Done By Team 10:

Abhinaya Giridaran F10062

Anthony Vishal Francis F10064
DangeKarna Suresh F10071
Divya Aishwarya F10076
Arnold Lazarus – A
History
 Arnold Lazarus was born in Johannesburg,
South Africa, in 1932.

 He had a fair amount of interpersonal charisma which was

inculcated in his early South African/English upbringing.

 He had a feisty temperament which was forged in his early

boxing experiences.

 When Dr. Lazarus was a young man he considered racism

and discrimination were the views and acts of the ignorant.

 Although Dr. Lazarus grew up in South Africa, he strongly

identified with the United States.
History of Multimodal
Therapy
 Multimodal therapy originated within the context of
behavior therapy and, later, the framework of cognitive
behavioral therapy ("CBT")

 In 1958 Lazarus introduced the terms behavior therapy

and behavioral therapist

 Arnold Lazarus realized that more areas of psychosocial

functioning often needed to be addressed in therapy
than merely actions and thoughts.

 This led him to expand the model of traditional CBT by

incorporating additional modalities for assessment and
treatment. This was briefly referred to as "broad-
spectrum behavior therapy," and ultimately became
multimodal therapy.
Multimodal Therapy – An
introduction
Multimodal Therapy (MMT) is a form of Cognitive-
Behavioral Therapy based on social and cognitive learning
theory, and practical problem-solving methods. MMT
integrates techniques from a broad range of therapeutic
disciplines, and is based on the assumption that most
psychological problems are multifaceted, multi
determined and multilayered.

 Approach is largely psycho educational and eclectic in

nature
 Techniques used are theoretically consistent
 Based on social learning, general system and group and
communications theories
 Focuses on seven discrete but interactive modalities
Basic Assumptions of
Multimodal Therapy
 Multimodal therapy is an open system that encourages
technical eclecticism.

 Humans are the product of genetic endowment, their

environment and social learning

 Humans respond to their perceptions rather than to

reality

 Perceptions are based on what is attended to

 New experiences create change

 Each individual reacts to the demands of the environment
based on their individualized personal response pattern

 Psychopathology occurs when there are inflexible response

patterns or response patterns that become conditioned in a
maladaptive order.

 because individuals are troubled by a variety of specific

problems it is appropriate that a multitude of treatment
strategies be used in bringing about change.

 A major premise of multimodal therapy is that breadth is

often more important than depth.
Distinctive Features of
Multimodal Therapy
 Specific and comprehensive attention given to the entire
BASIC I.D.

 All approaches advocate respect of the client

 Use of modality profiles

 Use of structural profiles

 Deliberate bridging procedures

 Tracking the modality firing order

 Approach draws significantly on cognitive and behavioral

approaches because of their coping emphasis.
THE BASIC I.D.
The essence of Lazarus’s multimodal approach is
the premise that the complex personality of
human beings can be divided into seven major
areas of functioning:

 B = Behavior
 A = Affect
 S = Sensations
 I = Images
 C = Cognitions
 I = Interpersonal relationships
 D = Drugs and other biological interventions
Relationship between Client
and therapist
 Multimodal therapists tend to be very active during therapist sessions,
functioning as trainers, educators, consultants, and role models.

 They provide information, instruction, and feedback as well as modelling

assertive behaviours.

 They don‟t stick to just one technique but borrow from various sources.

 They choose the technique based on what the client needs.

 There is also a high level of self disclosure in order to help the client.

 In multimodal therapy, transference and countertransference issues are only

addressed if problem arises
The process of Therapy
 A preliminary analysis of the BASIC ID.

 The Life history Questionnaire is administered.

 Understand the client’s preferred modality

 The interaction between modalities is studied

 The appropriate technique for the client’s

needs are administered.
Preliminary analysis of
BASIC I.D
 Behaviour
 What would you like to change?
 How active are you?
 What would you like to start doing?
 What would you like to stop doing?
 What are some of your main strengths?
 What specific behaviours keep you from getting what you want?

 Affective responses
 What emotions do you experience most often?
 What makes you laugh?
 What makes you cry?
 What makes you sad, mad, glad, scared?
 What emotions are problematic for you?
 Sensation
 Do you suffer from unpleasant sensations, such as pains, aches,
dizziness, and so forth?
 What do you particularly like or dislike in the way of seeing,
smelling, hearing, touching, and tasting?

 Imagery
 What are some bothersome recurring dreams and vivid
memories?
 Do you have a vivid imagination?
 How do you view your body?
 How do you see yourself now?
 How would you like to be able to see yourself in the future?
 Cognition
 What are some ways in which you meet your intellectual needs?
 How do your thoughts affect your emotions?
 What are the values and beliefs you most cherish?
 What are some negative things you say to yourself?
 What are some of your central faulty beliefs?
 What are the main „shoulds,‟ „oughts,‟ and „musts‟ in your life?
 How do they get in the way of effective living?

 Interpersonal
 How much of a social being are you?
 To what degree do you desire intimacy with others?
 What do you expect from the significant people in your life?
 What do they expect from you?
 Are there any relationships with others
 that you would hope to change?
 Drugs/biology
 Are you healthy and health conscious?
 Do you have any concerns about your health?
 Do you take any prescribed drugs?
 What are your habits pertaining to diet, exercise, and physical fitness?
An Example
The Multimodal Life history
Inventory
 This 15-page data collection questionnaire for adult
counselling is divided into five sections, with detailed
emphasis on:
 General Information
 Personal and Social History
 Description of Presenting Problems
○ Expectations Regarding Therapy
 Modality Analysis of Current Problems
○ Behaviors
○ Feelings
○ Physical Sensations
○ Images
○ Thoughts
  Interpersonal Relationships
○ Friendships
○ Marriage (or a committed relationship)
○ Sexual Relationships
○ Other Relationships
 Biological Factors
 Structural Profile
Understand the client’s
preferred modality
 An individual‟s preferred modalities can be mapped
into structural profiles on a 35-item. Structural
Profile Inventory (SPI).. The instrument measures:
 Action-oriented proclivities (Behaviour)
 The degree of emotionality (Affect)
 The value attached to various sensory experiences (Sensory)
 The amount of time devoted to fantasy, daydreaming,
“thinking in pictures”(Imagery)
 Analytical and problem solving propensities(cognition)
 The importance attached to interacting with other
people(interpersonal)
 The extent to which health conscious practices are
observed(Drugs/Biology)
Techniques Used in MMT
 Bridging
 Starting with where the client is and then bridging
into a different modality.
Example: “How do you feel when your father scolds
you in front of your friends?”

 Tracking and firing order

 A treatment plan is devised and will include
interventions in each modality.
Examples of Treatment
Techniques across BASIC
I.D.
 Behaviors
 Stays in bed
 Stays home - minimal contact with friends and family
 Do little

Treatment
 Specific behavioural goals
 Increase contact and time with others
 Activity scheduling

 Affective responses
 Depressed, sad
 Guilt feelings

Treatment
 Explore triggers and associated thoughts
 Encourage positive activity (mastery and pleasure)

 Sensory reactions
 Tiredness

Treatment
 Relaxation
 Listening to inspiring music
Applications
 “The aim of MMT is to come up with the best
methods for each client rather than force all
clients to fit the same therapy.

 Applicable to treatment and prevention

 Special settings include classrooms, child care

agencies, parent training, and institutional
settings

 Also relevant in situations like community

disasters
Limitations
 By focusing on the breadth rather than the depth can
sometimes prevent the therapist from getting to the
core problem

 Therapist with the insight to choose the right

technique to use in a particular situation is not easy.

 Since it is more behaviourally oriented, feelings are

not considered very important.

 The therapist in this technique seems to have an

inordinate amount of control.
Questions??