ Properties from the Mail Tool main
window.
2. Choose Alias from the properties categories menu.
3. Type in the alias and the address(es) it will represent.
Fill this information in the text fields marked Alias: and
Addresses:.
4. Click on Add.
The alias and associated addresses will appear in the
scrolling list.
5. Click on Apply.
This adds the alias to your list of personal aliases.
To edit or delete an alias:

1. Open the Alias properties window.
As described above.
2. Select the alias to change or delete.
Click SELECT on the appropriate entry in the scrolling
list. The alias is highlighted.
3. Make changes and click on Change, or click on Delete.
4. Click on Apply.
This makes the changes permanent.

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Using the Vacation Notifier
Subject from
incoming
message
Fill in any
extra text
or change
the message
Click to enable

6
Using the Vacation Notifier
If you are going to be away from your workstation for an

extended period, you can set up Solaris Electronic mail to
automatically answer incoming messages. This facility is
known as the “Vacation Notifier”, as it designed or use
when you are on holiday.
To set up the Vacation Notifier
1. Choose Compose ➤ Vacation ➤ Start/Change
A popup window appears, containing a skeleton
message. This message will be sent to all senders of mail
messages that arrive for you while the notifier is
operating.
The string $SUBJECT will be replaced by the subject
field of the incoming message.
2. Add any additional text to the message.
You can also change the message to read as you wish.
3. Click on Start to enable the Vacation Notifier.
This starts the notifier monitoring your incoming mail.
To stop the automatic answering of messages, choose

Compose ➤ Vacation ➤ Stop

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Exercise 6-3
1. Using the Alias properties window, define an alias called

row1 that contains the addresses of all the users in the
front row of the class.
Define further aliases, row2, row3 etc. to contain the
users in the second and third rows, and so on.
2. Check that you can send a message to at least one of the
aliases that you have just created.
3. Open a Vacation Setup window by pressing and holding
MENU on the Compose button and highlighting the
Start/Change option in the Vacation submenu.
4. Modify the message to let people know that you are
testing the Vacation option in Mail Tool
5. Press SELECT on the Start button in the Vacation Setup
window.
6. Now compose and send a message to the person on your
right, and see if you receive a reply from their vacation
notifier.
7. How can you tell if your Vacation Notifier is activated?
__________________________________________________
8. Stop the Vacation Notifier.
9. Click SELECT on Done to save the changes you made to
the Mail Tool and close the Mail Tool window to an icon.

6
Exercise 6-3
The aim of this exercise is to practice setting up and using

aliases, and also to set up the Vacation Notifier.

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Customizing Mail Tool
■ Choose Edit ➤ Properties
Property Categories

6
Customizing Mail Tool
There are many aspects of Mail Tool’s operation that you can
customize. You do this through the Properties popup
window.
To open the Properties window, choose
Edit ➤ Properties
from the Mail Tool main window.
Some of the properties categories have already been
covered, regarding mail files and aliases.

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Header Window Properties

6
Header Window Properties
The properties most likely to be changed are in the Header

Window category.
You can alter the number of message headers that are
displayed, and how wide the display is to be.
You can set how often Mail Tool checks to see if new mail
has arrived, and how it should indicate this to you. The
default is to check every 5 minutes but not to signal, other
than change the Mail Tool icon. You can have Mail Tool beep
and/or flash the icon when new mail is detected as a means
of attracting your attention.

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Changing the Custom Buttons
Custom Buttons, can be changed to different functions
Select button, choose option from menu

6
Changing the Custom Buttons
The lower four buttons on the left of the Mail Tool window
are known as the “Custom Buttons”.
They are designed to provide shortcuts to commonly used
functions from the four main message button menus.
You can alter the labels and functions associated with these
buttons via the Header Properties category. To alter the
custom buttons:
1. Select the button to change.
Click SELECT on the appropriate screen button.
2. Choose the function to be associated with the button.
The list of functions is available on the menu associated
with the menu button beside this text field. Choose an
item from this menu.
3. Change the label of the button, if required.
Type in the new label in the Label text field.
4. Click on Apply.
This will make the change to the button details. The Mail
Tool window display will change to include the new
button.

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Exercise 6-4
1. Alter the header window properties of your Mail Tool so

that the In-Box is checked every minute for new mail.
2. Alter the properties so that when new mail arrives, Mail
Tool will beep three times.
3. Change the function and label of the “Next” custom
button to be “Previous”.

6
Exercise 6-4
The aim of this exercise is to practice altering Mail Tool

properties, and to test the effect of the header window
properties.

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Summary

■ Use attachments with electronic mail messages.
■ Organize messages using a mail file.
■ Use the Vacation Notifier.
■ Customize your Mail Tool.

Managing Appointments with
Calendar Manager 7
Objectives
■ Navigate through your diary with Calendar Manager.
■ Schedule appointments.
■ Edit and delete appointments.
■ Use Calendar Manager in a Group Environment.
Chapter 5
7-1
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Introducing Calendar Manager
Icon shows
today’s date
“Current” day
is highlighted

7
Introducing Calendar Manager
Calendar Manager is a tool for scheduling appointments

and resources.
With Calendar Manager you can:
■ view a day, a week, a month or a year and its
associated appointments.
■ schedule appointments, either single or repeated.
■ keep a list of “To do:” items and check them off once
completed.
■ arrange to be reminded of appointments and To do:
items.
Calendar Manager operates in a group environment,

allowing you to browse through other people’s calendars to
arrange mutually convenient meetings and appointments.
The Calendar Manager icon always displays today’s date.
The default Calendar Manager window provides you with
an overview of the current month, showing summaries of
the appointments and To do: items that have been set up.
The “current day” (usually today) is highlighted in the
display.

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Other Calendar Manager Views

7
The week view
Current day Move to Move to

is highlighted the next the previous
view view
Appointments are grayed

out of week plan

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Other Calendar Manager Views
Calendar Manager allows you four views:

1. The month view - the default view, or choose
View ➤ Month
2. The week view - an overview of the current week,
choose
View ➤ Week
3. The day view - an overview of the current day, choose
View ➤ Day
4. The year view - a calendar-like view of the current year,
choose
View ➤ Year
In each case, the current day is highlighted.
You can move to the next “view” (the next day, week, month
or year) by clicking SELECT on the Next button. To move to
the previous view, click SELECT on the Prev button. You can
always return to the view containing today by clicking on
the Today button.
In each display, you can select a “current” day, by clicking
SELECT on one of the day areas in the display. The current
day is highlighted on each view.

7
The Day View

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The Day View
The slide shows the day view of Calendar Manager.

Notice how the current day is highlighted in the “calendar”
display”.
Appointments are shown against their starting time.

7
Viewing Appointment and To do Lists

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Appointment and
To do lists for
the week
Click SELECT when

the item has been done

7
Viewing Appointment and To do: Lists
You can view the set of appointments and To do: items that
are set up for the corresponding view (day, week, month or
year).
For example, to view the appointment list for the current
week, choose
View ➤ Week ➤ Appt List
To see the To do items for the current day, choose
View ➤ Day ➤ ToDo List
The lists are displayed in popup windows. Each item is
displayed with the date of the item.
The To do: items each have check boxes to their left. When
you have completed the item, click SELECT in the box and a
tick (✓) appears. If you click SELECT in the box again, the
tick disappears.

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Exercise 6-1
1. Open the Calendar Manager.

2. Press SELECT on the Today button.
3. Select another day.
4. Display an appointment or To Do list.
5. Use the Prev button to view the previous month.
6. Return to the current month.
7. Change the Calendar Manager to view the current week.
8. Keep your Calendar Manager open.

7
Exercise 6-1
The aim of this exercise is to give you practice navigating

through the calendar with Calendar Manager.

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Introducing the Appointment Editor

7
Date and time details Current Appointments

and To do items
Reminder specifiers

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Introducing the Appointment Editor
The appointment editor is used to enter details of

appointments and To do: items, and for changing or deleting
items.
To start the appointment editor:
1. Open a calendar manager window.
2. Choose a view that displays the day in which you wish
to enter the appointment or To do item.
This can be the day view, or the week or month view
containing the day you require.
3. Double click SELECT on the day required.
You can also start the appointment editor by choosing:

Edit ➤ Appointment
The appointment editor displays all the characteristics of the
appointment:
■ the date and time of the start and finish
■ a description of the appointment
■ privacy information, specifying how much detail of
the appointment is shown to other users
■ details of how often the appointment is to be repeated
(if at all)
■ how you are to be reminded of the appointment (if at
all)

7
Adding an Appointment
Click SELECT once all

items have been filled in

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Adding an Appointment
To add a new appointment (or To do: item):

1. Open an appointment editor for the required day.
2. Click the appropriate box to select whether you are
entering an appointment or a To do: item
3. Fill in the start and end times.
You can do this by typing directly into the Start: and
End: fields, or you can use the menus associated with the
buttons next to the field names to select the times. When
you fill in a start time, the end time is initialized to one
hour later. You can change this.
You can leave these fields blank, or choose All Day,
which reserves the entire day for the item.
4. Fill in the text description field.
Try an be as concise as possible; only the first few words
of this field can be displayed in the view windows.
5. Select which (if any) reminders you wish.
You can be reminded of the appointment in one or more
ways:
■ the system can beep at you
■ the window or icon can be made to flash
■ a reminder popup window can be displayed
■ Calendar Manager can send you mail
The time field says how far in advance of the item’s start
time you will be reminded.
6. Click on Insert to add the appointment.
Dismiss the popup window to cancel the operation.

7
The Appointment Reminder Message
■ When Popup alarm set in appointment editor

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The Appointment Reminder Message
When you select the Popup alarm in the appointment editor,

Calendar Manager will display a popup window at the
specified interval before the start time of the appointment.
To remove the window, just dismiss the popup.

7
Privacy and Repeated Appointments

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How many times Type of

to repeat item repetition
How much information

about item to display

7
Privacy and Repeated Appointments
You may wish to have an appointment or a To do: item

repeated. To save having to enter the same item many times,
you enter it once, and tell Calendar Manager that you want
it to be repeated.
To do this, use the Repeat: button. The pull-down menu
associated with the button has a number of repeat “styles”,
ranging from simple daily repetition to repeating every
Monday, Wednesday and Friday.
When you select an option from this menu the For: button is
enabled. This is used to specify how many times the item is
to be repeated.
For example, to repeat the same appointment for 5 days,
choose
Repeat ➤ Daily
and fill in 5 in the For: field.
The Privacy button is used to control how much of the item
detail is to be displayed. This is useful because Calendar
Manager allows other users to view your appointments.
You can choose to display both the time of the item and its
description, to display only the time, or to display nothing,
keeping the appointment completely private.
If you choose the last option, then only you will be able to
see the details of the item.

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Editing and Deleting Items

7
Click SELECT on
an item to select it
Details of the Click SELECT Make changes,

highlighted to delete then click SELECT
item are the item to apply
shown

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Editing and Deleting Items
Calendar Manager allows you to edit an existing item, or

delete an item altogether. To edit or delete an item:
1. Open the appointment editor for the selected day.
As before.
2. Click SELECT on the item you wish to change, in the
scrolling window of items.
The selected item is highlighted, and the fields in the
editor window are filled to describe the item.
3. To edit the item, make any changes in the fields.
Do this in the same way as when you enter the
appointment.
4. Click on Change to apply the changes.
This saves the updated item.
5. To delete the item, click on Delete.
This removes the item from your calendar.
You can immediately reinstate the item by clicking on Insert

straight away.

7
Looking for Specific Entries

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Locate next appointment

containing this text
Set current day to

specified date

7
Looking for Specific Entries
Calendar Manager allows you to search for a specific

appointment, or to jump directly to a certain date.
To search for a specific appointment:
1. Choose View ➤ Find
2. Type in the text you wish to search for.
The text can be in upper or lower case - the search
ignores case. If you type a single word then the search
will find the first appointment whose “What” field
contains that word.
3. Set the limit of the search.
The search will continue to the time limit you specify.
4. Click SELECT on Find Forward or Find Backward.
The example on the slide will find the next appointment that
has anything to do with the dentist over the next twelve
months.
To move the current day to a specific date:

1. Choose View ➤ Go To.
2. Enter the required date.
3. Click SELECT on Go To.
The display will change to indicate the new current day.

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Printing from Calendar Manager

7
Printing from Calendar Manager
You can print the information from Calendar Manager to a

PostScript printer.
You can choose to print the current view as displayed in the
Calendar Manager window, or you can print any day, week,
month or year view. You can also print the appointment or
To do list for the selected view.
The output is of high quality, designed to appear the same
as the window display, and should be printed to a PostScript
printer.

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Exercise 6-2
1. Open an Appointment Editor window.

2. Enter the following appointments to next Thursday’s
calendar: (Remember to press SELECT on Insert after
entering the appointment information.)
a. Staff meeting from 9:00 am to 10:00 am and repeating
for the next 4 weeks.
b. Users meeting from 1:00 pm to 2:00 pm.
3. Enter the following To Do item on the same day:
a. Prepare quarterly budget.
4. What options are available to use to remind yourself of
an appointment?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
5. Set a Mail reminder for 30 minutes before your staff
meetings.
6. Dismiss the Appointment Editor window.
7. Display the Day view.
8. You have just heard the Users meeting has been
cancelled, so you must delete this appointment from
your Calendar Manager.
9. Your staff meetings have also been changed. They will
begin at 9:30 am instead of 9:00 am, make this change in
your Calendar Manager.
10. Find out from the instructor when you are going to
lunch. Set up Calendar Manager to inform you 10
minutes before this time, by displaying a popup
reminder message.

7
Exercise 6-2
The aim of this exercise is to give you practice entering,

editing and deleting appointments and To do items.

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Working with Multiple Calendars
Specify calendar as username@systemname
Click to add
name to
list of
Calendars
Click to apply changes

7
Working with Multiple Calendars
One of the most powerful aspects of Calendar Manager is its

ability to work in a group environment, allowing calendar
and diary information from a number of different users to be
shared.
This makes it much easier to schedule meetings at times
when everyone is available.
To use these features of Calendar Manager, you first set up a
Browse List of calendars that you can examine. To set up the
Browse List:
1. Choose Browse ➤ Setup Menu from the main
Calendar Manager window.
2. For each calendar you wish to add, specify the name
and then click on Add Name.
You specify a calendar by the name of the user to whom
it belongs. The name should be in the form
username@systemname
Click on Add Name when you have typed the name
correctly. The name now appears in the scrolling list.
3. Click on Apply to update the Browse List.
This causes Calendar Manager to remember your
changes.
You can edit or delete names from the list by clicking

SELECT on the name in the scrolling list to highlight it, then
either changing the details and clicking on Change, or
clicking on Remove to remove the name.

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Examining Someone Else’s Calendar

7
Select which
calendar
to examine
Calendar
for user403
is now
displayed

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Examining Someone Else’s Calendar
You can examine someone else’s calendar to see what

appointments they have made. To do this, use the Browse
button on the main Calendar Manager window.
The menu associated with this button will display the names
of the calendars you may examine, according to the list you
set up earlier.
Select the calendar you want to see, and the main window
will display the new calendar.
Note that if the other user has marked appointments as
restricted in some way (using the privacy options described
earlier) then you will not see the full details.
It is possible to limit who has permission to examine your
own calendar. This is described later in this chapter.

7
Viewing Multiple Calendars
Multiple Calendars
Window
List of calendars
in your Browse List

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Viewing Multiple Calendars
Calendar Manager allows you to examine several calendars

at once, combining the appointments on each.
The multi-calendar operation is handled via the Multiple
Calendars window. To display the window, choose
Browse ➤ Show Multiple Calendars
The Multiple Calendars window has a display like the week
view, on which the calendars are overlaid. There is a list of
calendars that can be viewed, and three control buttons.
The week view has a highlighted time box, indicating the
“current” time. to change this, simply click in another time
box.

7
Overlaying Calendars to Find Free Time

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Click on name
to add
calendar to
display
Level of grey
indicates how
many
calendars
overlap

7
Overlaying Calendars to Find Free Time
If you wish to schedule a meeting for a group of people, the

first thing you must do is to find a time when they are all
free.
The Multiple Calendars facility of Calendar Manager is ideal
for this. The view in the Multiple Calendars window can be
used to simultaneously display the calendars of many users.
To display a calendar in this window, click SELECT on the
name in the browse list. The name will be highlighted and
the calendar displayed. Appointments are marked in grey
on the display, and where more than one calendar includes
an appointment for the same time, the shade of grey at that
time will be darker.
To see which calendars are busy at a given time, move the
“current” time to that time box. In the browse list, the
calendars that have appointments for the selected time will
have a clock displayed beside their names.
In the slide, the calendars of users user401, user403 and
george are overlaid on the display. The selected time is
10am to 11am on Tuesday 7th September. The display
immediately shows that user401 and george have
appointments at that time.
If you want, you can then examine their individual
calendars as described earlier to find out more about the
appointments.

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Making a Group Appointment
Click to enter appointment details
Highlight
calendars
to receive
appointment

7
Making a Group Appointment
You can enter details of an appointment that will apply to

several calendars at once. To do this:
1. Find a block of time in which all calendars are free.
2. Click on the Schedule button.
A popup appointment editor window appears. The start
and stop times will be filled in according to the time
block from the Multiple Calendars view.
3. Fill in the remaining appointment details.
The text for the appointment, the reminder details,
repeat information and privacy details.
4. Check the calendars that will have the appointment
added are selected.
The list of calendars to which the appointment will be
added is shown in the scrolling list. The appointment
will be added to those that are highlighted. The
calendars that were specified in the Multiple Calendars
view should be highlighted here.
Check also that the calendars allow “Insert Access”.
5. Click on Insert to add the appointment.
The appointment will now be added to the selected
calendars.

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Sending Mail About Group Appointments
Click to generate a mail message about the appointment
Add your own

message of
explanation
Attachment has
appointment
details

7
Sending Mail About Group Appointments
When you schedule a group appointment, the appointment

is added to all the relevant calendars, assuming that you
have permission to insert appointments in these calendars.
You may additionally want to send mail to users about the
new appointment (they may not notice that a new
appointment has suddenly appeared). Also, in the case
where you are not allowed to add a new appointment into
someone’s diary, you can send them the details by electronic
mail and they can add the new appointment themselves.
To send this mail, first set up the appointment details and
then click on the Mail button in the Multi Calendar window.
Calendar Manager constructs a mail message, addressed to
the users whose calendars are selected for the appointment.
The message has the appointment details as an attachment.
You can add your own message into the message window,
and then send the mail message as normal.

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Exercise 6-3
1. What are the steps to add a name to your Multi-Browser

Calendar?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
2. Add the person to your left and right to your Multi-
Browser calendar.
3. Quit the Calendar Manager and open a new one.
4. Browse the remote calendar you just added.
5. Delete one of the calendars you added to your Multi-
Browser.
6. Close your Calendar Manager.

7
Exercise 6-3
The aim of this exercise is to give you experience in working

with multiple calendars.

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Changing Timezones
■ Times are shown in the local timezone.

■
■ You can change to another zone.

■ Useful when examining other international calendars
■ Times will now be shown in EST

7
Changing Timezones
Normally, the times in Calendar Manager are shown in the

local timezone. So, if you are browsing someone else’s
calendar from another zone, their times are adjusted to your
timezone so that all times are synchronized.
You may wish to examine another calendar in the local
timezone for the calendar, not for you. You can do this by
choosing
View ➤ Time Zone ➤ the timezone you want
The range of timezones to choose from is very large.

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Calendar Manager Properties
Use menu to
choose which
properties to
examine and
change

7
Calendar Manager Properties
Calendar Manager has a number of properties that you can

change, to affect various aspects of its operations.
To modify properties:
1. Choose Edit ➤ Properties
The main properties popup window appears.
2. Use the menu to select which category of properties
you wish to work with.
The categories are:
Editor Defaults - default values for the Appointment
Editor.
Display Settings - control various aspects of the way
information is displayed.
Access List and Permissions - control who can access
your calendar and what they can do to it.
Printer Settings - control how information is printed.
Date Format - control how dates are displayed.
3. Make changes and click Apply.
After selecting the category, make the necessary changes
and click on the Apply button to apply the changes,
Reset to cancel or Defaults to restore the default values.

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Editor Defaults
■ Default settings for use in Appointment Editor

7
Editor Defaults
The Editor Defaults properties relate to the initial values

that are placed in the fields of the Appointment Editor
window.

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Display Settings

7
Display Settings
The Display Settings properties control various aspects of

the display of Calendar Manager information.
You can change:
■ the time when the day “starts” and “ends” - this
affects the earliest and latest appointment that can be
displayed.
■ the display of times to use the 12 hour or 24 hour
clock.
■ the initial display that appears the first time you open
a Calendar Manager window.
■ the calendar that is opened for you when you start
Calendar Manager - this defaults to your own
calendar.

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Access List and Permissions
Specify username@systemname
User can User can add User can

read appointments remove
calendar appointments

7
Access List and Permissions
This is an important set of properties, it specifies who can

access your calendar and in what way. There are three types
of access permission that can be granted:
Browse: the ability to examine a calendar using the single
Browse option or the Multiple Calendars
window.
Insert: the ability to insert appointments to the calendar,
for example when group appointments are
scheduled.
Delete: the ability to delete appointments from the
calendar.
Each of these access categories can be granted or disallowed
to users that you specify here. To update the information:
1. Specify the user name.
This should be written as
username@systemname
rather like the way you specify calendars to add to the
Browse list.
The special user “world” represents everyone.
2. Add to the list of users
Click on the Add User button.
To select a user from the list, click SELECT on the user
entry in the list.
3. Click on the buttons to specify the access allowed.
If access is allowed, the button appears pushed in. To
cancel access, click on a pushed-in button.
4. Click on Apply to apply the changes.

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Printer Defaults
e.g. number of days

when day view is
being printed

7
Printer Defaults
These properties control aspects of printing from Calendar

Manager. You can specify the printer to which the output
should be sent, the size and position of the output on the
page, the number of copies to print and the appointments to
include (based on the privacy settings).
You can also specify how many “units” to print. For
example, if you are printing a day view, the units are days.
For a week view the units are weeks. So you can specify that
you want to print 4 days by setting the Units value to 4 and
printing a day view.
Printed pages can be sent to a file rather than a printer if you
wish.

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Date Format

7
Date Format
This property controls how dates are displayed.

Different countries have different conventions for this, so it
is convenient to be able to change the format.
You can change both the ordering of the day, month, year
information and the character that is used to separate the
items.

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Exercise 6-4
1. Open a Properties popup menu.

2. Move the Properties menu so it does not overlap the
Appointment Editor menu.
3. Select Editor Defaults from the Display: menu in the CM
Properties menu.
4. Notice the options in the Appointments Editor Reminder
field and the options in the CM Properties Reminder
field are identical.
5. Change all the default options to the Reminders in the
CM Properties menu and click SELECT on Apply.
6. Close the Appointment Editor window and then reopen
it.
7. What happens to the Reminder options when the
Appointment Editor is reopened?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
8. A new project requires you to be available from 7:00 am
to 8:00 pm. Edit your Day Boundaries Properties to
reflect these extended hours.
9. Add the person to your left to your Access List. Give
them browse permission only.

7
Exercise 6-4
The aim of this exercise is to give you practice in modifying

the Calendar Manager properties and examining the results.

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Summary
In this chapter you have learned how to:

■ Navigate through the Calendar Tool using the year,
month, week, and day views.
■ Schedule and edit appointments.
■ Browse through remote calendars.
■ Customize the Calendar Tool.

7
Summary Exercise

learned in this module.
1. Open the Calendar Manager.
2. Use the Next or Prev button to view the month of July.
3. Open an appointment window.
4. Add your project meeting to your calendar manager. The
meeting will be held on Thursday at 2:00 pm for the next
eight weeks starting on July 11.
5. Add another appointment for a recycling meeting that will
be held on the last day of the current month from 6:00 -
7:00 pm. Set a beep reminder for 10 minutes before the
meeting.
6. Unpin the Appointment Editor window.
7. The recycling meeting has been changed to meet from 5:00
- 6:00 pm. Edit the existing appointment to reflect the
new time.
8. Your project meeting for August 8 has been cancelled.
Delete the appointment for that day.
9. Change the default for the Day Boundaries to begin at
8:00 am and end at 6:00 pm.
10. Dismiss the Properties popup window.
11. Confirm the changes you made by changing the calendar
view to Day.
12. Add the person to your right to your Browser calendar.

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13. Add the same person to your Access List. Give them
browse permission only.
14. Close the Calendar Manager.

7
Advanced Summary Exercise
If you have completed the summary exercise for this module

and would like to test more of your skills, complete this
advanced summary exercise.
1. Add the person to your left to your Browser calendar.

2. Add the same person to your Access List. Give them
browse and insert permission.
3. Schedule a group appointment for you and the people
you have added to your Multi-Browser window. Use the
following information for the appointment:
Date: 17th January
Start: 9:00 AM
End: 10:00 AM
What: Ski team meeting
4. Send mail to the group from Multi-Browser about the
group appointment you have just scheduled.
5. Change the Default View to Week in the Display Settings
properties window.
6. Choose View ➤ Find.
7. Find the ski appointment you scheduled in #3 using the
Calendar Manager Find window.

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Managing Printing with Print Tool 8
Objectives
■ Print files and messages.
■ Monitor the progress of print requests.
■ Stop printing a print job.
■ Work with multiple printers.
Chapter 10
8-1
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Printing with Solaris
Local printer
■ Users can print to a local printer or a remote

printer.
■ Printers are accessed by their name.
■ Access to remote printers is transparent.
■ Requests to print are queued.
■ Queues are serviced by a print server.
Remote printer

8
Printing with Solaris
The Solaris printing system is very flexible.

You can either print files through applications’ own print
mechanisms, or directly using File Manager or Print Tool.
In either case, you can choose to print on any of the printers
that are connected to your workstation directly, or to any
other systems on your network.
Printers are accessed using their names. The names are
assigned by your Systems Administrator when setting up
the printers.
Each printer has a queue of outstanding print requests.
When you print a file, either from an application or directly,
a request to print is added to the print queue for the printer
that you have specified. The requests are processed in turn
and the printed jobs will appear on the printer.
You can examine the print queue for a specific printer, to
monitor the progress of your print requests. You can also
cancel the request, before it has actually been printed.

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Printing Files using File Manager
Print selected file(s)
Enter the number of

copies you require
■ Use Print One fora quick single copy

8
Printing Files using File Manager
You can print a file from File Manager. To do this:

1. Select the file you want to print.
Use the standard File Manager method to select the file.
2. Choose File ➤ Print.
A popup window appears. You have to check the
number of copies. If you want to change this, edit the
text field directly or click SELECT on the up arrow to
increase the number or down arrow to decrease the
number.
Do not need to worry about the Print Method field. This
should be set up by your Systems Administrator.
If you decide not to print after all, then simply dismiss
the popup window by unpinning it.
3. Click on the Print button to send the request.
If you wish a single copy of the file to be printed, then

choose:
File ➤ Print One
In both these cases, the file will be printed on your “default”

printer. The default printer is set up for you by the Systems
Administrator. If you want to print to another printer you
must use Print Tool.

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Introducing Print Tool

8
Icon when no Icon when

files being files being
printed printed
Name of “current” printer
Drop target
List of available
printers
Current printer
highlighted
Print queue for

current printer

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Print Tool
Print Tool is an OpenWindows utility that allows you to

print files to a printer of your choice, and also to monitor the
progress of printed files from your workstation.
The icons for Print Tool resemble a printer. Underneath is
the name of the “current printer” - the printer that is
currently being monitored. If the current printer is active, i.e.
printing at the moment, the icon will show paper in the
printer. Otherwise the icon will show an empty printer.
The Print Tool window displays a list of the printers that
you can send files to. The current printer is highlighted in
the list.
Also shown in the window is the print queue for the current
printer.

8
Printing with Print Tool
Enter full pathname of file to print
Enter Click
number SELECT
of copies to send
print
request

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Printing with Print Tool
To print a file to the current printer from Print Tool:

1. Open the Print Tool window
2. Type the full pathname of the file to print in the
Filename: text field.
The full pathname is the pathname of the folder
containing the file plus the file name.
3. Enter the number of copies you require.
Either type in directly to the Copies: field or user the
arrow boxes to increase or decrease the value shown.
4. Choose whether you want a header page.
If the Header: box has a tick (✓) then a header page will
be printed for the file. To alter the setting in the box,
simply click SELECT in the box.
5. Click SELECT on the Print button to print the file.
This will add a request to print the file to the print queue
for the current printer.

8
Printing by Drag and Drop
Files from File Manager
Mail messages from

Mail Tool
Selected text from Text

Editor
Set number of Drop selected

copies before file(s) on drop
operation target to print

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Printing by Drag and Drop
You can print using drag and drop. Using this method you
can print files from File Manager, mail messages from the
Mail Tool header, or even selected blocks of text out of Text
Editor.
To print using drag and drop:
1. Select the object(s) you want to print.
As appropriate.
2. Select the number of copies you want.
Do this by altering the Copies: field in Print Tool. You
must do this before you drag and drop.
3. Drag the file objects(s), and drop over the Print Tool
drop target.
The drop target is grayed out, and the name(s) of the
file(s) appear in the Filename: field.
The request to print the files will now be added to the
print queue for the current printer.

8
Changing the Current Printer
Click SELECT on
the required
printer name
Information about the
selected printer

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Changing the Current Printer
To change the current printer:

1. Choose the required printer from the list.
2. Click SELECT on the printer name.
The selected printer name becomes highlighted, and the
current printer is changed.
Now all print requests from Print Tool will be sent to the
new current printer.
When the Systems Administrator installs a printer, there is

an option to fill in an information field describing that
printer. You can see this information by clicking SELECT on
the Information button. The information is displayed in a
popup window.

8
Checking the Print Queue
Click SELECT to
update queue display

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Checking the Print Queue
Print Tool monitors the print queue for the current printer,
and displays its contents. The information shown for each
print request is:
Job: a unique “job number”, used to identify the request.
Size: the size in kilobytes of the total print job. This is the
overall size, not the “size left to print”. It does not
change as the job is being printed.
Time: the time when the request was made.
From this information you can estimate how long it will be
before your job is printed.
The display is updated from the queue regularly, but you

can always force an update by clicking SELECT on the
Status button.
The to see the queue for a different printer, simply change

the current printer as described earlier. The queue display is
automatically changed.

8
Stopping a Print Job
Click SELECT
to select one
or more print
jobs
Click SELECT to stop

selected print jobs

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Stopping a Print Job
You can cancel a print request that you made earlier, and
stop the print job from completing.
To cancel one or more print jobs:
1. Select the job(s) you wish to cancel.
2. Click SELECT on the queue entry for each of the jobs.
Each job will be highlighted when selected.
3. Click SELECT on the Stop Printing button.
The selected jobs will be removed from the queue.
If you cancel a job that has begun to print, the printing will
be interrupted.
It may take a short time for Print Tool to readjust after you
cancel print jobs. This is normal behaviour and is the result
of the way in which Print Tool communicates with the actual
printer.

8
Print Tool Properties
■ Click SELECT on the Properties button:
Beep or flash when all

jobs have been
printed
Click SELECT to
apply changes

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Print Tool Properties
If you click SELECT on the Properties button, you will see

the popup Properties window. This allows you to alter some
aspects of the operation of Print Tool.
You can specify whether a header page is to be printed with
each print job (this can be overridden in the main Print Tool
window).
You can also tell Print Tool to inform you when all your jobs
have been printed. This can be done by beeping, by flashing
the window or icon, or by both.
Do not attempt to alter the “Print Method” - this is for
advanced users and System Administrators.
Once you have made your changes in the window, click
SELECT on the Apply button to apply the changes to Print
Tool. If you wish your new settings to be the defaults, click
SELECT on the Save as Defaults button. If you
subsequently want to revert to the original defaults, click
SELECT on the Reset button.
If you do not want to make any changes, then dismiss the
popup window.

8
Exercise 8-1
1. Start Print Tool.

2. What is the name of the default printer?
_______________________________________
3. Start File Manager, if you do not already have one
running.
4. Make sure the File Manager and Print Tool windows do
not overlap.
5. Make sure that you are in your current directory within
File Manager.
6. Print the file dante:
a. from File Manager’s Print menu.
b. by drag and drop onto Print Tool.
7. Check the status of jobs in the print queue.
8. How do you stop a print job?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
9. Stop one of your print jobs if they have not printed.
10. Open a Mail Tool.
11. Select a mail file. Drag and drop it onto the Print Tool
drop target to print the message.
12. Quit the File Manager.
13. Close the Print Tool.

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Summary
In this module, you learned how to:

■ Change printer selections.
■ Print files and mail messages.
■ Check the print queue status.
■ Stop print jobs.

8
Exercise 8-1

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Working with Sound Files with
Audio Tool 9
Objectives
■ Load and play audio files.
■ Record audio files.
■ Edit audio files.
■ Send voice mail attachments.
Chapter 11
9-1
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Introducing Audio Tool
File Manager
Icon Audio file icon
Drop target
Play/record control Sound level

9
Introducing Audio Tool
Audio Tool is an OpenWindows application that is used to

play, record and edit sound files.
The Sun Workstation is now fitted with a speaker, and an
optional microphone that allows you to record messages
into a file. The file can then be sent to someone else (often as
an attachment to an electronic mail message) and replayed.
There are many other types of sound files available,
containing voice messages, music and special sound effects.
All can be processed with Audio Tool.
Audio Tool allows you to edit sound files, removing or
adding portions into existing files. You can cut and paste
between sound files.
This chapter provides an overview of the basic operation of
Audio Tool, how to play and record files, and how to
perform basic editing operations on audio files.

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Loading an Audio File
Click SELECT on
the file name
Click to load the file

9
Loading an Audio File
There are different ways to load an audio file. The most

straightforward is:
A file chooser popup window appears. The window
displays by default only audio files for you to choose.
You can display all types of files by clicking on the
button in the window.
2. Choose the file to load.
Click SELECT on the file name in the list. The name will
be highlighted.
You will be able to change to different folders using the
same method as seen in other OpenWindows
applications.
3. Click on Open.
This will load the file.

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Loading from File Manager
Drop audio
file over the
drop target

9
Loading from File Manager
You can load an audio file using drag and drop from File
Manager. Drop the audio file over the drop target on the
Audio Tool window to load the file.
When you “open” audio files in File Manager, Audio Tool
will be started and the file loaded.

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Playing the File
Current position Sound Silence
Click to start playing
Time into file
Click to stop playing Sound level

9
Playing the File
When you have loaded a file, Audio Tool will display a

graphical representation of the sound stored in the file.
Those parts containing silence are marked by a single line, a
boxed area marks the areas containing actual sound.
At the left of the display is the “current position” marker -
this indicates the point within the file from where playing or
recording will start. To begin playing the file, click SELECT
on the Play button.
As the file is played, the current position pointer moves
from left to right. The sound level indicator will indicate the
volume of the sound being played. During playing, the Play
button changes to become a Stop button. To stop playing,
click SELECT on this button.

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Controlling Playing Parameters
Choose output Click SELECT to

see record parameters
Set play volume

9
Controlling Playing Parameters
You can control certain aspects of the way audio files are
played. To set play parameters:
1. Choose Volume ➤ Play.
The play control window appears.
2. Select the output.
You can output to the workstation speaker, or to
headphones (if these are connected). Click SELECT on
the appropriate box.
3. Select the volume.
You can set the volume using the slider, or by typing in
the value directly.
There is also a mute button, that allows you to test the
play operation without generating any sound.

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Controlling Recording Parameters
List of sources depends on which

devices are connected to the workstation
Click SELECT to automatically

set the recording level

9
Controlling Recording Parameters
Before recording a file, you should set up the recording

parameters. To do this:
1. Choose Volume ➤ Record.
The Audio Control window for recording appears.
2. Select the input source.
There may be more than one choice, depending on the
devices that are attached to your workstation. Normally
you will see the microphone represented. Click SELECT
on the appropriate button.
3. Set the recording level using Auto-Adjust.
If you are recording from the microphone, click SELECT
on the Auto-Adjust button and speak into the
microphone for a few seconds. The recording level will
be set automatically to the correct value.
You can set the level manually using the slider.
If you want the sound to be played back as it is being
recorded, set the Monitor Volume to a nonzero value.
Now you can begin recording.

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Recording
Click to start recording
Click to rewind Click to stop Indicates

and play recording level

9
Recording
Once you have set the recording parameters, you start

recording simply by clicking SELECT on the Rec button.
The button layout changes, with the Rec button becoming
Stop.
Click on the Stop button to stop recording.
Click on the Play button to stop recording, rewind to the
start and begin playing.

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Editing an Audio File
Click SELECT to start selection
Click ADJUST to mark

end of selection

9
Editing an Audio File
Audio Tool allows you to edit audio files, using the

graphical representation to allow you to detect periods of
sound and silence.
You can, for example, remove long silence periods from a
spoken audio file.
The first stage in editing is to select an area of the file:
1. Move the mouse so the pointer is in the display area.
A vertical cursor line moves, tracking the cursor in the
area.
2. Click SELECT to mark the start of the selected area.
The “current position” marker moves to the cursor
position.
3. Move the mouse so the cursor line is at the end of the
selected area, and click ADJUST.
The selected area is highlighted.
4. Alternatively, you can hold down SELECT and drag the
mouse to the end of the selected area.
Again, the selected area will be highlighted.

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Editing Options

9
Editing Options
You can Cut or Copy a selected portion of an audio file to

the clipboard, then Paste back into the same, or another file.
You can also Delete portions of the file, according to the
options in the Delete submenu. These portion can not be
reintroduced in to the file.

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Voice Mail
Click SELECT when

finished to include
file as attachment

9
Voice Mail
One of the most common uses of audio files is to attach

voice messages to electronic mail.
Mail Tool allows you to do this:
1. Open a Compose window from Mail Tool.
2. Choose Attach ➤ Voice
An Audio Tool window appears. The window is the
same as the standard Audio Tool window, except for the
Done button.
3. Record and edit the message.
As described in this chapter.
4. Click SELECT on the Done button.
The Audio Tool is closed, and the audio file added as an
attachment to the mail message.
Voice mail can be listened to by loading the attached file into

Audio Tool, as described earlier in this chapter.

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Summary

■ Identify the components of Audio Tool.
■ Load and play audio files.
■ Record audio files.
■ Edit audio files.
■ Send voice messages as attachments in electronic mail
messages.

9
Summary Exercise
1. Open File Manager, if you do not already have it open,

and change to your home directory.
2. Change to the folder called sounds.
3. Open one of the files in this folder, by double clicking
SELECT on the icon. Notice how Audio Tool is started
and the file is played.
4. Load another of the audio files into Audio Tool and play
it.
5. Experiment with the Play volume control for playing
audio files.
6. Start another Audio Tool from the Programs menu.
7. Load the file bark.au into the new Audio Tool.
8. Select all of the non-silent portion of the file.
9. Now use the Copy and Paste facilities of Audio Tool to
duplicate the bark at the end of the file (in other words,
make the dog bark twice).
10. Save this new file in a file called bark2.au.
11. In your original Audio Tool, load the file doorbell.au.
12. Now include the file bark2.au into this file, so that the
dog barks when the doorbell rings.

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Working with Image Files in Image
Tool 10
Objectives
■ Load graphics image files into Image Tool.
■ Save an image file in the same or different format.
■ Print an image.
■ Use the image manipulation features of Image Tool.
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Introducing Image Tool

10

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Introducing Image Tool
Image Tool is an OpenWindows application that allows you

to view documents represented in PostScript files, and
graphics images represented in a different graphics file
formats.
As well as allowing you to examine the files, you can save
the images in different graphics formats so that they can be
read on different systems by different applications.
You start Image Tool from the Programs menu, choosing
Workspace ➤ Programs ➤ Image Tool
Alternatively, Image Tool is started automatically when you
“open” certain files (such as PostScript or Sun Raster format)
from File Manager.

10
Image File Formats
■ Image Tool understands many different file formats:
■ PostScript (and Encapsulated PostScript EPSF)

■ GEM
■ Autocad Slide
■ TIFF
■ HP Paintjet
■ MacPaint
■ PC Paintbrush
■ Sun Raster (mono, 8 bit, 24 bit or 32 bit)
■ X11 Bitmap or X11 Window dump
■ and many more
■ Image Tool also understands compressed forms of

these files.
■ Image Tool can read or write files in these formats.

■ Image Tool can therefore be used to translate between
formats.

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Image File Formats
Graphics files can occur in many different formats. Image

Tool can read files in all of the most widely used formats.
Some of these are listed on the slide, but there are many
more.
A number of these file formats are also recognized by File
Manager and have their own icons - again some of these are
shown on the slide.
Because graphics files are usually very large, they are often
compressed, so that they take up less space on the disk. Image
Tool can recognize files that have been compressed; it will
uncompress the file and loads it in the correct format.
Image Tool can write files in different file formats. Therefore
you can use Image Tool to translate image files from one
format to another.

10
Loading an Image
Click SELECT on
name of file you
wish to load
Click to load
the file

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Loading an Image
To load an image into Image Tool:

The file chooser popup window appears.
2. Select the name of the file you wish to load.
Click SELECT on the name in the scrolling list. The name
will be highlighted.
You can change to different folders by as you have done
in other applications.
3. Click on Open.
This will load the file.
Image Too will normally detect the format of the file, so you
do not need to mention the file format.

10
Loading an Image form a Specific Format
Click SELECT on the

name of the file to load
Click SELECT on
the format of the file
Click to load the file

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Loading an Image from a Specific Format
You can force Image Tool to treat a file as a particular format

by using Open As, rather than Open.
To load a file in a specific format:
1. Choose File ➤ Open As.
A file chooser window appears, slightly different to the
normal Open window.
2. Select the name of the file to load.
Click SELECT on the file name, which is then
highlighted.
3. Select the format of the file.
Click SELECT on the file format in the lower of the
scrolling lists. The chosen format is highlighted.
4. Click on Open.
The file will then be loaded.

10
Viewing Multi-Page Documents
■ Useful for previewing PostScript documents before

printing
View previous page View next page

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Viewing Multi-Page Documents
Because Image Tool understands PostScript documents, it is

often used to preview files that have been generated by
packages such as word processors or desktop publishing,
before sending them to the printer.
When you are viewing a document with multiple pages, you
move through the pages using the “Next Page” and
“Previous Page” buttons of Image Tool.

10
Page Overview
Click to select
a page to view

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Page Overview
A useful feature when viewing multi-page documents is the

Page Overview. This allows you to see a skeleton
representation of each page in the document.
To see the page overview, choose
View ➤ Page Overview
Each page is shown only in outline. To view a particular
page in the main Image Tool window, click SELECT on the
page in the overview popup window. The current page is
shown highlighted in the page overview.

10
Getting Information About An Image

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Getting Information About An Image
To find out information about the image currently loaded in

Image Tool, choose
View ➤ Image Info
A popup window is displayed, describing the size of the
image in inches, centimetres and pixels, the number of
colours (for raster images only), and the size and format of
the file.
To clear this information, simply dismiss the popup
window.

10
Saving An Image
File saved in same format
Check name
Click to save

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Saving an Image
If you wish to save the image in the same format, in the

same file from which it was loaded:
1. Choose File ➤ Save.
A popup file chooser window appears.
2. Check the name shown is correct.
You can alter the name if you want.
3. Click on Save.
The image is saved to the specified file.

10
Saving In An Alternative Format
PostScript
Image

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Saving In An Alternative Format
If you want to save an image in another format, the menu

choices you need to make depend on the basic format of the
file.
1. For PostScript documents, choose
File ➤ Save Page As Image
Because PostScript documents can contain multiple
pages, you can only save a single page (the current page)
as the image.
2. For other image files that only have a single page,
choose File ➤ Save As.
In either case, the file chooser popup window appears.
3. Choose the format of the saved file.
Click SELECT on the format name in the scrolling list.
4. Choose the colour format of the saved file.
You can choose to convert to black and white, or to store
in standard (8-bit) colour, or to use true colour.
5. Choose the compression (if any) that is to be performed
on the saved file.
Image Tool can apply various forms of compression as it
builds up image files.
6. Enter the name of the saved file.
7. Click on Save to save the file.

10
The Image Palette
Palette is
normally
displayed
Pan through Rotate image by

image specified amount
Select part
of image
Scale image to
Reflect image specified level
Left to
right
Top to
bottom

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The Image Palette
Image Tool allows you to perform various transformations

on images once they have been loaded. These are carried out
using the Image Palette. The palette is normally displayed at
all times in a popup window. If you cannot see it, choose
Edit ➤ Palette
With the palette, you can:
■ rotate the image clockwise or anticlockwise, by an
amount you specify.
■ scale the image to a specified level (represented as a
percentage of the original image size).
■ reflect (flip) the image horizontally or vertically.
■ pan through the image - holding down SELECT you
can move the image in the window frame.
■ select a portion of the image to save to a file.

10
Example - Reflection + Rotation

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Example - Reflection + Rotation
The slide shows the effect of reflecting the image left to

right, then rotating anticlockwise through 45 degrees.

10
Saving Part of an Image
Specify
selected
area with
mouse

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Saving Part of an Image
You can save part of an image as a new file. To do this:

1. Choose the selector from the palette.
Click SELECT on the selector part of the palette.
2. Specify the part of the image to save.
Position the pointer at the top left corner of the area,
press SELECT and holding it down, drag the mouse to
mark the bottom right corner of the area. Release the
mouse button to mark the rectangle.
3. Choose File ➤ Save Selection As
The file chooser popup window appears.
4. Complete file name and format details.
Fill in the details in the file chooser window.
5. Click on Save.
This saves the selected area of the document in the
specified file.

10
Printing an Image
For multi-page
(PostScript)
files
Click to send
to printer

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Printing an Image
You can send an image to the printer, after having

performed processing on it.
To print an image:
1. Choose File ➤ Print
The print popup window appears.
2. Select the required options regarding how you wish
your image to appear.
There are many aspects of the final page layout that you
can alter. These range from scaling and page orientation
to margins at the top and bottom of the page.
3. Click on the Print button.
This will send your file to the printer.
If you just wish the image you can see to be printed with all
default values, you can choose
File ➤ Print One

10
Print Preview
Click to print
image
as displayed

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Print Preview
You can preview the printed page by choosing

File ➤ Print Preview
This allows you to check that the printout is as you expect it
to be.
If you are satisfied, then you can proceed to print by clicking
on the Print button at the base of the preview popup
window.

10
Summary
In this chapter, you learned how to:

■ identify the main features of Image Tool.
■ load graphics image files into Image Tool.
■ save an image file in the same or different format.
■ print an image.
■ use the image manipulation features of Image Tool.

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Summary Exercise
1. Open a File Manager, if you do not already have one

open, and change to your home directory.
2. Change to the folder images.
3. The file tiger.ps contains the image that has been used
in the slides in this chapter. Start Image Tool and load the
file.
4. Now load the file stormy.im8. Use the Image Info
facility to find out the format of this file.
_______________________________________
5. Load the file parrot.ps into Image Tool.
6. Scale the image so that it is half the normal size.
7. Now make the parrot look in the opposite direction (that
is, reflect the image).
8. Store the modified image in Sun Raster file format, in a
file called parrot.rs.
9. Start another Image Tool, and load the file parrot.rs.
10. Quit from your Image Tool windows.

Working with Floppy Disks 11
Objectives
■ Format and name a floppy disk in either UNIX or
MS-DOS format.
■ Load and eject a floppy disk from the Sun
workstation.
■ Copy data to and from a floppy disk.
Chapter 2
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Floppy Disks and the Sun Workstation

11
Floppy Disks and the Sun Workstation
Your Sun workstation can read from and write to floppy

disks.
The floppy disk drive is located on the main system unit
box. You access the floppy disk using advanced features of
File Manager.

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Accessing the Floppy Disk
■ Check for floppy disk in drive
■ Attach the floppy disk to the file

system
■ Open File Manager window to

access the files and folders on the
floppy disk.
DOS floppy
disk with
no files

11
Accessing the Floppy Disk
When you want to access a floppy disk, you must tell File
Manager that you are using one.
To access a floppy disk:
1. Put the disk into the floppy disk drive.
2. Select File ➤ Check for Floppy from File Manager
After a couple of seconds, a new File Manager window is
opened, giving you access to the files on the floppy disk.

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Floppy Disk Formats
■ The floppy disk must be in a recognized format

■ If not:
Format disk Cancel and

and continue eject the disk

11
Floppy Disk Formats
Before a floppy disk can be used in a computer of any type,

it must be formatted. This allows the computer to lay out the
data on the disk in an orderly way.
Different systems format the floppy disk in different ways.
In particular, disks for use with Solaris (or UNIX systems in
general) will have a different format to those used in MS-
DOS.
File Manager on Solaris can read and write floppy disks that
were formatted in either UNIX or MS-DOS format. This
makes it easy to transfer data from a PC running MS-DOS to
your Sun Workstation and vice versa.
When you check for a floppy disk as described earlier, File
Manager checks that the disk you have inserted has been
formatted either for UNIX or MS-DOS.
If you have inserted a brand new disk that has never been
formatted, or a disk whose format is unknown to File
Manager, you will see a popup window warning you of the
bad format.
From this point, you can format the disk in one of the
formats File Manager understands, or you can abandon the
operation and eject the disk from the drive. Click SELECT
on the appropriate button for what you want to do.
Formatting a disk is described later in this chapter.
Note that File Manager cannot read disks that have been
written using the UNIX archiving programs tar, bar or
cpio. If you are given one of these disks, you should seek
advice from your System Administrator.

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Formatting a Floppy Disk
From the File

Manager
floppy disk
window
Select format
Type name
of disk if
required
Click to start formatting

11
Formatting a Floppy Disk
You can format a floppy disk in response to the “bad disk”

message described above, or you can reformat a disk that
has been recognized by File Manager. To reformat a disk that
is already in the system, choose
File ➤ Format Floppy
in the floppy disk window.
Note that if you reformat a disk, you will lose all of the data
that was on the disk. Think carefully before selecting this
option.
After this, the procedure is the same in both cases:
1. Click SELECT over the format you require for the
floppy disk.
There are three choices, the most common are UNIX and
DOS High Density. These require 1.44Mb floppy disks.
2. Type in a disk name.
This is a convenient way of identifying different floppy
disks. You do not have to enter a name but are
recommended to do so.
3. Click on the Format Disk button.
This starts the formatting process. It takes a short time to
format a disk, afterwards the File Manager floppy disk
window will be updated to show the newly named
(empty) disk.
If you were working from an unformatted disk, then a
new File Manager floppy disk window will be opened
showing the new disk.

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The Floppy Disk Window
No name for
this disk
Click here to
eject floppy
disk from drive
Disk Name
This folder is found

on UNIX format
floppy disks only

11
The Floppy Disk Window
When a floppy disk has been recognized by File Manager,

you will see a File Manager window representing the disk.
The disk’s name will be displayed under the icon of the disk
that is shown in the Path Pane. If the disk has no name,
“noname” will be shown.
You can now use this window as a normal File Manager
window.
Notice that there is no eject button on the Sun Workstation
floppy disk drive. To eject the floppy disk, you click on the
Eject Disk button in the File Manager window for the disk.
This tidies up the internal details of how the floppy disk is
managed, and removes the window. The disk will be ejected
and you can then remove it.

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Copying To and From the Floppy Disk
Normal File Manager

Copy/Cut and
Pate methods can be
used
Icon may change

for a DOS file

11
Copying To and From the Floppy Disk
Once the floppy disk has been recognized, you can copy files
and folders between your Solaris file system and the floppy
disk using the normal File Manager mechanisms:
■ the Edit menu choices for Cut/Copy and Paste
■ drag and drop between the windows
Note that the default operation of drag and drop with
floppy disks is Copy and Paste - you do not need to
use Control-drag and drop as you do in the normal
File Manager window.
■ the Cut, Copy and Paste keys on the keyboard
Files copied onto a DOS format floppy will now be readable
in a PC running MS-DOS.
Alternatively, you can load files written using a PC version
of an application such as Lotus 123 directly into the UNIX
version of 123.

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Renaming a Floppy Disk
From File Manager

floppy disk
window
Enter name
Click to rename disk

11
Renaming a Floppy Disk
You can assign a name to a floppy disk at any time. To name

a disk:
1. Load the disk.
2. Choose File ➤ Rename Floppy from the floppy disk
window.
A small popup window will appear.
3. Type in the new name for the disk.
Try and keep it short. MS-DOS requires the disk name to
be less than 11 characters.
4. Click on Rename Disk.
This applies the new name.

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11 Not to be copied
Summary

■ load and eject a floppy disk from the Sun workstation.
■ format and name a floppy disk in either UNIX or
MS-DOS format.
■ copy files and folders to and from a floppy disk.

11
Summary Exercise
Your instructor will give you a floppy disk to use in this

exercise.
1. Open a File Manager, if you do not already have one
open, and change to your home directory.
2. Put the floppy disk into the floppy drive on the
workstation.
3. Choose File ➤ Check for Floppy in File Manager to
access the floppy disk.
4. Make sure that your floppy disk is in UNIX format, and
call it mydisk1.
You will have to format (or reformat) the disk to be sure
it is the right format.
5. Copy the folders sounds and images from your home
directory onto the floppy disk.
6. Verify that the copy was successful by checking the
folders in the floppy disk window.
7. Eject the disk.

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Customizing Your OpenWindows
Environment 12
Objectives
■ Examine and change OpenWindows properties.
■ Select different colours for your workspace and
windows.
■ Use alternative fonts in windows, menus and
applications.
■ Use keyboard accelerators for certain menu
operations.
■ Alter the characteristics of the mouse, including how
the active window is selected.
Chapter 17
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Customizing your OpenWindows Environment
■ Many aspects of OpenWindows operation can be

customized:
■ colours
■ fonts
■ mouse operation
■ menu characteristics
■ Use the Workspace Properties utility:

12
Customizing your OpenWindows Environment
You learned earlier how to design your own desktop layout

and save it. OpenWindows allows you to customize other
aspects of its operation.
You may wish to choose different colours for the
background, the windows and even text shown in the
windows. You may wish to display characters in windows
and menus using a different font.
You can also alter characteristics of how the mouse operates,
and how menus behave.
All of these are set up using the Workspace Properties utility.
To change the properties of OpenWindows, you must first
choose
Workspace ➤ Properties
Then you can make your changes.

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The Properties Window
Choose category Reset to default values
Apply changes Revert to previous values

12
The Properties Window
When you choose

Workspace ➤ Properties
the Properties popup window appears. There are several
aspects of OpenWindows you can customize from here. You
choose the category of properties that you wish to update by
selecting from the Category menu at the top of the window.
When you have made your changes, you can have them
applied to your environment and remembered by clicking
SELECT on Apply.
If you want to revert to the previously saved values for the
properties, click SELECT on Reset.
If you want to return to the original OpenWindows default
values for the properties, click SELECT on the Reset to
Standard button that is located at the top right of the popup
window.

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Changing Colour and Background
Preview of Pattern on desktop

selected background
values

12
Changing Colour and Background
The properties that most users wish to alter are concerned

with the appearance of their OpenWindows desktop,
particularly the colours.
You can change the colours used by OpenWindows with the
Colour properties section of the Properties window.
You can set the colours used as the background and
foreground in windows, window frames and menus and the
workspace background itself.
Foreground colours correspond to text, written on the
background colours. So you should choose colours with a
good contrast for foreground and background, to make your
desktop easy to read.
To set the colour for one of these items, click SELECT on the
button marked “...” beside the item. This opens a Colour
Chooser window.
You can also set the pattern that is to be used on the
workspace desktop background.

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Picking Colours
■ Choose from a range of predefined colours:
Click SELECT
on the required
colour
Selected colour
is shown here
■ You can also define your own colours:
Move the sliders

to generate the
required colour
Preview of colour

12
Picking Colours
Each of the colour items is selected using a Colour Chooser.

To modify colours in your Environment:
1. Click SELECT on the button for the colour item you
want to change.
A colour chooser popup window appears. The window
header indicates which colour item the chooser will set.
2. Point to a colour on the palette and click SELECT.
The new colour will be shown in the Preview area at the
bottom of the Colour Properties window, and at the
bottom of the colour chooser window.
3. If you cannot find a suitable colour in the palette, click
SELECT on the Custom button.
This changes the colour chooser window to one where
you design your own colour.
4. Move the sliders to create your new colour.
Move the slider by pointing at the slider button and
dragging the mouse with SELECT held down.
The characteristics of the colour are:
■ Hue: a colour from the range of spectrum colours.
■ Saturation: the deepness, or richness of the colour.
■ Brightness: the amount of light filtered into a
colour.
The preview area in the chooser lets you see the colour
as you design it.
5. Repeat for any other colour items you wish to change.
6. Click on Apply to apply the changes.
Your desktop will now reflect the new colours.

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Picking a Desktop Background
■ Colours in the patterns can be changed.

■ Set the Workspace Colours to alter the background
colours.

12
Picking a Desktop Background
You may wish to change from having a solid colour as your

desktop background. You can choose from a number of
patterns.
To choose a pattern, simply select an option from the
Patterns menu. This is a menu like all the others you have
seen, except that the menu items are patterns rather than
text items. You select an item in exactly the same way.
Although the patterns appear in certain colours on the
menu, you can alter these once you have chosen the pattern.
You do this by setting the Workspace colours as described
earlier.

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Choosing Fonts
Click
SELECT
to choose
a new font
Choose
the font
size
Preview
Click to apply your choice

12
Choosing Fonts
You can choose to have text displayed in a different font in

menus, window frames and sometimes even inside
windows. You do this with the Fonts Properties window.
The window displays a scrolling list of Standard fonts that
you can use. To change to a new font, click SELECT on the
name of the font you would like. Examples of the new font
will be shown in the preview window.
You can also choose the size of the text, click SELECT on the
size you wish.
Certain fonts are not suitable to be shown in window data
areas. If you choose one of these, a message appears in the
window footer, and a system default font will be used
instead.
After you apply your changes, the font in window frames
and menus will change at once, but you will not see changes
in window data areas until you start a new version of the
application in the window.
Note that if you are using an application such as word
processing or desktop publishing, that allows you to work
with text in different fonts, then the font specified here for
the window data area will be ignored.

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Using a Custom Font

12
Using a Custom Font
A much wider range of fonts is available in the Custom font

list.
However while the choice is greater, many of the fonts
included here are designed for specialist use and are not
suitable for your normal OpenWindows desktop
environment.
You select from this list in the same way as from the
standard list.
The slide shows an example of choosing the extra large
version of the ZapfChancery font, and the effect of this choice
on the Workspace menu.

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Keyboard Properties
Sound a click on Keyboard

every key press accelerators

12
Keyboard Properties
You can change certain aspects of the operation of the

keyboard using the Keyboard Properties window.
For example, you can configure OpenWindows so that every
time a key is pressed, an audible click is sounded. This is
similar to the way in which many other keyboards,
particularly those used with PCs, operate.
Click SELECT in the Key Click box to enable key clicking.
You can also enable or disable the use of keyboard
equivalents to mouse operations, providing quick ways to
select options from menus.
The slide shows that this option is enabled for
OpenWindows applications and the general OpenWindows
environment. You can restrict this so that keyboard
accelerators operate with applications only, or turn it off
altogether.

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Menu Keyboard Equivalents
Keyboard
Equivalents

12
Menu Keyboard Equivalents
Many menu items are displayed with keyboard equivalents

beside them. When you see these, you can achieve the menu
action by pressing the equivalent keys.
The keyboard equivalents are displayed like:
◊W
The ◊ key is the “Meta” key and is represented by the key
with this logo in the lower left of the keyboard. To enter this
key combination, hold down the Meta key and press the
required letter.
In the example on the slide, you can close the window by
pressing Meta-w, without displaying the window menu.
Keyboard menu equivalents are only interpreted when the
window is active.
There are many other keyboard equivalences that you can
use. See the Solaris Users Guide for more details.

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Modifying Operation of the Mouse
Speed of
the mouse
Double
click or
two clicks?
Mouse
buttons

12
Modifying Operation of the Mouse
You can alter certain aspects of the behaviour of the mouse

with the Mouse Properties window.
Mouse Acceleration is the speed at which the mouse moves
across the display. Experienced users may wish this to be
high so the mouse moves quickly, but this can make it
difficult to position the pointer over objects. The Mouse
threshold says how far the mouse can move (in pixels)
before it is accelerated.
The Multi-Click Interval describes how OpenWindows
distinguishes between two single clicks and a double click. If
you click a mouse button twice within the time specified
here, then a double click is detected.
The mouse acceleration and multi-click times are set using
sliders.
You can change the order of the mouse buttons (sometimes
this can be useful for left handed people).
You can also alter how the screen pointer behaves when
using a scrollbar or a popup window. Pointer Jumping
means that the pointer moves with the scrollbar (or moves
to the popup window). You can enable or disable this
feature by clicking SELECT in the appropriate box.

Sun Education
12 Not to be copied
Menu Characteristics

12
How far to drag mouse

before submenu appears

Sun Education
12 Not to be copied
Menu Characteristics
You can change the behaviour of menus with the Menu

Properties window. Two elements can be changed.
The Drag-Right distance is the distance (in pixels) that you
have to drag the mouse to the right to expose a submenu
associated with a menu item (for example, the Programs
menu from the Workspace menu).
The Left Mouse Press item determines what happens when
you press SELECT on an object that has a menu associated
with it (for example a menu button, or a menu item with a
submenu).
You can arrange that pressing SELECT will automatically
choose a default item from the menu (indicated by a
highlighted item when you display the menu), or display
the submenu so you can choose an item yourself.

12
Miscellaneous Features

Sun Education
12 Not to be copied
Miscellaneous Features
Miscellaneous features of the operation of OpenWindows

can be set up using the Miscellaneous Properties window:
■ You can enable a screen saver that blanks your screen
after a set period of inactivity. This is merely to
preserve the screen hardware, it is not like the Lock
Screen utility described earlier. If you enable the
screen saver you can specify the length of time before
it comes into effect. The screen is restored when you
move the mouse or press any key.
■ You can specify when the beep is sounded (even turn
off the beep altogether), and alter the duration of the
beep tone.
■ You can specify where icons of newly started
applications are to be placed on the display.
■ You can specify on which side of a window a scrollbar
is placed.
■ You can specify how to set the active window. The
default is known as “Click Select” or “Click Mouse”.
This means that you click SELECT in a window to
make it active. If you move the mouse to another part
of the screen, the window remains active.
Many people find this frustrating. However you can
change it, so that when a mouse is over a window, that
window is automatically made active. This is known as
“Follow Pointer” or “Move Pointer”. If you choose this,
the header of an active window appears slightly different
from Click Mouse mode, but it is still highlighted so that
it can be identified.
Click SELECT on Apply once you have made your changes.
Other properties can be set up, but these are best left to the
System Administrator.

12
Summary
In this chapter, you learned to:

■ Select different colours for your workspace and
windows.
■ Use alternative fonts in windows, menus and
applications.
■ Use keyboard accelerators for certain menu
operations.
■ Alter the characteristics of the mouse, including how
the active window is selected.

Sun Education
12 Not to be copied
Summary Exercise
1. Open a Properties popup window.

2. Using the Miscellaneous Properties section, change your
OpenWindows so that the active window is set using the
Move Pointer method rather than the Click Mouse
method.
3. How is the header of an active window changed when
you are using the Move Pointer method?
_______________________________________
4. Use this method for a while, to decide whether you
prefer it to the Click Mouse method. Change back if you
would rather use Click Mouse.
5. Using the Menu Properties section, change the behaviour
for Left Mouse Press from Selects Default Item to
Displays Menu.
6. Now click SELECT on the window menu button in one
of your windows. How has the behaviour changed from
the default? Experiment with different colours for your
desktop.
7. Try different fonts on your desktop.

Index
A change current folder 3-29, 3-31

account 1-5, 1-7 changing the size of a
active window 2-41 window 2-35
ADJUST 2-9 choosing a password 1-11
alias 6-35 click 2-8
AnswerBook 2-19 Click Select 12-25
appointment 7-9 Clip Lines 4-13
editor 7-13, 7-15 Clock 2-19, 2-47
attach a file 6-13 colour chooser 12-9
attachment 6-3, 9-3 Colour Properties 12-7
audio file 9-17 Command Tool 2-19
Audio Tool 2-19, 9-3 compose a new message 5-27
Autocad 10-4 compressed file 10-5
Console 2-5
Control-drag 2-8
B and drop 4-41
background colour 12-7 copy 4-31
Base Window 2-29 and paste 4-39, 4-41
beep 12-25 to another folder 3-43
Binder 2-19 CPU 1-3
Brightness 12-9 create
Browse 7-31 a mail file 6-25
Browse List 7-29 a new file or folder 3-37
current printer 8-7, 8-13, 8-15
custom font 12-15
C cut 4-31
Calculator 2-19, 2-51 and paste 4-35, 4-37
Calendar Manager 2-19, 7-3
Properties 7-45
Carbon Copy 5-27
D
caret 4-5, 4-11 day view 7-5, 7-7
Cc 5-27 delete
Central Processing Unit 1-3 an attachment 6-11
Index-1
files and folders 3-51 H
messages 5-19 header 2-25
delivering a Message 5-31 Help key 2-55
DeskSet Tools 2-19 Help Viewer 2-5, 2-53
desktop background 12-11 hiding windows 2-43
Double-click 2-8 home directory 1-7, 3-5
Drag 2-8 HP Paintjet 10-4
drag and drop 3-47, 3-55, 4-25, Hue 12-9
4-27, 4-36, 8-11, 9-7
Drag-Right distance 12-23
drop target 4-5 I
duplicate of a file or folder 3-41 icon 2-31
Icon Editor 2-19
E Image Palette 10-21
Image Tool 2-19, 10-3
eject the floppy disk 11-11
In-Box 5-7, 6-21
Electronic mail 5-3, 9-3
include
address 5-3
a file 4-27
empty the Wastebasket 3-59
a message 5-29
exit OpenWindows 2-61
attachments 6-15
exposing windows 2-43
information about files and
folders 3-35
F
file 3-3 K
chooser 4-19 Key Click 12-17
formats 10-4, 10-5 Keyboard 1-3
system 1-7, 3-5 keyboard equivalents 12-17,
types 3-19 12-19
File Manager 2-5, 2-19, 3-7, 4-3, Keyboard Properties 12-17
6-31, 8-5, 11-5, 11-7
File Pane 3-7, 3-19
Find and Replace 4-47 L
floppy disk 11-3 Left Mouse Press 12-23
folder 3-3 line wrapping 4-13
Folder View 3-11, 3-13, 3-15, 3-17 load
font 12-13 a file 4-23, 4-25, 10-9
Fonts Properties 12-13 a mail file 6-31
foreground colours 12-7 an audio file 9-5, 9-7
format a floppy disk 11-7, 11-9 an image 10-7
forward a message 5-35 lock the screen 2-59
logging in 1-9
G logging out 1-15
login name 1-7
GEM 10-4
login prompt 1-9
graphics images 10-3
group appointment 7-37, 7-39
Index-2 OpenWindows 3.x for Users Revision A

M pathname 3-9
MacPaint 10-4 PC Paintbrush 10-4
mail files 6-21 Performance Meter 2-19
Mail Tool 2-19, 5-5 personal alias list 6-37
mailbox 5-3, 5-5 Point 2-8
MENU 2-9 pointer 2-7
menu 2-12 jumping 12-21
Menu Properties 12-23 popup windows 2-29
message headers 5-9 PostScript 10-3, 10-4, 10-11
Miscellaneous Properties 12-25 Press 2-8
Monitor 1-3 print
month view 7-5 a file 8-9
Mouse 1-3, 2-7, 2-9 an image 10-27
Acceleration 12-21 from Calendar Manager 7-25
Pad 1-3, 2-9 messages 5-17
Properties 12-21 preview 10-29
move files and folders 3-45 print queue 8-15
Move Pointer 12-25 Print Tool 2-19, 8-7
moving windows 2-33 privacy 7-19
MS-DOS format 11-7 pushpin 2-21, 2-29
Multi-Click Interval 12-21
Multiple Calendars 7-29, 7-33, Q
7-35, 7-37 quit an application 2-37
N R
new appointment 7-15 RAM 1-3
recording 9-15
O parameters 9-13
open reflect 10-21
a file or folder 3-27 rename
an attachment 6-5 a file or folder 3-33
openwin 2-3 an attachment 6-17
OpenWindows 2-3 repeated appointments 7-19
operating system 1-5 reply 5-33
restore a file or folder 3-57
root directory 3-5
P rotate 10-21
Page Overview 10-13
pan 10-21 S
pane menu 2-25
Saturation 12-9
passwd 1-13
save
password 1-9, 1-11
an attachment 6-7, 6-9
paste 4-31
an image 10-17, 10-19
Path Pane 3-7, 3-9
part of an image 10-25
Index-3

a file 4-17 V
Save Workspace 2-57 Vacation Notifier 6-39
scale 10-21 view mail messages 5-11
schedule a meeting 7-35 Voice Mail 9-21
screen saver 12-25 volume 9-11
Scrollbar 2-39
SELECT 2-9
selecting W
Files and Folders 3-25 Wastebasket 3-7, 3-53, 3-55, 3-57
Menu Options 2-17 emptying 3-59
text 4-31, 4-33 week view 7-5
Shell Tool 2-19 window
Snapshot 2-19 frame 2-25
Solaris 1-5, 8-3, 11-7 menu 2-27
sound files 9-3 menu button 2-25
split views 4-9 pane 2-25
spot help 2-55 resize corners 2-25, 2-35
standard fonts 12-13 Workspace
starting OpenWindows 2-2 Menu 2-15
stopping a Print Job 8-17 Properties 12-3
store a message in a mail Wrap
file 6-27 at Character 4-13
Sun Raster 10-4 at word 4-13
System Administrator 1-11, 2-3,
8-3, 8-13
System Unit 1-3
X
X11 Bitmap 10-4
X11 Window dump 10-4
T
Tape Tool 2-19
Text Editor 2-19, 4-3
Y
Text year view 7-5
files 4-3
Pane 4-5
Menu 4-7
timezone 2-49, 7-43
To do items 7-9
U
undelete messages 5-21
undo 4-15
user 1-5
name 1-7
Index-4 OpenWindows 3.x for Users Revision A

OW104 - Open Windows 3.x For Users - SG - 0494

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OpenWindows 3.

Sun Microsystems Computer

Course Number: OW-104

UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T.

Copyright  1993 Sun Microsystems, Inc.—Printed in the U.S.A.

Introducing Your Workstation 1-1

iv OpenWindows 3.x for Users Revision A

1-2 OpenWindows 3.x for Users

Copyright © Sun Microsystems Computer Corp.

The System Unit

The Mouse and Mouse Pad

Introducing Your Workstation 1-3

Copyright © Sun Microsystems Computer Corp.

Users and Accounts

■ Many users can use the workstation

■ Each can be individually identified

■ The Operating System manages the workstation and

1-4 OpenWindows 3.x for Users

Copyright © Sun Microsystems Computer Corp.

Users and Accounts

Introducing Your Workstation 1-5

Copyright © Sun Microsystems Computer Corp.

1-6 OpenWindows 3.x for Users

Copyright © Sun Microsystems Computer Corp.

Introducing Your Workstation 1-7

Copyright © Sun Microsystems Computer Corp.

Logging in to Your Account

Type your user Your password

calais login: user401

1-8 OpenWindows 3.x for Users

Copyright © Sun Microsystems Computer Corp.

Logging in to Your Account

In the slide example, the hostname of the system is calais

Introducing Your Workstation 1-9

Copyright © Sun Microsystems Computer Corp.

■ Protects your account from unauthorized access.

■ Choose a password carefully.

■ Don’t write down your password or share it with

1-10 OpenWindows 3.x for Users

Copyright © Sun Microsystems Computer Corp.

Introducing Your Workstation 1-11

Copyright © Sun Microsystems Computer Corp.

Changing Your Password

■ Change your password regularly.

1-12 OpenWindows 3.x for Users

Copyright © Sun Microsystems Computer Corp.

Changing Your Password

Introducing Your Workstation 1-13

Copyright © Sun Microsystems Computer Corp.

Logging Out of Your Account

■ Always log out of your account before leaving the

Login prompt - the system is

NEVER switch off your workstation without getting the

1-14 OpenWindows 3.x for Users

Copyright © Sun Microsystems Computer Corp.

Logging Out of Your Account

Never switch off the workstation. The workstation should

Introducing Your Workstation 1-15

Copyright © Sun Microsystems Computer Corp.

In this module you learned to:

1-16 OpenWindows 3.x for Users

Copyright © Sun Microsystems Computer Corp.

Complete this exercise to practice the skills you learned in