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VISION MISSION
A center of human development committed to the pursuit of wisdom, truth, Establish and maintain an academic environment promoting the pursuit of
justice, pride, dignity, and local/global competitiveness via a quality but excellence and the total development of its students as human beings,
affordable education for all qualified clients. with fear of God and love of country and fellowmen.

GOALS
Kolehiyo ng Lungsod ng Lipa aims to:
1. foster the spiritual, intellectual, social, moral, and creative life of its client via affordable but quality tertiary education;
2. provide the clients with reach and substantial, relevant, wide range of academic disciplines, expose them to varied curricular and co-curricular
experiences which nurture and enhance their personal dedications and commitments to social, moral, cultural, and economic transformations.
3. work with the government and the community and the pursuit of achieving national developmental goals; and
4. develop deserving and qualified clients with different skills of life existence and prepare them for local and global competitiveness
MODULE
FIRST Semester, AY 2020-2021

I. COURSE CODE/TITLE : GE 103/ The Contemporary World

II. SUBJECT MATTER

SUBJECT MATTER Time-Frame
1. Definition of Globalization September 1-7, 2020
2. Globalization on Theories September 8-14, 2020
3. Origins of Globalization September 14-21, 2020

III. COURSE OUTCOME

1. Define globalization and compare definitions of various experts.
2. Determine its importance and characteristics.

IV. ENGAGEMENT:

UNIT I. Defining Globalization

What is globalization? Over the years, globalization has gained many connotations pertaining to progress,
development and integration. On the one hand, some view globalization as positive phenomenon. Since its first
appearance in the Webster’s Dictionary in 1961, many opinions about globalization have flourished.
The literature on the definitions of globalization revealed that the definitions could be classified as either;
1. Broad and inclusive or
- Globalization means the onset of the borderless world according to Ohmae 1992. This is an
example of a broad and inclusive type of definition.
2. Narrow and exclusive.
- Definitions are better justified but can be limiting, in the sense that their application adhere to
only particular definitions.
According to Robert Cox, the characteristic of the globalization trend include the internationalizing of production,
the new international division of labor, the new migratory movement from South to North, the new competitive
environment that accelerates these processes and internationalizing of the state, making states into agencies of the
globalizing world (as cited in RAWOO Netherlands Development Assistance Research Council, 2000). Other definitions
of globalization are shown in chronological order in the appendix. Each could fall to either one of the two types of
definitions.
No matter how one classifies a definition of globalization, the concept is complex and multifaceted as the
definitions deals with economic, political or social dimensions. In fact, in a comprehensive study of 114 definitions by
Geneva Center of Security Policy (GCSP) in 2006, 67 of them refer to economic dimension. These include political and
social dimensions as well. So, how can these help us understand globalization?
- First, the perspective of the person who defines globalization shapes its definition. The
overview of definitions implies that globalization is many things to many different people. In a
more recent study, Al-Rhodan (2006) wrote that definition suggest the perspective of the
author on the origins and the geopolitical implications of globalization. It is the starting point
that will guide the rest of any discussions. In effect, one’s definition perspective could
determine concrete steps in addressing the issues of globalization. For example, if one sees

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globalization as positive, the person can say that it is a unifying force. On the other hand, if it
is deemed as creating greater inequalities among nations, globalization is negatively treated.
- Second, to paraphrase the sociologist Cesare Poppi (1997); Globalization is a debate and the
debate is the globalization. One became part and parcel of the other. He also wrote: “The
literature stemming from the debate on globalization has grown in the last decade beyond
any individual’s capability of extracting a workable definition of a concept. In a sense, the
meaning of the concept is self-evident in another it is a vague and obscure as its reaches are
wide and constantly shifting. Perhaps, more than any other concept, globalization is a debate
about it. (as cited in Kumar, 2003)
- Third, globalization is a reality. It is changing as human society develops. It has happened
before and it is still happening today. We should expect it to continue to happen in the
future. The future of globalization is more difficult to predict. What we could expect in the
coming years is what has happened over the past 50 years and it is the fluidity and complexity
of globalization as a concept, which made more debates, discussions and definitions than
agreements on it.
Overall, globalization is a concept that is not easy to define because in reality, globalization has a shifting nature. It
is complex, multifaceted, and can be influenced by the people who define it. Moreover, the issues and concerns
involving globalization have a wide range- from individual to society, from small communities to nations and sates, and
from the benefits we can gain from it to the costs it could carry.

Metaphors of Globalization
In order for us to understand the concept of globalization, we will utilize metaphors. Metaphors make use of
term to help us better understand another term. In our case, the state of matter, solid and liquid will be used. In
addition other related concepts that are included in the definition such as structure and flows will be elaborated.
Solid and Liquid
The epochs that preceded today’s globalization paved way for people, things, information and places to
harden over time. Consequently, they have limited mobility (Ritzer, 2015). The social relationships and objects and
objects remained where they were created. Solidity also refers to a barrier that made it difficult for people or things to
exit or to enter. Furthermore, solidity can be natural (mountains, river, and oceans) or manmade (gates, walls). Above
all, solidity describes a world in which barriers exist and are erected to prevent the free movement of all sorts of
things.
It was the nation-statethat was most likely to create these solid barriers (e.g the Great Wall of China; the wall
between Israel and the West Bank, border gates and guards) and the state itself grew increasingly solid as it resisted
change. The best example of solidity was the erection (beginning in 1961),and maintenance of the Berlin Wall in order
to keep East Berliners in and Western influecnes out.
An imaginary line such as the nine-dash line used by the Peoples of Republic of China in their claim to South
China Sea is an example of man-made modern solid. This creates limited access to Filipino fishers to the South China
Sea and obviously, these examples still exists. However, they have the tendency to melt. This should not be taken
literally, like an iceberg melting. Instead, this process involves how we can describe what is happening in today’s global
world. It is becoming increasingly liquid.
Liquid as a state of matter, takes the shape of its container. Moreover, liquids are not fixed. Liquidity,
therefore, refers to the increasing ease of movement of people, things, information and places in the contemporary
world. Zygmunt Bauman’s ideas were the ones that have much to say about the characteristic of liquidity. First,
today’s liquid phenomena change quickly and their aspects, spatial and temporal, are in the continuous fluctuation.
This means that space and time are crucial in elements of globalization. In global finance, for instance, changes in the
stock market are a matter of seconds. Another characteristic of liquid phenomena is that their movement is difficult to
stop. For example, videos uploaded in You-tube or Facebook are unstoppable once they become viral. The so called
internet sensation becomes famous not only in their homeland but also to the entire world. Everywhere we turn,
more things, including ourselves are becoming increasingly liquefied. Furthermore, as the process continues, those
liquids as is the case in the natural world (e.g. ice to water to water vapor), tend to turn into gases of various types.

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Finally, the forces (the liquid ones) made political boundaries. More permeable to the flow of people and things
(Cartier, 2001) this brings us to what Ritzer,2015 regarded as the most important characteristic of liquid: it tends to
melt whatever stand in its path especially the solid. The clearest example is the decline, if not death, of the nation-
state.
Liquidity and solidity are in constant interaction. However, liquidity is the one increasing and proliferating
today. Therefore, metaphor that could best describe globalization is liquidity. Liquids do not flow and this area of flow
(Apparudai, 1996; Rey and Ritzer, 2010) will be focus on the next discussion. Also should be expected that this concept
will appear in the succeeding lessons. The literature on globalization makes use of the concept of flows.
Flows
Closely related to the idea of liquidity, and integral to it, is another key concept in thinking about globalization,
the idea of flows; after all liquids flow easily, far more easily than solids. Flow movement of people, things,
information and places due, in part to the increasing porosity of global barriers (Ritzer, 2015). Because so much of the
world has melted or is in process of melting and has become liquefied, globalization is increasingly characterized by
great flows of increasingly liquid phenomena of all types, including people, objects, information, decisions, and places
and so on. Undoubtedly because of their immateriality, ideas, images and information, both legal and illegal, flow
everywhere through interpersonal contact and the media, especially now via the internet.
An interconnected flow is a kind of flow that does not occur in isolation from one another; many different
flows interconnect at various points and times. One example is the global fish industry. That industry in now
dominated by the flows of huge industrial ships and the massive amount of frozen fish that they produce and which is
distributed throughout the world. Thus, these industrial ships putting small fishers out of business and some are using
their boats for other kind of flows (e.g transporting, illegal immigrants from Africa to Europe). Reverse flow in some
cases is a process of flowing in one direction act back on their source. This is what Ulrich Beck has called Boomerang
effect. In Beck’s work the boomerang effects takes the form of, for example pollution that is exported to other parts of
the world but the returns to affects the point of origin.
Globalization Theories
We have established the many definitions of and issues in defining globalization and the metaphors that we
can use to understand easily the concept. We have also looked into its origins and history. This section will give you a
glimpse of the important theories on globalization. We will analyze globalization culturally, economically, and
politically in this book as reflected in the succeeding chapters. In the meantime, it would be helpful to assert that the
theories see globalization as a process that increases either homogeneity or heterogeneity.
Homogeneity
- Refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors and
political orientations of societies expand to create common practices, same economies, and
similar forms of government.
- In culture is often linked to cultural imperialism. This means, a given culture influences other
cultures.
Media Imperialism
- Global flow of media like TV, music, books and movies are perceived as imposed on
developing countries by the West.
- Theory based upon an over-concentration of mass media from larger nations as a significant
variable in negatively affecting smaller nations, in which the national identity of smaller
nations is lessened or lost due to media homogeneity inherent in mass media from the larger
countries.
- The internet can be seen for alternative media.

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Cultural Imperialism

- is a practice of promoting and imposing a culture, usually that of a politically powerful nation,
over a less powerful society; in other words, the cultural
hegemony of industrialized or politically and economically influential countries which determine
general cultural values and standardize civilizations throughout the world.
Heterogeneity
- Pertains to the creation of various cultural practices, new economies, and political groups
because of the interaction of elements from different societies in the world.
- It also refers to the differences because of either lasting differences or of the hybrids or
combinations of cultures that can be produced through the different planetary processes.
Glocalization
- The practice of conducting business according to both local and global considerations.
- It is a combination of the words "globalization" and "localization." The term is used to describe a
product or service that is developed and distributed globally but is also adjusted to accommodate
the user or consumer in a local market.
- Concept coined by Roland Robertson in 1992. To him, as global forces interact with local factors or
a specific geographic area.

Dynamics of Local and Global Culture

Global flows of culture tend to move more easily around the globe than ever before, especially through non-
material digital forms. There are three perspectives on global cultural flows. These are differentialism, hybridization,
and convergence.

Cultural Differentialism
- It emphasis the fact that culture are essentially different and are only superficially affected by
global flows.
- It is deemed to contain the potential for catastrophic collision.
- According to Samuel Hantington’s theory on the clash of the civilization proposed in 1996,
political-economic differences were overshadowed by new fault lines which are primarily culture
in nature, increasing civilizations would lead to intense clashes especially in economic conflict
between Western and Sinic Civilization. This theory has been critiqued for a number of reasons
especially on its portrayal of Muslims as being prone to violence.

Cultural Hybridization
- Approach emphasis the integration of local and global culture.
- It is a development of a new culture by merging of two different cultures through a period of
contact and interaction.
- The process by which a cultural element blends into another culture by modifying the element to
fit cultural norms.

Cultural Convergence
- An approach stresses homogeneity introduced by globalization.
- Theory that two cultures will be more and more like each other as their interactions increase.
Basically, the more that culture interact, the more that their values, ideologies, behaviours, arts,
and customs will start to reflect each other.
- Occurs when different cultures become more alike in terms of technology, sports, language and
even in politics (Christopher, 2005).

Deterritorialization
- Means that it is much more difficult to tie culture to a specific geographic point of origin.

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Globalization of Religion
Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing a context for the current revival and resurgence of
religion. Today, most religions are not relegated to the countries where they began. Religious have, in fact spread and
scattered on a global scale. Globalization provided religions a fertile milieu to spread and thrive.
Information Technologies, transportation means and media are deemed import means on which religionists
rely on the dissemination of religious ideas.
Information Technologies
o Countless websites that provide information about religions have been created.
o It allows people to contact each other worldwide and therefore hold forums and debates
that allow religious ideas to spread.
Transportations Means
o Modern transportations contributed considerably to the emergence, revivalism, and
fortification of religion.
Media
o Play an important role in dissemination of religious ideas. A piece of information and
explanation about different religions already disposal of any person regardless of his or
her geographical location.
o Television channels, radio stations, print media are founded solely for advocating
religions.
Globalization has also allowed religion or faith to gain considerable significance and importance as a non-
territorial touchstone identity. Being a source of identity and pride, religion has always been promoted by its
practitioner so that it could reach the level of globality and be embraced by as many people as possible.
As Turner explained: Globalization transforms the generic “religion “into a world system of competing and
conflicting religions. This process of institutional specialization has transformed local, diverse and fragmented cultural
practices into recognizable systems of religion. Globalization has, therefore, had the paradoxical effect of making
religions more self-conscious of themselves as being “world religions”.

Globalization and Regionalization

Regionalization
 A process of dividing an area into smaller segments called regions.
 A tendency to pattern of economic and political cooperation to develop between states in the same
region.
 As the nation-state is seen to be less effective in delivering security, stability and prosperity, these
goals are increasingly achieved through cooperation with other neighbouring states.
 Growth of economic interdependence between states in the same region.
 Increasing economic rivalry between different regional organizations.
 Example: Division of nations into states or provinces.
The regionalization of the world system and economic activity undermines the potential benefits coming out
from a liberalized global economy. This is because regional organizations prefer regional partners over the rest.
Regional organizations respond to the states attempt to reduce the perceived negative effects of globalization.
Therefore, regionalism is a sort of counter-globalization.
Globalization
 A process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and
other aspects like internet.
 Process of interaction and integration among the people, companies and governments of different
nations.
 A process of international trade and investment and aided by informational technology.
They are not opposite but rather complementary process. Regionalization is an integral part of globalization.
Globalization implies action in very vast, but concretely delineated spaces, enabling common decisions at a regional
level. General Manager of the International Monetary Fund or IMF states that regional integration constitutes an
important step towards global integration; “developing countries cannot escape globalization and should not try to
avoid it.”

Origins and History of Globalization

Telling the story of the origins and history of globalization is no easy matter since there are a number of
different perspectives on these issues. In this section we will offer five different ways of thinking about what turn out
to be very complex issues.

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FIVE DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES REGARDING THE ORIGINS OF GLOBALIZATION

Hardwired
Nayan Chanda ( 2007 : xiv) argues that “ globalization stems, among other things, from a basic human urge to
seek a better and more fulfilling life ” (2007: xiii). This leads him to trace “ the initial globalization of the human
species, [to] when in the late Ice Age, a tiny group of our ancestors walked out of Africa in search of better food and
security. In fifty thousand years of wandering along ocean coasts and chasing game across Central Asia, they finally
settled on all the continents. ” Chanda focuses on four specific aspects of globalization that relate to a basic “ urge ”
for a better life – trade (or commerce), missionary work (religion), adventures and conquest (politics and warfare). All
of these are key aspects of globalization, all can be traced to early human history, and all, as well as much else, will be
dealt with in this volume. However, Chanda ’ s view that globalization is hardwired into humans is not the one
accepted here since we argue that we are now living in a distinctive global age.

Cycles
The second perspective is that globalization is a long - term cyclical process. It is not only difficult in this view
to find a single point of origin, but the effort is largely irrelevant since there have long been cycles of globalization and
it is those cycles that are of utmost importance, not any particular phase or point of origin (Scholte 2005 ). This view,
like Chanda ’ s, tends to contradict the idea that we live today in a new “ global age. ” Rather, this suggests that there
have been other global ages in the past and that what now appears to be a new global age, or the high point of such
an age, is destined to contract and disappear in the future. Eventually, it, too, will be replaced by a new cycle in the
globalization process.

Epoch
In an example of the third approach to the beginnings (and history) of globalization, Therborn ( 2000 : 151 –
79) sees six great epochs, or “ waves, ” of globalization, that have occurred sequentially, each with its own point of
origin:
1. The fourth to the seventh centuries which witnessed the globalization of religions (e.g. Christianity, Islam).
2. The late fifteenth century highlighted by European colonial conquests.
3. The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries during which various intra - European wars led to
globalization.
4. The mid - nineteenth century to 1918; the heyday of European imperialism.
5. The post - World War II period.
6. The post - Cold War period.
From this, Therborn concludes that globalization today is not unique. However, his historical or epochal view also
rejects the cyclical view of globalization. Past epochs are not returning, at least in their earlier form, at some point in
the future.

Events
A fourth view is that instead of cycles or great epochs, one can point to much more specific events that can
be seen as the origin of globalization and give us a good sense of its history. In fact, there are many such possible
points of origin of globalization, some of which are:
• The Romans and their far - ranging conquests in the centuries before Christ (Gibbon 1998 ).
• The rise and spread of Christianity in the centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire
• The spread of Islam in the seventh century and beyond.
• The travels of the Vikings from Europe to Iceland, Greenland, and briefly to landmarks in, globalization.
• Trade in the middle Ages throughout the Mediterranean.
• The activities of the banks of the twelfth - century Italian city - states.
• The rampage of the armies of Ghengis Khan into Eastern Europe in the thirteenth century ( Economist 2006 : January
12).
• European traders like Marco Polo and his travels later in the thirteenth century along the Silk Road to China.
(Interestingly, there is now discussion of the development of an “ iron silk road ” involving a linked railroad network
through a variety of Asian countries that at least evokes the image of the lure of Marco Polo ’ s Silk Road.)
• The “discovery of America” by Christopher Columbus in 1492. Other important voyages of discovery during this time
involved Vasco Da Gama rounding the Cape of Good Hope in 1498 and the circumnavigation of the globe completed in
1522 by one of Ferdinand Magellan ’ s ships (Rosenthal 2007 : 1237 – 41).
• European colonialism, especially in the nineteenth century.
• The early twentieth - century global Spanish flu pandemic.
• The two World Wars in the first half of the twentieth century.

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It is also possible to get even more specific about the origins of globalization, especially in recent years. A few rather
eclectic recent examples include:
• 1956 – The first transatlantic telephone cable.
• 1958 – While it was possible to fly across the Atlantic in the 1930s on seaplanes that made several stops along the
way, the big revolution in this area was the arrival of transatlantic passenger jet travel, with the first flight being Pan
Am ’ s flight from New York to London (with a stopover for refuelling required in Newfoundland).
• 1962 – The launch of the satellite Telstar and soon thereafter the first transatlantic television broadcasts.
• 1966 – The transmission from a satellite of the picture of the earth as a single location, not only leading to a greater
sense of the world as one place (increased global consciousness *Robertson and Ingle’s 2004: 38 – 49]), but also of
great importance to the development of the global environmental movement.
• 1970 – The creation of the Clearing House Interbank Payment System (CHIPS), making global electronic (wire)
transfers of funds (now $2 trillion a day) possible among financial institutions.
• 1977 – The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications (SWIFT) came into being, making more
global transfers of funds possible by individuals.
• 1988 – The founding of the modern Internet based on Arpanet (which was created in 1969). While it took the
Internet several years to take off, this was a turning point in global interconnection for billions of people.
• 2001 – The terrorist attacks on the Twin Towers in New York and on the Pentagon in Washington, as well as later
terrorist attacks on trains in Madrid (March 11, 2004) and London (July 7, 2005), among others. The following is a
specific example in support of the idea that 9/11 can be taken as a point of origin for globalization (at least of higher
education): “Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, internationalization has moved high on the agenda at
most universities, to prepare students for a globalized world, and to help faculty members stay up - to - date in their
disciplines” (Lewin 2008: 8).
This, of course, brings us very close to the present day and it is possible that other specific events (especially the Great
Recession which began in late 2007) will almost certainly come to be associated by future observers with the birth, or
further development, of globalization.

Broader, More Recent Changes

The fifth view focuses on broader, but still recent, changes. There is a sense in this view that a sea change
occurred in the last half of the twentieth century. Three of these momentous changes have been identified by scholars
as the point of origin of globalization as it exists today:
• The emergence of the United States as the global power in the years following WW II.
The US not only projected its military power throughout the world (Korea in the early 1950s; disastrously in
Vietnam in the 1960s and early 1970s), it extended its reach in the economic realm as it became the dominant
industrial power when WW II decimated most of its competitors militarily (Germany, Japan) and/or economically (the
Axis powers as well as Allies such as France and Great Britain). Many other aspects of America’s global reach either
accompanied these changes or soon followed. Among them were the diplomatic clouts of the US government, the
reach of the US media, the power of Hollywood, and so on. Such a view closely aligns globalization with the idea of
Americanization.

• The emergence of multinational corporations (MNCs).

While the world ’ s great corporations can be traced back to the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in,
for example, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States, they were initially largely associated with their nations of
origin and did the vast majority of their business within those countries. However, over time, those corporations did
more and more business internationally. In so doing, they were following Marx and Engels’ (1848/2000: 248 – 9)
dictum that because of stagnant or declining profits capitalism had to expand into international markets or die. For
example, the once great American automobile companies – Ford and General Motors – not only originated in the US,
but focused, at least initially, on selling into the American market and most, if not all, of the component parts were
produced by them or sub - contractors in the US. Of course, they did import raw materials of various kinds (and they
did sell their automobiles overseas, especially in Europe), but in the main, the bulk of their business was done in the
US. Furthermore, the vast majority of top executives, employees, and investors were American. However, that began
to change over the course of the twentieth century as these corporations exported more of their automobiles to other
parts of the world, opened factories in other countries to sell cars under their brand names (or others), targeted their
products to the distinctive needs (e.g. for smaller, more fuel - efficient cars) of those countries, and more recently
began to move more of their automobile production aimed at the US market to other countries, either in factories of
their own or in the factories of sub - contractors in those countries.
In these and other ways, Ford and General Motors have become multinational corporations and MNCs are,
because of their very nature, inherently part of globalization. Indeed, MNCS are not only involved in globalization but

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this process is internalized into the organization as all sorts of global flows (parts, people, and money) occur within the
corporation.
The case of the other of the one - time “Big Three” American automobile companies – Chrysler – is even more
striking in this regard. Initially, Chrysler followed the same course as Ford and GM and became increasingly multi -
national. However, Chrysler has long been the most marginal of the Big Three and, famously, had to be bailed out in
1979 by a controversial loan from the US government. However, that was only of short - term help and in 1998
Chrysler was taken over by the German manufacturer of Mercedes - Benz automobiles which changed Chrysler ’ s
name to DaimlerChrysler AG. This clearly represented the formation of an MNC, although Daimler - Benz itself (as well
as Chrysler) was a multinational corporation before that, since, among other things, it actively sold its automobiles in
the US as well as in many other parts of the world. However, this marriage was short - lived and Daimler sold off its
interest in Chrysler in 2007. In order to survive, Chrysler has been forced into a multinational merger with Fiat, the
Italian automobile manufacturer.
Of course, American and German automobile companies are no longer the world leaders in that industry.
Rather, the leaders are Japanese companies, especially Toyota (although it has been diminished by recent problems
with quality, resulting, at times, in fatal accidents), Nissan, and Honda (with Korean companies [e.g. Hyundai - Kia]
showing global strength, as well). However, these companies are today themselves MNCs as they not only sell cars in
the US (and in many other nations), but also produce in factories built in various parts of North America. The case of
today’s automobile manufacturers is just one example of national corporations that have become MNCs and therefore
much more clearly and importantly integral parts of globalization.

• The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War.
It could be argued that globalization is even more recent and did not truly begin until the fall of the “Iron
Curtain ” and the Soviet Union in 1991. With those events, the division of the world into mainly “capitalist ” and “
communist ” spheres rapidly eroded as did all sorts of barriers that existed between them. Major parts of the world
were opened for the first time since the early twentieth century to all sorts of global flows – immigration, tourism,
media, diplomacy, and especially the capitalistic economic transactions of MNCs and other businesses. The global
processes that had spread throughout most of the “free” world before 1991 flooded into the now independent states
of the old Soviet Union, especially Russia, and most of its allies.
Vestiges of communism exist as of this writing, especially in Cuba, North Korea, and, at least nominally, in
China. Cuba remains, in the main, outside of global capitalism, largely because of the US embargo against trading with
Cuba, in force since 1962 and expanded and codified several times since then. However, the embargo itself is a
manifestation of globalization – the US setting up barriers in order to limit or halt the flow of trade with Cuba and to
inhibit or prevent other nations from around the world from trading with Cuba. China, of course, is becoming a, if not
soon the, major force in global capitalism even though the government remains communist, at least in name (Fishman
2006 ). In any case, China is actively involved in globalization not only economically, but in many other realms as well
(the 2008 Olympics in Beijing is a good example).
The perspective adopted in this book on the current global age is most in accord with this focus on broader
changes that began in the last half of the twentieth century. While all of the other perspectives deal with global
processes, they were far more limited in geographic scope and far less extensive and intensive than the global
processes that took off in the late twentieth century. Thus the perspective adopted here is that globalization is a
relatively recent development with its major points of origin occurring after the close of WW II.

Global Demography
 Global
- Relating to the whole world; worldwide.
 Demography
- is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings. Demography encompasses the study of the size,
structure, and distribution of
these populations, and spatial or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging, and death.
Demographic transitions is a singular historical period during which mortality and fertility rates decline from high to
low levels in a particular country or region. The broad outlines of the transition are similar in countries around the
world, but the pace and timing of the transition has varied considerably.

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There are four stages to the classical demographic transition model:

Stage 1: Pre-transition

 Characterized by high birth rates, and high fluctuating death rates

Stage 2: Early transition

 During the early stages of transition, death rate begins to fall.

 As birth rates remain high, the population starts to grow rapidly.

Stage 3: Late transition

 Birth rates start to decline.

 The rate of population growth decelerates.

Stage 4: Post-transition

 Post-transitional societies are characterized by low birth and low death rates.

 Population growth is negligible, or even enters a decline.

The transition started in mid- or late 1700s in Europe. During that time, death rates and fertility began to decline.
High to low fertility happened 200 years in France and 100 years in the United States. In other parts of the world, the
transition began later. It was only the twentieth century that mortality decline in Africa and Asia. With the exemption
of Japan.
This resulted in rapid population growth after the Second World War, affecting the age structure of Asia and the
developing world. Specifically, the baby boom in the developing world was caused by the decline of Infant and child
mortality rates.
Shigeyuki et al. (2002) stated, "The enormous gap in life expectancy that emerged between Japan and the West on
the one hand and the rest of the world on the other"

 By 1820, the life expectancy at birth of Japan and the West was 12 years greater than that of other countries.
It increased by 20 years by 1990.

 During the nineteenth century, Europe and the West had an increased in share in the world's population, from
22.0 percent to 33.0 percent, while Asia's and Oceania's contribution dropped from 69.0 percent to 56.7.
The United Nations projected that population growth will be shifted toward Africa in 2150, there will be a
projected increase of two billion if we combine the population of Asia, Latin America, and Oceania.
The developing countries like India and the Philippines had higher dependency ratios than the West in
1900. A great increase in dependency ratio was caused by the decline in infant and child mortality and high
levels of fertility, with its peak around 1970.
Dependency ratios started to disappear because there is a decline in global birth rate. Furthermore, the gap in
fertility between the West and the less developed countries became smaller by the twenty-first century. Over the next
50 years, the cases of dependency ratios of these two areas in the world will be reversed. The aging of populations will
cause a rise in dependency ratio, starting in the West.
These changes in fertility transformed age structures through the creation of a ‘baby boom’ generation.
The aging of this generation and continued declines in fertility and old -age mortality are shifting the
population balance in developed countries from young to old.

Global Migration
The nuances of movements of people around the world can be seen through th e categories of migrants-
vagabonds and tourist. (Bauman, 1998)
Vagabonds - a person who wanders from place to place without a home or job. Some are forced to move in
the hope that their circumstances will improved.

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Refugees – are vagabonds forced to flee their home countries due to safety concerns (Haddad, 2003)
- Asylum seekers are vagabonds who seek remain in the country which they flee.
- Labor Migration is migrants who migrate to find work. Labor migration is driven by push factor
(e.g. lack of employment opportunities in home countries.) and pull factor (work available
elsewhere) It involves the flow of less skilled and unskilled workers as well as illegal migrants who
live in the margins of the host society.(Lander,2007)
Tourist – persons are on the moved because they want to be and because they can afford it.
The term diaspora has been increasingly used to describe migrant communities. Of particular interest is Paul Gilroy’s
(1993) conceptualization of diaspora as a transnational process, which involves dialogue to both imagined and real
locals. Diasporization and globalization are closely interconnected and the expansion of the latter will lead to increase
in the former (Dufoix, 2007). Today, there exists virtual diaspora (Laguerre, 2002) which utilize technology such as the
Internet to maintain the community network.

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Prepared by:

FE M. CASAS, LPT IRHIL E. BUERA GINNER DEL RIO, LPT

Instructor I Instructor I Instructor I

Checked by:

Department Module Editing Committee

Approved by:

BIBIANA JOCELYN D. CUASAY, Ph.D.

Module Editing Chair

AQUILINO D. ARELLANO, Ph.D., Ed.D.

Vice President for Academic Affairs and Research

Noted by:

MARIO CARMELO A. PESA, CPA

College Administrator

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