WATER FLOW IN PIPES

CE123-1
HYDRAULICS
PIPES/PRESSURE CONDUITS
• Closed conduit that is flowing full

• Hydraulic analysis- turbulent flow in pipes

• Made use of the energy equation:

𝒑𝑨 𝑽𝟐𝑨 𝒑𝑩 𝑽𝟐𝑩
𝒛𝑨 + + + 𝒉 𝑷 = 𝒛𝑩 + + + 𝒉𝑳
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈
Where:

𝑍= Vertical distance above an arbitrary horizontal datum

𝑃
= pressure head
𝛾

V= average velocity flow

𝑉𝐴2
= Velocity head
2𝑔

ℎ𝑃 = energy head imparted to the water by the pump

Note: + ℎ𝑃 will be replaced by -ℎ𝑃 if turbine is in the line instead of a pump

ℎ𝐿 = total head loss between sections A and B

Loss of Head
• Loss of head in meter of fluid means the lost of energy in N-m/m occurs in any flow of fluid in pipes
• The loss is caused by the following:
(1) pipe friction
(2) changes in velocity or direction of flow
• Types of loss:
(1) Major Loss- continuous loss of head due to the quality and size of pipe (loss even if
pipe size and type is constant)
(2) Minor Loss
(2.1) Loss of head due to contraction of cross section, hc
(2.2) Loss of head due to enlargement of cross section, he
(2.3) Loss of head due to obstructions (gate valves, pressure regulating
valves, etc.) hg
(2.4) Loss of head due to bends or curves hb
Thus, HL, all losses of head in a pipe line in which there is steady, continuous flow, is

𝐻𝐿 = ℎ𝑐 + ℎ𝑒 + ℎ𝑔 + ℎ𝑏
Head loss due to Pipe Friction
• Consider a straight pipe of internal diameter, D, in which fluid is flowing at
a mean velocity, V,. Let the loss of head in length L be denoted by ℎ𝑓 .

• Certain general laws based upon observation and experiment appear to

govern fluid friction in pipes and are expressed in all the generally accepted
pipe formula. These laws briefly stated are:

1. Frictional loss in turbulent flow generally increases with the roughness of

the pipe. When the flow is laminar, the frictional loss is independent of the
roughness.
Velocity path lines are Paths of individual particles
irregular curves which do not cross each other
continually cross each other.
E.g. stream
Head loss due to Pipe Friction
• Consider a straight pipe of internal diameter, D, in which fluid is flowing at
a mean velocity, V,. Let the loss of head in length L be denoted by ℎ𝑓 .

• Certain general laws based upon observation and experiment appear to

govern fluid friction in pipes and are expressed in all the generally accepted
pipe formula. These laws briefly stated are:

2. Frictional loss is directly proportional to the area of the wetted surface, or

to 𝜋𝐷𝐿.

3. Frictional loss varies as some power of the pipe diameter, or as 1/Dx

4. Frictional loss varies as some power of the velocity or as Vn

5. Frictional loss varies as some power of the ratio of viscosity to density of

𝑟
𝜇
the fluid, or as 𝜌
Head loss due to Pipe Friction
• Combining these factors, an initial equation was developed.
𝑟
1 𝜇
ℎ𝑓 = 𝐾 ′ × 𝜋𝐷𝐿 × 𝑥 × 𝑉 𝑛 ×
𝐷 𝜌
Where: K’ is the combined roughness coefficient & proportionality factor
If m+1 is substituted for x:
𝑟
1 𝜇
ℎ𝑓 = 𝐾 ′ × 𝜋𝐷𝐿 × × 𝑉𝑛 ×
𝐷 𝑚+1 𝜌

𝑟
1 1 𝜇
ℎ𝑓 = 𝐾 × 𝜋𝐷𝐿 × 1 × 𝑚 × 𝑉 𝑛 ×
′
𝐷 𝐷 𝜌

𝑟
1 𝜇
ℎ𝑓 = 𝐾 ′ × 𝜋𝐿 × 𝑚 × 𝑉 𝑛 ×
𝐷 𝜌
Head loss due to Pipe Friction
• Simplifying the equation:
𝑟
𝜇 𝐿
ℎ𝑓 = 𝐾 ′ × 𝜋 × × 𝑉 𝑛
𝜌 𝐷𝑚

But, the effect of viscosity and density of water on loss is negligible.

Thus,
𝐿
ℎ𝑓 = 𝐾′ × 𝑚 × 𝑉𝑛
𝐷
Head loss due to Pipe Friction
Chezy (1775) said that the loss of head in the conduit varied approximately as
the square of the velocity. Also, to connote that m=1, at nineteenth century,
Darcy, Weisbach and others multiply the equation to 2g/2g. Thus, giving the
equation:
′′
𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝑓 = (𝐾 +2𝑔) × ×
𝐷 2𝑔
Later (𝐾 ′′ +2𝑔) was reduced to friction factor f which was used in the Darcy-
Weisbach equation:

𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓
𝐷 2𝑔
Head loss due to Pipe Friction
Sample Problem 1
Determine the loss of head in 200ft of 6-in new cast iron pipe carrying 250gpm
of water
𝐿 𝑉2
Solution: Using Darcy-Weisbach equation, ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓 𝐷 2𝑔

Since: 1 cu.ft. = 7.48 gal, 1cfs = 449 gpm

Hence: Q= 0.557cfs
𝑄 0.557 𝑐𝑓𝑠
𝑉=𝐴= 6 2
= 2.83 𝑓𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜋
12
4

f = 0.025 (value of f for 6-in pipe with approx. 3 ft/s velocity)

Substituting:
200 (2.83)2
ℎ𝑓 = 0.025 = 1.2 𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
.5 2(32.29)
Head loss due to Pipe Friction
Sample Problem 2
Determine the capacity (flow that the pipe could carry) of a 30-in wood-stave
pipe carrying water with a loss of head of 10ft per mile. For friction factor, f,
Tubular values for 30-in pipe vary only from 0.019 to 0.016. Use and
intermediate value of 0.018.
𝐿 𝑉2
Solution: Using Darcy-Weisbach equation, ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓 𝐷 2𝑔

Since, 1 mile = 5280 ft

5280 𝑉2
10 𝑓𝑡/𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 0.018 ×
30 2(32.29)
12
V= 4.12 ft/s; Q = 20.23 cfs
Other working formulas for Pipe Analysis
• Chezy Formula:
𝐕 = 𝐂 𝑹𝑺
• Where: C= friction factor coefficient

R= hydraulic radius

S= Slope of the energy gradient

Other working formulas for Pipe Analysis
• Manning Formula:
𝟐 𝟏
𝟏.𝟒𝟖𝟔
𝐕= 𝑹 𝑺
𝟑 𝟐
𝒏
• Where: n= roughness coefficient

R= hydraulic radius

S= Slope of the energy gradient

Other working formulas for Pipe Analysis
• Hazen-Williams:

𝐕 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝟖 𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝟎.𝟔𝟑 𝑺𝟎.𝟓𝟒

• Where: C1 = degree of roughness

R= hydraulic radius

S= Slope of the energy gradient

Pipe Connected in Series
Pipes of Different Diameter connected in series
• Given a diagram of two reservoir connected by pipes of different diameter.

• Minor losses are neglected and only the hydraulic gradient is shown. The
flow is assumed to be continuous and steady. Two common problems of this
type arise.

1. Sizes and length of pipes, and Q, given, to find total loss of head.

Solution to this problem is through the summation of head.

Pipes of Different Diameter connected in series
• Given a diagram of two reservoir connected by pipes of different diameter.

• Minor losses are neglected and only the hydraulic gradient is shown. The flow is
assumed to be continuous and steady. Two common problems of this type arise.

2. Allowable loss of head given, lengths and sizes of pipe given to find Q.
Solution:

Method 1: Trial Solution. Assume a Q. Compute the loss of each pipe by formula and
compare it to the allowable.
Pipes of Different Diameter connected in series
• Given a diagram of two reservoir connected by pipes of different diameter.

• Minor losses are neglected and only the hydraulic gradient is shown. The flow is assumed to
be continuous and steady. Two common problems of this type arise.

2. Allowable loss of head given, lengths and sizes of pipe given to find Q.
Solution:
𝐿 𝑉2
Method 2: Algebraic Solution. Using the Darcy-Weisbach formula ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓
𝐷 2𝑔
1. Assume f and equating sum of the terms to the allowable head loss.
2. Express all velocity heads in terms of velocity head in one of the given sizes of pipes.
3. Compute the velocities in the other pipes.
4. Look up proper f’s and check total loss of head.
Pipes of Different Diameter connected in series
• Given a diagram of two reservoir connected by pipes of different diameter.

• Minor losses are neglected and only the hydraulic gradient is shown. The flow is assumed to
be continuous and steady. Two common problems of this type arise.

2. Allowable loss of head given, lengths and sizes of pipe given to find Q.
Solution:
Method 3: Equivalent- length solution
Method 4: Equivalent- diameter solution

Both method made use of Manning diagram to find equivalent values of length and diameter
Pipe System With Branches in Parallel
Pipes connected in Parallel
• The mathematical determination of the division of flows can be made by use
𝐿 𝑉2
of Darcy-Weisbach formula ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓 𝐷 2𝑔

• Pipes in parallel have the same properties and capacities

Pipes connected in Parallel
• Three types of problem:

1. Having given the discharge, and the diameters and lengths of all pipes; to
determine the total lost head.

2. Having given the discharge, the total lost head, the length of all pipes, and
diameters of three pipes, to determine the other diameter.

3. Having given the lengths and diameters of all pipes and the total lost head;
to determine the Q.
Flow in Pipe Network
Pipe Network
• City water supply distribution systems are constructed in the form of many
loops and branches more or less complicated in arrangement. Such system is
called a network.

• Two conditions in a every loop network:

1. At any junction the total inflow is equal to the total outflow.

2. The algebraic sum of the pressure drops (head loss) around any closed loop
must be zero

Cross formula: ℎ𝑓 = 𝐾𝑄 𝑛

Where: K= proportionality factor and n depends on which formula you will

use.
HARDY CROSS METHOD
• Theprocedure suggested by Hardy Cross
requires that the flow in each pipe be assumed so
that the principle of continuity is satisfied at
each junction.
•A correction to the assumed flow is computed
successively for each pipe loop in the network
until the correction is reduced to an acceptable
value.
 HARDY CROSS METHOD
Let Using Darcy-Weisbach formula:
𝑄𝑎 = 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤; 0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄 2
ℎ𝑓 = 5 = 𝐾𝑄 2
𝑄 = 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤; 𝐷
𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛; ෍ 𝐾𝑄 2 = 0
𝑸 = 𝑸𝒂 + 𝜶
2
෍ 𝐾 𝑄𝑎 + 𝛼 =0

෍ 𝐾𝑄𝑎2 + 2 ෍ 𝐾𝛼𝑄𝑎 + ෍ 𝐾𝛼 2 𝑄𝑎 = 0

If 𝛼 is small, the term containing 𝛼 2 may be neglected.

Hence;
෍ 𝐾𝑄𝑎2 + 2 ෍ 𝐾 𝛼𝑄𝑎 = 0
HARDY CROSS METHOD
σ 𝑲𝑸𝟐𝒂
𝜶=
𝟐 σ 𝑲𝑸𝒂
In applying the above equation:
σ 𝐾𝑄𝑎2 = algebraic sum of the head loss in the circuit (clockwise positive,
counterclockwise negative)
σ 𝐾𝑄𝑎 = absolute sum without regard to direction of flow (clockwise positive,
counterclockwise positive)

The correction is added or subtracted from the assumed flow in order to get
the true or corrected flow. It is added if the direction of flow is clockwise and
subtracted if counterclockwise.
 HARDY CROSS METHOD
The general formula in computing the correction 𝛼 can be expressed as:

σ 𝑲𝑸𝒏𝒂
𝜶=
𝒏 σ 𝑲𝑸𝒏𝒂
Where n=2 for Darcy-Weisbach and Manning formulas and n=1.85 for Hazen-Williams
formula, The value of K is as follows:
0.0826𝑓𝐿
𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦, 𝐾 =
𝐷5
10.69𝜋 2 𝐿
𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝐾 = 16
𝐷 ൗ3
10.67𝐿
𝐻𝑎𝑧𝑒𝑛 − 𝑊𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑠, 𝐾 = 1.83 4.87
𝐶1 𝐷
SOFTWARES
 PIPE NETWORK ANALYSIS SOFTWARES

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 PIPE NETWORK ANALYSIS SOFTWARES

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Sample Problems