The Campaigns of Servilius Isauricus against the Pirates

Author(s): H. A. Ormerod
Source: The Journal of Roman Studies , 1922, Vol. 12 (1922), pp. 35-56, 288
Published by: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/296170

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THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINST THE PIRATES
By H. A. ORMEROD.

One of the effectsof the defeatof kingAntiochus,followedby a

treatyof peace whose termslimited his fleetto ten vesselsof war
and preventedhim fromsendingan armed vessel to the west of the
Calycadnus,had been that the slightamount of control,which the
kingsof Syriahad formerly exercisedon the coast of Cilicia Tracheia,
could no longerbe maintained. As yet the Romans themselveshad
no interestin the districtsoutside the Taurus. Of the southern
coastofAsia Minor,Lycia was handedoverto theRhodians,Pamphylia
aftersomedelayto Eumenes,and althoughwesternCilicia remaineda
part of the Syrian kingdom,the terms of the treaty effectually
preventedthe nominal rulers from exercisingany sort of control.
It is scarcelysurprisingthat the wild tribes which inhabited both
sides of the Taurus once more betook themselvesto occupations
which had been natural to them from the earliest times. The
piracywhich, accordingto Strabo,1 now began in these waters,was
moreoverencouragedby theRhodiansand the kingsofEgypt,in so far
as it crippledthe Syrianpower,while Rome, if we mayexcept a tour
of inspectionby Scipio Aemilianus without armed force, took no
cognisanceof its existence. Rather the operationsof the pirates,as
the purveyorsof slaves, were regarded,togetherwith the similar
activitiesof the tax-farmers,as an integral part of the economic
basisof life.
The firstrecordedaction of any importanceon the part of the
was not takenuntiltheyearsI03-IO2,
Romangovernment whenthe
praetorMarcusAntoniuswas sentagainstthem. The literaryevidence
regardingthe expeditionis small and gives no hint of its immediate
cause. But the beginningmade at thistime had an importantresult
in the creation of a permanentcommand in Cilician waters,from
whichthe later provinceof Cilicia grew. Two yearslaterthe expedi-
tion of Antoniuswas followedby a law passed in tlhesixthconsulship
of Marius,2 having forits object permanentprecautionsagainst the
pirates,and invitingthefreestatesand clientkingsto join in excluding
themfromtheirports. Thus in no uncertaintermstheRomanpeople
had declared that the tolerationhithertoextended to piracywould
no longer be enjoyed; but the disturbanceswhich followedthe fall
of the Marian governmentpreventedthe completionof the move-
I xiv, p 668. an article by E. Cuq (C.R.A.I. 1923, pp. 129
seqq). Cuq shows, I think conclusively,that the
2 See Foucart, Yournaldes Savants, I906, p. 369. accepteddate fortheinscriptionmustbe abandoned,
The text of the law has now been published in btut his proposed identificationwith the Lex
Klio, xvii,p. 17z. Since the above was in type my Gabinia of 67 B.c. requiresfurtherevidence. (See
attention has been drawn by Mr. M. N. Tod to also Suppl. Epigr. Graec. vol. i, p. 33, no. 161).

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36 THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINST THE PIRATES.

mentagainstthepirates,who,recognising thatRomewas nowtheir

declaredenemy,soughtand founda new protectorin Mithradates.
It is unnecessary hereto enterintotherapiddevelopment of the
piratestatesduringthefirstMithradatic war; myobjectat present
is to discussone episodeof thelongwarwiththepirates,whichmay
be heldto havecontinued fromtheexpedition ofAntonius in 103 B.C.
to theirfinalextermination byPompeius.
Therecan be no doubtthatSulla was fullyaliveto thenecessity
of a rapidsettlement withthe Cilicians. He had himselfheld the
Ciliciancommandin 92 B.c., and the campaignagainstMithradates
had taughthimthevalueoftheirsupportto hisenemy. Securityin
southern AsiaMinordependednot onlyon thesuppression of piracy
at sea,buton thereduction ofthekindred tribeson bothsidesofthe
Taurus range,fromwhomthe sea roversdrewreinforcements, and
witlhwhom a refugecould be foundin the eventof troubleon
thecoast. The problemto be facedwastwofold:thepolicingof the
southerncoast of Asia Minor,and a vigorouspenetrationof the
Taurusand reduction of theHighlanders.
The area occupiedby the piratesat this timewas as follows
In CiliciaTracheiait is clearthattheyheld thewholeof the coast
and theinterior on bothsidesoftheTaurus. The Pamphylian coast,
if not entirelyoccupiedby them,was deeplyimplicatedin their
malpractices.Sidehadlongprovideda market, secondin importance
onlyto Delos,forthedisposaloftheircaptives,and thepiratevessels
werebuiltin its dockyards. 2 Servilius foundit necessary to chastise
the people of Attaleia. On the westernshoresof the Pamphylian
gulfa robberchieftain had madehimself masterofOlympus, Corycus
and Phaselis. In the Hinterlandof Lycia, in spite of Strabo's
encomium of the ruleof Moagetes, 3 it is probablethattheCibyratis
wasdisturbed, perhapsas a resultoftheMithradatic war. Disturbances
in this districtconstituteda threatto the inhabitantsof Lycia,
whose loyaltyto Rome had been demonstrated in the late war.
Moreover,a disturbedpopulationin theCibyratis offeredthe same
supportto Zenicetesand his brigandsin Mount Solymaas did the
Isauriansand Homanadeisto theCilicianpirates.
The planof campaignforthepacification of thisdistrict,which
as I havesuggested was evolvedbySulla,comprised an attackby sea
on the southerncoastsof Asia Minor,together witha simultaneous
advancebylandalongthenorthern faceoftheTaurus,so as to attack
the piratecountryfromthe northand south. For this purpose
Murena,thesuccessor ofSulla,whosesharein thepiratewarhasbeen
largelyforgotten," gathereda fleetfromthesubjectstatesto be used
1 With the exception, perhaps,of Seleticeia ad XporptKhP ep-yLP, o&&& TOi's 6M6pOus &(wo L-aO'
Calycadlium(Strabo, xiv, p. 670, 7roX d4e-rwso-u iqo-uXiavNv.
Tro KtstKiols KaL llaouXiov rp6w7rov.) 3} .xiii p. 6, I .
4 Appian, Bell. ifitbr.,93: Iovp,7vas Te
2 Strabo xiv, p. 664. For the Pamphyliansin EyXetpLP as air'oZs oMev et4lpyacro ptya. aXX'
generalsee xii, p. 570: ou reXews d.peZvraL TWsV of'& Zepou6tos IoaL'pLKo's bri r3 MlotIpivqz.

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 THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINST THE PIRATES. 37

againstthe pirates,1 and by land proceededto the occupation of the

Cibyratis. Of the kingdomof Moagetes,a part,Balbura, Bubon and,
as it would appear, Oenoanda, was assignedto the Lycians, the re-
mainder,comprisingthe laterconventusofCibyra,annexedby Rome.
Murena's unfortunateadventure against Mithradates,while inter-
rupting any concentratedaction against southernAsia Minor, led
to his own recall in 8I B.C. Of his successor,Nero, we know little
except that he weaklyabetted the depredationsof Verres,who was
legatus to the governorof Cilicia in 8o and 79. That governor,
Dolabella, was himselfimpeached,and it is highlyprobable that the
misconduct of him and his legatus created furtherdisturbances, 2
whichnecessitatedthe vigorousactionof the new proconsulin Cilicia,
Servilius. During the yearsof Servilius'command a forwardpolicy
was once moreadopted by the Romans,and a beginningmade towards
the cormplete reductionof the whole district.
A firstexaminationof the scattered notices which we possess
regardingServilius'campaignsgives the impressionthat he achieved
completesuccessin the reductionof the whole of the southerncoast
of Asia Minor, overrunningCilicia and penetratingthe Taurus;
but that the effectof his workwas undone only by the failureof the
Romans to maintaina proper police of the seas as a whole, so that
the Cilician pirates,drivenfromtheirnative haunts,found a refuge
elsewhere,particularly in Cretan waters. The laterwritersin general
state that Serviliuscompletelyreduced Cilicia, one going so far as
to say that it was made tributary. 3 Neverthelessin the statements
of earlierwritersthereis nothing,with the exceptionof one doubtful
passage in Sallust,4 to show that Servilius ever succeeded in even
enteringCilicia Tracheia, the principalheadquartersof the pirates.
I proposeto examinethese statementsand see what groundServilius
can be reasonablyheld to have covered.
Firstas to the chronology:Serviliuswas consulin 79 B.C. 5 Accord-
ing to Cicero,6 he held the Cilician command for a quinquennium,
that is to say,duringthe years78 to 74, beingsucceededin the course
of the last year by Octavius, the consul of 75.7 There is no real
inconsistency betweenthe statementof Cicero and that of two later
writersto the effectthat the war was of threeyears'duration.8 In
all our accounts Servilius'share of the campaignagainstthe pirates
I Cic. Verr. ii, I, 90. (Classis) quae contra Referencesin Clinton, iii, p. 156.
piratasaedificatasit. See also ? 89. 6 Verr. ii, 3, 211. P. Servilius quinquennium
2 This at any rate was the inference Cicero exercituicum praeesset.
intended should be drawn from the statementin 7 Groebe-Drumnann, iv, 408.
Verr. ii, 1, 56. 8Eutrop. vi, 3: Intra trienniumbello finem
3 Ammian.,xiv,8,
4. Hae duae provinciae(Cilicia dedit. Orosius,v, 23: Triennioemensoquo bellum
and Isauria) factae sunt vectigales. Eutrop. vi, 3. gestumn whichMaurenbrecher
est. The reconciliation
Is Ciliciam subegit. Orosius,V. 23. (Prolegomizena, p. 68) proposes between the two
4 See below, p.
43. Strabo aftermentioningthe statementscan hardly be accepted. According to
capture of Isaura by Servilius (xii, p. 569) adds his view the reduction of Eastern Lycia and
Kat 7a 7r0XXa 7TV EtpaTav ep6)ua7Tac eeLXe 7a Pamphylia was completed in 78 and was followed
r -rj OaXcirr-. He tells us, however,of none by a ' terrestrebellum ' against the Cilicians and
outside Lycia and Pamphylia. Isaurians,extendingover the years77, 76, 75.

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38 THIE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINST THE PIRATES.

concluded with the fall of Isaura, to reach which the penetrationof

the Taurus must have been effectednot later than the summerof
75, but would have been impossiblein the earlymonthsof the year
in whichhe was succeededby Octavius,the consulof 75.
The reductionof the Isaurians,moreover,was recordedby Livy
in the 93rd book,that is to say amongthe eventsof 75.1 The earlier
eventsof the war, which as will be seen constituteda distinctsection
of the campaign,had alreadybeen narratedin the gothbook,covering
the eventsof 78, the year in which Serviliustook up his command.2
It would seem fromSallust that operationsconnectedwith what we
may call the Lycio-Pamphyliansection of the campaign were still
proceedingin the year 76, if I am rightin the view that the Corycus
of fragment8i of the 2nd book3(which covered the years76, 75 and
beginningof 74) was not the Cilician Corycus, as Sallust's words
imply,but the Lycian. If I may anticipatethe conclusionsreached
below, I would suggestthe followingchronologyforthe campaign:
The Lycio-Pamphyliansection extended over the years 77 and part
of 76, and was narratedby Livy in book 90, by Sallust partlyin
book i ofthe Histories(coveringtheyears78 and 77), partlyin book 2,
the reductionof Eastern Lycia not being completed until 76. The
second section of the campaign, that against the Isaurians and the
Orondeis,begun possiblyin 76 and completedin 75, was narratedby
Livy in book 93, and by Sallust in book 2.
That ServiliusleftItaly in 78 is certain; also thathe did so before
the death of Sulla. We know from Suetonius that Caesar accom-
panied him on the expedition,his motivesbeinghostilityto the Sullan
regimeand the generaldesirabilityof his absence fromItaly. The
quinquennium,of which Cicero speaks,began thereforein this year.
Unless, however, we are to reject altogether the statements of
Orosiusand Eutropius,it is improbablethat active operationsagainst
the piratesbegan until the springof the followingyear,the summner
and winterof Servilius'firstyear of command being devoted to the
preparationswhichwere a necessarypreliminaryto such a campaign
as was contemplated,in particularto the gatheringof a fleet.5 The
' Ep. 93: P. Serviliusprocos. in Cilicia Isauros by Groebe-Drumann (ii, p. 159, note 1z), founded
domuit et aliquot urbespiratarumexpugnavit. The on Sallust, i, fr. 127: Itaque Servilius aegrotum
campaignthereforeprecededthe death ofNicomedes Tarenti collegam (i.e. Appius Claudius, the
(earlyin 74). consul of 79, who was bound for Macedonia)
2 Ep. 90: Praeterea res a P. Servilio pro cos. prior transgressus,that Appius Claudius' illness at
adversus Cilicas gestas continet. Ep. 9[ opens with Tarenttin followed his appointment as interrex.
the appointment of Pompeius to the Spanish If this was the case it would mean that Servilius'
command in 77 B.C. departurefor Cilicia did not take place until after
3 The fragments of Salltist are throughout the Lepidan revolt. It is more natural to suppose
quoted fromMaurenbrecher'sedition of 1893. that both proconsulswere preparingto depart for
4 Suet., Ju'lilus, 3: Meruit et stub Servilio theirprovincesin the springof 78, but that Appius
Isaurico in Cilicia, sed brevi tempore. Nam Sullae was delayed firstby illness,and later by the Lepidan
mortecomperta . . . Romam propere rediit. His revolt.
motive is still more definitelyexpressedby a frag- 5 That a powerfulfleetwas employedis expressly
ment of Sallust (i, 57), if Maurenbrecheris rightin recorded by Florus, iii, 6: P. Servilius quamvis
referring the wordsto thisincident. The Suetonius leves et fugaces myoparonas gravi et Martia
passage effectually disposesof the view put forward classe turbaret et non incruenta victoria superat.

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 THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINST THE PIRATES. 39
quinquennium mav therefore be regardedas the total durationof
Servilius'command,extending overtheyears78 to 74, the trienni?lm
of laterwritersas the yearsof activeoperations,the campaigning
seasonsof77, 76 and 75.

>3)/>-)PW5* OL5ANTIA

i/i 4?) c4t

((R

C.Cheltdowla ~ C.yov

HIERA AC RR

CH - DONIAtA X

SCALE O)F FEET

3o000 50U0
noo

FIG. 5

The source fromwhich Serviliusobtained his ships It was as an officerof the governorof Cilicia that
was doubtless the states previouslywarned for the Verres was able to requisition the nsyoparofrom
(iutyofprovidingthem by Murena (v. above, p. 36). Miletus (Verr. ii, I, 86).

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40 THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINST T'HE PIRATES.

Apartfromthe reductionof Isauriaand the allegedoverrunning

of Cilicia, we have the followingdefinitestatementsregarding
Servilius'movements:That he capturedPhaselis,Olympusand
Corycusin LyciaI; that his operationswere extendedinto Pam-
phylia, 2 wherehe tookterritory fromthe peopleof Attaleia.3 In
connexionprobablywith the campaignagainstIsauria,he annexed
territory fromtheOrondeis, gaining alsofortheRomanstheotherwise
unknown AgerAperensisand AgerGedusanus.4 Cicerogivesus a
furtherdetail,to the effectthat a piratechief,Nico, about whom
nothingotherwise is known,was capturedby Servilius, contrived to
makehis escape but was recaptured. 5 It is noticeablethat the
information regarding the Lycian cities6 is commonto almostall
writers, the campaignon the easterncoastof Lycia beingobviously
an important partofthewhole,in anycasethebestrecorded.
The people of Lycia receivehighpraisefromStrabo7fortheir
good behaviourat thistime. Thoughtheircountry offered facilities
notlessthanthoseenjoyedby theCilicians,underthegoodgovern-
mentofthe Lycianleaguetheyrefrained fromthe piraciespractised
by the Pamphylians and Cilicians,and wereseducedby no motives
of base gain. In a laterpassage,however,he explainsthe situation
whichprevailedon theeasterncoastand necessitated theinterference
of the Romans. In thisdistricta chieftain, Zenicetes,whosechief
stronghold was the mountainOlympusand townof the samename,
had madehimself masteralsoofPhaselisandCorycusandmanyplaces
of the Pamphylians.On the captureof the mountainby Servilius,
Zenicetesburnthimself and hishousehold. 8
It is obviousthatthepiracywhichhad brokenout in thisdistrict
was a thingof fairlyrecentgrowth. Cicerotellsus thatformerly
Phaselishad not been implicated,but that the Cilician pirates
had joinedthetownto themselves ' primocommercio, deindeetiam
societate,'owingto theconvenience 9 The evidence
ofitssituation.
is stillclearerwithregardto Olympus.Artemidorus, quoteddirectly
I See below. description of Cilicia (where from no mountain
2
Eutropius, vi, 3: Ad Ciliciam et Pamphvliam could a view over Lycia, Pamphylia, Pisidia and
missus. the Milyas be obtained), there is a topographical
3 Cicero, de leg. agr. i, 5: Iubent venire agros errorregardingMount Olympus: 0'"`OXvkeros6pos
Attalensium atque Olympenorum. Hos populo 7e KCai ppo6ptoV O,UW$vU,UoVdP' ov KaTo7rTEoeTLt
Romano P. Servilii,fortissimiviri,victoriaadiunxit. wrxa AVuKa Kcai Ha,uNAfa Kcal HIoL6sa scat
4 De leg. agr. ii, 50, discussedbelow. Mstas. This in no way suits Mount Olympus,
5 Verr.ii, 5, 79. Ille nobilissimuspirata. usuallyidentifiedwith the Musa Dagh (i,ooo m.),
6 Cic. de leg. agr. ii, 50 (Olympus and Phaselis) the view fromwhichis completelyshut out to the
Verr.ii, I, 2I (Olympus); Verr.ii, 4, 22 (Phaselis) northby the greatmassof Mount Solyma(Tachtaly
Strabo, xiv, 671 (Olympus, Phaselis, Corycus) Dagh, 2,400 mi.)
Florus, iii, 6 (Phaselis and Olympus); Orosius, 9 Cicero's statement regarding Phaselis is
V, 23 (Phaselis, Corycus, ' Olympum montem illuminatedby a note of Leake's, who had fallenill
pervagatus') ; Eutropius,vi, 3 (Phaselis,Olympus, at Alaya (Coracesium)and was compelled to return
Corycus). Sallust, fragg. i, I27-I32 (Olympus, by sea. 7ournal of a Tour in Asia Minor, p. 133
Phaselis, Corycus); Pseudo-Asconius,in Verr. ii, 'In passing by sea from Alaya to Castel Rosso
p. 173 (Orelli) (Corycus,Olympus,Phaselis). [Casteloryzo],I was compelled to follow the coast
7 xiv, p. 664- of the Gulf of Adalia, the sailors being afraid in
8 xiv, p. 67I. Apart from the curious mis- this season [March] of crossingdirectly to Cape
placement of this passage, which occurs in the Khelidoni.'

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 THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINST THE PIRATES. 41

by Strabo,1 speaksof it as belongingto the Lycian league, and being

one of the six cities which controlledthree votes. The statement
was obviouslymade beforeit fellinto the hands of Zenicetes.
The district,which Zenicetes controlled, formed a compact
principality,cut offfromthe restof Lycia by the massof the Solyma
mountains, and ethnically perhaps distinct from it.2 Zenicetes
himselfmayhave been a Cilician pirate,who invaded Lycia fromthe
sea and establishedhimselfat Olympus, extendinghis sovereignty
along the coast to Phaselis and into Pamphylia. The description,
however,which Strabo gives of his principalstronghold,called by
him Mount Olympus,with its wide view over Lycia, Pamphylia,
Pisidia and the Milyas, makes it certain,as we have seen, that the
mountainin questionis not the Olympusalreadydescribedby him,3
but the modernTachtaly Dagh. Zenicetes is probablythen to be
regardedas a nativechieftainof the Solymamountains,whose power
had grown during the disturbancesof the firstMithradatic war,
when Lycia was invade(dby Mithradates,and as we have seen, the
Hinterlandlwas disturbed. Commandingthe Solyniamountains,he
1 xiv, p. 665. Artemidorus'floruiit
is given as The track between the Tachtaly Dagh and
01. 169 (IO4-IOO). Mount Climax would, however,presentfew diffi-
2
The approaches by land to this part of the culties to maraudingmountaineersdescendingon
Lycian coast are difficult
and few. Arrian'saccount Phaselis and the coast fromthe Solyma uplands,
of Alexander's march from Phaselis to the Pam- while the 'Robber's tomb' (Benndorf-Niemann,
phylian plain shows the difficulty of the road by Reisen,ii, pp. 151-3, figs.7I-2), as Mommsenpoints
the coast. At the presenttime the inhabitantsof out (Provinces, sidelight
i, 337), throwsan interesting
Eski Keui at Cape Avova to the north of Phaselis on the characterof the inhabitantsof thisdistrictat
preferthe voyageby sea to Adalia to the difficulties a later date.
of the Climax route, caiques running frequently From the south the only practicable road to
between the two places. From the edge of the Phaselisis by way of Olympus,seven hours distant
Pamphylianplain to Phaselis it is a march of not and reached from Phaselis by an inland route
less than eleven hours; although the road round entailing a stiffclimb. Access to Olympus from
the Climax was found by Mr. Robinson and myself the west is less difficult,there being two different
to be easy enough in calm weather,our horseswere roadsfromthe Limyraplain,bothofwhich,however,
frequentlyup to their fetlocksin water, and the must cross the ridge which connects the lower
road would be impossiblewith any sea running. slopes of Mount Solyma with the Chelidonian
(It is perhaps worth recordingthat remainsof an promontory.The rangeof mountainswhichextends
old road, knownas Ghiaour Yolu, with an embank- northwards from this point, viewed from the
ment of large blocks were to be seen above us on Pamphyliangulf,presentsan almostunbrokenmass,
the cliffs.) its appearance being well summedup by the state-
So far as I know, there is only one road to the ment of Strabo (p. 666), that many consideredthe
west over the hills above this coast, the one taken Taurus to begin with the Chelidonianpromontory
by Hoskyn in 1842, by way of the pass between and islands, &ta re riv 'adpav u+X'v oi0avPKai
Mount Climaxand theTachtalyDagh, and described KaO 'KOVTacV ahro rCoV HWLLKCVV o'pWCv TWV
also by Spratt and Forbes (Travels in Lycia, i, ubrepKeL/uvcovv T77S IIta,?'L7'cL.
p. I99 seqq.) At the top of the pass it is joined byan It will thereforebe readilyunderstoodthat the
alternativeroute from the Pamphylian plain by whole of the easterncoast is severedfromLhe rest
way of the Tchandyr valley,by which an aggressive of Lycia; none of the characteristicLycian rock-
mountain people could threatenPamphylia. As a tombs and inscriptionsare to be found in this
means of communicationbetween Phaselis and the district,and thoughOlympus,to which accessfrom
restof Lycia the road takenby Hoskynis practically was drawn into the Lycian
the west is less difficult,
negligible,as it debouches on to the upper valley league, this was at no time the case with Phaselis
of the Alaghyr Tchai near Seraidjik, from which (Strabo, p. 667). Quite apart from the Greek
the descent into the Limyra plain is an extremely settlement at Phaselis, the ethnical distinction
difficultmarchof not less than ten hours. A route between the inhabitantsof Lycia proper and those
to the north fromSeraidjik to the Cibyratisand of the Solyma mountains goes back, as Strabo
Milyas reaching the Elmali plain at Imedjik is points out, to the earliesttimes (p. 667, cf. p. 573).
impassable during the winter months. (We had
difficultyin crossingthe snow-drifts at the Imedjik 3p. 666: 'OXvA7rov 7r6Xg ALEycaLX' Katc 6pos
Yaila in the middle of May.) O6Kal IOWVLKOVS
/hC(WVVAOV KacX6ELT-CL.

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42 THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINST THE PIRATES.

could controlthe easterncoast of Lycia, and reachPamphyliaby

wayof the Tchandyrvallev. Whilehe heldMount Solymaand the
passes,he wassecurefromattackbyland; bysea an alliancewiththe
Cilicianswould ensurehis safetyon thatside. The securitvof the
masterofPhaseliswasa matterofthefirst importance to theCilicians,
so thatthegreatnavalbattleofwhichwe hearin thiscampaign 1 had
probablyto be foughtby Serviliusagainstthe Cilician allies of
Zenicetes,beforehe coulddeliverhisattackon theLyciancoast.
Beforepassingfromthissectionofthecampaign,oftheextentof
whichthenoticesin Ciceroand Strabogiveus a fairidea,it is perhaps
worthwhile,in viewofthestatements to be foundregarding Cilicia,
to observethat Servilius'reductionof the coastof EasternLycia is
madebylaterwriters to includethewholecountry. 2
The campaignagainstCilicia Tracheia3iS generallyheld by
modernwriters4to have followedthe reductionof Lycia and
Pamphylia.Maurenbrecher, as alreadystated,believedthecampaign
to havebeenconductedbyland,presumably froma baseinPamphylia,
sinceneitherthecountryofthe Isaurianswasyetin Servilius'hands,
nor CiliciaPedias,occupiednominally by the Seleucids,actuallyby
Tigranes5. An advanceinto Cilicia fromthe westwas practicable
onlyby the coastroad,a line of approacheffectually barredby the
fortressof Coracesium,the chiefstronghold of the pirates'power.
None ofourauthorities provides-anyhintofan attackby Serviliuson
Coracesium,and it is impossibleto believethat the captureof a
fortress,whosefall was the climaxof the campaignconductedby
Pompeius,couldhavebeeneffected byServilius withoutleavinga trace
in our records. An attackby sea on the piratestrongholds ofthe
coastis to be tracedonlyin the reported visitto theCilicianCorycus.
The nameCorycusis not an uncommon oneon the coastofAsia
Minor. Strabomentions four,threeofwhichwereon the southern
coast. In Lyciahe speaksofa Corycuscapturedby Serviliuswhich,
withOlympusand Phaselis,had fallenintothehandsofZenicetes.6
It is noticeablethata distinction is made herebetweenthe Lycian
possessions of Zenicetesand thosein Pamphylia. I This makesit
certainthat by Corycushe does not mean Attaleia,althoughas
he himselftells us the name of the spot on which Attaleia
stood had been Corycusbeforeits enlargementand resettlement
Florus,iii, 6 (quoted above, p. 38). 3 The passages quoted in favour of a reduction
Eutrop. vi, 3 Lyciae urbes clarissimasoppug-
2 of Cilicia are: Velleius, ii, 39, Ciliciam perdomuit
navit,in hisPhaselidem,Olympum; Orosius,v, 23: Isauricus; Eutropius, vi, 3, Is Ciliciam subegit;
Lyciam et urbes eius obsessas oppressasque cepit. Festus,Brev. I2, 3, Ciliciamet Isauros . . . subegit.
Praeterea Olympum montempervagatus,Phaselim 4 e.g. Groebe-Drumann, iv, p. 409; Mauren-
evertit,Corycumdiruit. A similarexaggerationis
brecher,Prolegomena,p. 68.
to be found alreadyin Cicero (de lega.agr. i, fr. 3):
addicetur omnis ora Lyciorum atque Cilicum, on 5 Appian, Syr. 48, Mithr. I05; Plut. Lucullus,z6.
which passage Treuber (Geschichte der Lykier, 6 p. 671 (v. above).
p. I89) quotes the view of Jungethat Phaselisand
Olympus were joined by Serviliusto the province 7Which for Strabo begins with Olbia, T77S
of Cilicia, which, I think,is correct. llaupvXtas dpXpy(p. 667)-

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 THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINST THE PIRATES. 43

1 The view taken by Maurenbrecher

by Attalus Philadelphus.
that the Corycuswhich belongedto Zeniceteswas the same as
2 Withtheexception
improbable.
Attaleiais therefore ofthepassage
fromDionysiusthereis no evidencethat,exceptto theantiquarians,
AttaleiawaseverknownbythenameofCorycusafteritsresettlement,
and Strabohimselfelsewheretellsus of the localitynamedCorycus
between OlxTmpusand Phaselis.3
A thirdCorvcusis describedby Strabo in Cilicia, witlhthe famous
Coryciancave near by,one of the most strikingfeaturesof which was
the saffrongrowingwild in the cave.4 The saffronof Corycuswas
also mentioned by Sallust in a fragmentof the second book: ' iter
vertit ad Corycum, urbem inclytam portu atque nemore in quo
crocumgignitur.'5
Maurenbrecher'sfragmentsof Sallust contain two other allusions
to Corycus,one of which is quoted fromthe firstbook.6 It would
appear, therefore,that Sallust knew both of the Lycian Corycus,7
mentionedin the firstbook in connexionwith the operationsagainst
Phaselis and Olympus,and of the Cilician, mentionedin the second
book in connexionwith the operationsof the year 76. Here then it
may be urged that we have a localityin Cilicia Tracheia which was
in the courseof operationsin
visitedby Serviliusor one of his officers
that district.
If, however,we turnonce more to Strabo's account of Zenicetes'
, it will be seen that the whole passage is curiouslymis-
principality
placed. It occursnot in his descriptionof easternLycia, to whichthe
places mentionedobviouslybelong, but followshis account of the
Coryciancave and Elaeussa. He has describedCorycuswith its cave
and Elaeussa, and goes on to mention the auvot%Lap.06' of Archelaus,
to whom Cilicia Tracheia as well as Cappadocia had been entrusted,
in order to bringboth sides of Taurus under a singlecontrol,owing
to the prevalenceof piracyand brigandagein the Taurus mountains.
Then followsthe account of Zenicetes and his Lycian principality, 8

'p. 667. The same informationis given bv 5 ii, 8i, from Nonius, iii, p. 202 (ed. Lindsay)
Steph. Byz. s.v. AT-raXELca, but transferredto the Crocum generis neutri. Sallustius Historiarum
Cilician Corycus. In Photius s.v. KWPVKauos Lib. ii: iter vertit ad Corycum urbem inclytam
Corycusis called a promontoryof Pamphylia, erap' Pastusquienemore in quo crocum gignitur. Sto-
7roXts 'ArXraeaX. A Corycus in Pamphylia is wasser,portu atque; Havercamp, specu atque. cf
mentioned also by Dion. Periegetes (Geogr. Gr. Servius,ad Georg.i, 56 (nam et crocumin Ci>licia
Min. ii, p. I56), where,if Attaleiais intended,it is apud Corycum nasci Sallustius <meminit>.
badly misplaced. 6 J. fragmentI3 I. 'Ad Corycum' fromPriscian
I Note to Sallust, i, frag. 131. xv: Sallustius in I historiarum 'ad Olympum
3 p. 666:
"OXvu/eros wro6s / .Eyd.X?7 elra atque Phaselida[= fr.129]. In eodem' ad Corycum'
KcbpVKOS o aleaVs6eTa 44do-qXs.Corycusobviously [=fr. 131I I could not findfragment132 ' Apud
was ofno importancein Strabo's time. Its existence, Corycum,' which Maurenbrecherquotes from the
however, is confirmedby the Stadiasmus,227, 228. same passage of Priscian.
Phaselis, Corycus, Phoenicus-Olympus. lb. 215: I Not the Pamphylian Attaleia, as Mausen-
'air6 2;13s CIS 'A-raXeqav o--rdciot v'- d7ro brecherassertsin his note ad loc.
'ArraXeLas et's7O [KWpVKLOV] eutw6ptov oara6Ol T', 8 p. 67I : KatTaL TC Ta7S aKpWpeicas rO Tda'povro
ciro [7LoO] K&PUKiOU (KopaKeovcodex) [4krwopovu] Z7qVLKe'Tou vetpaT?7ptov eoTtv 6 "OXvp7ros 6pos re
CIS 2;L3?V 0ra&LOL V' Kact4/po6povoii.$bPvgov, dab'oP Ka7-oarreerat 7r0aa
4 p.670. in Hicks,J.H.S. xii, 2I3.
Full references AvKfa
KaL JIaqovt&a cai t&ia KaL MRrsS K.r.X.

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44 THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINST THE PIRATES.

the insertionof the passagebeingthe moreremarkable sincehe has

alreadydescribedOlympus,Corycusand Phaselisin theircorrect
place. Moreover,the languagein whichStrabodescribesthe view
fromthe so-calledOlympushas a resemblance, whichcannotbe
accidental,to a fragmentof Sallust: Lyciae Pisidiaeque agros
despectantem. There can be littledoubtthatStraboin 67I, and
Sallustin fragments ii, 8i and i, I30 werefollowing a sourcewhich
ascribedto thelessknownCorycusof Lvcia features whichbelonged
to the famousCiliciancave.2 The errorof Strabocan onlybe ex-
plainedby the supposition thathe foundthe accountof Zenicetes
in a passagewhichconfusedthe Lycianand CilicianCorycus. He
realisedthatthe description of the cave mustapplyto the Cilician
Corycus, butcarelessly wenton to transcribe thefurther detailswhich
he foundabout Zenicetes. If Nonius is rightin his citationof
Sallustfrag.ii, I3I fromthe secondbookof the Histories, it follows
thatoperations in Lyciawerestillproceeding in theyear76.
With the saffron-growing Corycusdisappearsthe onlyplace in
Cilicia Tracheia of whichwe have the faintestrecordin ancient
referencesto Servilius'campaign. The contrastwiththe recordof
the Lyciantownscaptured,commonto almostall authorities, 3 iS So
remarkable that the onlywarrantableconclusionis that Servilius
neverpenetrated intoCiliciaTracheia.
There remainsthe concludingphase of the campaign,the
operationsagainstthe Isaurians,and the difficult questionof the
routebywhichServiliusmaybe heldto havereachedtheircountry.
There is fortunately no doubt as to the locationof the two towns
IsauraVetusandNova.4 The former haslongbeenidentifiedwiththe
modernZengibarKalesi, the latter,which was previously placed
by Sterrettat Dinorna,has now been located with certaintyby
Sir WilliamRamsayat Dorla, sometwentymilesto the north-east
of IsauraVetus. In additionto thesetwo towns,the territory
occupiedby the Isaurianscomprisedseveralothervillages, Xs-av
The
Mo=oCuXo(-'oLxVocU. districtlay on the northernslopes of Taurus,
withinthe boundariesof Lycaonia,marchingon the north-west
with the territory
of the turbulentHomanadeis,with whom,in
commonwithothertribesoccupyingthe northern faceof Taurus,
I Assigned by Maurenbrecherto the firstbook see, however,Strabo,p. 667 and 676 (otherreferences
(no. 130), but quoted by Servius, ad Aen. i, 42Zo in Geogr.Gr. Alliin.ii, p. I56). ObviouslyQuiintus
withoutmentionof the book in which it occurred. Cturtiushas falleninto the Corycuspitfall,giving,as
2 orrt lLvLXos7rpo HAXoto. Hopeless confusion neighboursto the Cilician, places which belonged
prevailsamong anci-nt writerswhenever Corycus to its Lycian or Pamphyliannamesake.
is mentioned. Steph. Byz. (quoted above) confuses 3 See above, p. 4o, note 6.
the PamphylianCorycus(Attaleia)withthe Cilician.
Photius, s.V. KcopKatsO, ascribes the ' Corycian 4 Strabo, xii, p. 568: Kw/eas 3Uo 6jejvs4couS Tnj1
trick' of Stribo's Ionian Corycus (p. 644) to helPv 7raXat&v KaXov)eE'v-7v, e)epKKj, [r7Vj P& P].

Corycus-Attaleia. Quinitus Curtitis iii, I0, in a
descriptionof Cilicia, has MonstrabanturLyrnessi
et Thebae, Typhonis quoque spectis et Corycium
nemus, ubi crocumgignitur. For the position of
LyrnessusanidThebe (betweenPhaselisand Attaleia)
6 For a description of the fastness of Isauira
Vetus see Davies, Life in Asiatic Tuirkev,pp. 408
seqq, and forthe topographyof the whole district,
Sterrett,WolfeExpedition,pp. I05 seqq.,pp. 149-51
Ramsay,J.H.S. 1905, pp. 162 seqq.

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 THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILITJSISAURICUS AGAINST THE PIRATES. 45
the Isaurians offereda strenuousresistanceto the Roman advance.
The police of the northernface of the Taurus, as Ramsayhas shown,
necessitatedunder the earlyempirethe establishmentof the line of
militarycolonies, based on Pisidian Antioch, and extendingfrom
Olbasa in the west to Lystrain the East.
When order had been restoredon the Lycian and Pamphylian
coast, it was the task of Serviliusto attemptthe pacificationof the
tribesinhabitingthenorthernslopesoftheTaurus range. A beginning
had already been made in the west by Murena's occupation of the
Cibyratis. Two problems,mutuallyinterdependent, present them-
selves with regard to the operationsof Servilius: first,the extent
of ground which he covered; secondly,the base fromwhich he
operatedand the routeby which he penetratedthe mountainbarrier.
It will be convenientto discussfirstthe reductionof the Isaurians,
that beingthe best attestedsectionof the campaign. Apart fromthe
fact that it was reckonedby contemporariesas the most brilliantof
Servilius' achievements,winningfor him the title of Isauricus,we
have the definitestatementof Strabo that both of the townsnamed
Isaura werecaptured,whilea considerableamountofdetailis supplied
by the long Aurelian fragmentof Sallust.1 The latter passage,
however, raises a topographical difficulty,which has a definite
bearingon the second of the two problemsmentioned,and must,as
Sir William Ramsay has shown,be taken into considerationin any
discussionof Servilius'march.
The fragmentdeals with the reductionof two cities,one of which
is unnamed,the otherbeing definitelycalled Isaura Nova. The first
was reduced by thirst(egestate aquae coacta deditio est) ; afterthe
surrenderan embassyarrivedfromIsaura Nova to arrangefor the
capitulationof that town. A passage in Frontinus2also alludes to
the reductionof ' Isaura ' by thirst: P. ServiliusIsauram oppidum,
flumineex quo hostesaquabanturaverso,ad deditionemsibicompulit.
But, as was firstpointed out by Sterrett,the details here given in
no way correspond to topographical conditions at Isaura Vetus.
Isaura Vetus (Zengibar Kalesi), situated on the top of the Assar
Dagh, was not dependentforitswatersupplyon a river,but partlyon
cisterns,largelyon a springoutside the city walls, now called Bel
Punar. Moreover, the nearestriver,Gok Su, flowsin a cafnon,the
cliffsof which are severalhundred feet high, so that the operation
describedby Frontinuswould have been impossible. Sterrettthere-
forerefersthe diversionof the riverto Isaura Nova, placed by him at
Dinorna, by Ramsayat Dorla, the latterpointingout that the ground
at Dorla is exactlyof the kind to rendersuch an operationeasy and
successful.
If Sterrett and Ramsay are right, it is remarkablethat both

1 Maurenbrecher,ii, 87. 2
ii s1

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 46 THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINST THE PIRATES.

IsauraNova and the firsttowncapturedby Servilius(whichperhaps

to call 'A') shouldbothhave beenreducedby
it willbe convenient
thirst. The coincidencehas alreadybeen remarkedby Mauren-
brecherin his commentary on the Aurelianfragment, but in itself
is not an impossibility.I feel,however,that thereis a verygreat
the Frontinus
in referring
difficulty passageto IsauraNova,sincethe

32 o Greenwidch

LA-m-A, .

C'so< i~

rLI

A7 - L\,( 'J,:; i

SE #
LI9< - OV

SCALE O)F FEET

50000 4o0900 3q0oe 20000 looco o 50000 100000

FIG. 6. MAP OF THE TERRITORY OF THE ORONDEIS AND THE HOMANADEIS.

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 THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINST THE PIRATES. 47

accountwhich Sallustgives of the operationsat the lattertown

makesit plainthatthediversion ofthestream,howeverfeasible, was
unnecessary. According to Sallust,afterthereceptionoftheembassy
fromI,,auraNova,1 Servilius advancedfrom'A' to thewallsofIsaura
Nova, therereceivingprovisionsand ioo hostagesfromthe city.
On hispresenting a further demandforthesurrender of all weapons
of war and deserters, a riottookplace in the city,organisedby the
youngermen.2 Serviliusat once occupieda hill outsidethe walls,
commanding a partof the town.3 The fragment comesto an end
withoutfurther details,butwiththiscommanding pointin hishands
it is difficult
to imaginethatServilius was compelledto proceedto a
formalinvestment ofthetown,and to thediversion oftheriver.
It may well be doubted whetherSallust, as Maurenbrecher
assumes,was guiltyof the statement thatIsauraVetuswas reduced
aversoflumine.The probabilities are thattheinaccuratedetailwas
insertedbyFrontinus in hisbriefmentionofthecaptureofthetown,
the diversionof a riverbeing a well-known Strategema, wrongly
appliedto the case of a town,whichwas knownto havesurrendered
owingto thefailureofitswatersupply. The finalsortiein Sallust's
accountof the reductionof ' A' readsverymuchlike a desperate
attempton thepartofthebesiegedto regainpossession ofthewater-
supply(i.e. the springat Bel Punar outsidethe walls),whichhad
been seizedby the Romans. Dein post paucosdies egestateaquae
coacta deditioest.
Furtherlightis thrownon thiscampaignbythepassagein Cicero
alreadyquoted,wherein additionto theLycio-Pamphylian conquests
of Serviliusthreeotherdistricts are mentioned. 4
Of theseager Orondicus(or Oroandicus)may be regardedas a
certaincorrectionof Orindicus,the Orondeisoccupyingthe hills,
whichformthe easternboundaryofthevalleyof Lake Caralis,their
principal townsbeingPappa,fixeddefinitely at Yonuslar,andMisthia,
in all probabilityat Fassiler. Withregardto theotherwise unknown
agerAgerensis andGedusanus,Professor Calder,to whomI am much
indebtedforassistance in thissectionof mypaper,suggests thatthe
agerAgerensis of the MSS. mayrepresent Ateniabeing
Ateniensis,
placed by Ramsavat or near Kirili Kassaba, close to the north-
easternshoreof Lake Caralis.6 ProfessorCalder furtherregards

I OppidtImincensumet cultoresvenumdati,eoque Agerensemet Orindicum et Gedusanum. Ilaec

terrore mox Isaura Nova legati pacem orantes
venere, obsidesque et iussa facturospromittebant.
2 luniores primumex consilio,deinde ut quisque
acciderat,per totamurbem maximoclamoretumul-
tum faciunt.
: De improvisomontem ex quo in tiuga oppidi
teli coniectuserat occupavit,sacruimMatri Magnae.
Fugam A., corr. Mommsen; fonim, coni. Hauler.
The hill is identifiedby Ramsay,op. cit. p. i64.
4 De leg. agr. ii, 50. lubet venire agrumque
P. Serviliivictoria . . . vestrafacta sunt.
6 Full references in Ramsay, H.G. p. 398,
B.S.A. ix, pp. 243 seqq., J.H.S. I905, p. I65,
where the view taken in the text is expressed.
6 B.S.A. iX, pp. 247, 253-. The suggestionin
Groebe-Drumann,iv, p. 409, n. 7, thatthereference
is to Aperlae is scarcely tenable. We have no
reason to rcgard Aperlae on the Lycian coast
between Kasteloryzo and Myra as falling within
Servilius'sphere of operations.

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48 THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINST THE PIRATES.

Gedusanumas a probablecorruption of Sedasanum,1Sedasawhich

is located on the east of Lake Trogitis being a town of the
Homanadeis,whose territoryaccordingto Sir William Ramsay
lay aroundthreesides of Lake Trogitis,and extendedfromthe
neighbourhood of Isaurato theconfines of Selgeand Katenna.2
If thesesuggestions are accepted,theoperations of Serviliuswere
directedagainstthe threepeoplesof the Isauri,Homanadeisand
Orondeis,and extendedover a districtreachingfromIsauriain a
north-westerly direction alongtheeasternshoreof thelakesTrogitis
and Caralis.
The route by whichServiliusreachedthese uplandswas first
discussedwith reference to geographical and militaryprobabilities
by Sir WilliamRamsay,who suggeststhreealternatives as a wayof
approachto the Isauriancountry. 3
i. Fromthecoastof CiliciaTracheiabywayofLaranda. This
he setsasideas improbable on military groundsowingto thedifficulty
ofthecountry.Withouta basein CiliciaTracheiaitwouldhavebeen
impossible.
2. From the CilicianGates, by way of Cybistra,Laranda and
Derbe,whichhe suggestsmayhave been the town whichI have
calledSallust'A,' capturedbeforeIsauraNova.4
3. Froma basein theRomanprovince ofAsiabywayofApameia,
Apolloniaand PisidianAntioch.
Of thelasttworoutesthelatterseemsthelessprobable.Thereis
no recordof Servilius'presenceat any timein Asia,5and Antioch
itselfat thistimewas autonomous. 6 Although sucha consideration
neednothaveprevented Serviliusfrommarching through itsterritory,
if suchwas his route,to realisethe groundson which
it is difficult,
lhe is stated,to have been the firstto penetratethe Taurus
barrier.
I Zumpt's conjecture,Eleusanum, has a certain autonomous coins of first century B.C.). The
plausibility,if the view expressedabove regarding coinage of Elaeussa itselfin the firstcenturyB.C.
Cilicia Tracheia is incorrect. It is difficult,
however, (v. Hill, BAI. Cat. Cilicia, pl. xl, 14, with legend
to see what can have been intended by Ager 'EXatovoTfw T7S iEpa. KaO. a67ov6i6ou) is an
Eleusanus. The island of Elacussa on the Cilician additionalargumentagainstthe reductionofElaeussa
coast in which the town of Sebaste was fouindedby by Servilius.
Archelaosin or after25 B.C. (Strabo xiv, p. 671), 2 B.S.A. ix, p. z68 7.R.S. vii, 247 if.
before this date had none of the territoryon the 3
7aH.S. i905, p. I65-
mainland wvhich it afterwardspossessed. The small 4 J find the identificationof Derbe wviththis
town of Kanytelideisbeside the Olban cave a few town difficult,if only for the reason that Strabo
milesto the east, whichis proved bv inscriptionsof (p. 569), who has considerableinformationabout
imperialdate to have belonged to Elaeussa-Sebaste the captureof Derbe and Isaura Vetus by Amyntas,
(e.g. 7.I.S. xii, no. 4; Heberdey-Wilhelm, has nothingto say about any capture of Derbe by
nos. IzS, 129), at an earlier date can be shown to Serviliusin a paragraphwhich followshis mention
have been dependenton Olba (Heberdey-Wilhelm, of Servilitis'reductionof IsauraVetus and Nova.
no. 133 from the pre-Roman cemetery,and the 5 Certainty,however, is impossible. The two.
still earlier inscriptionsof c. zoo B.C. in 7.H.S. Phrygian dioceses of Synnada and Apameia are
xii, nos. I and z). The territoryof Olba clearly knownto have been included in Asia from6z to 56,
came down to the coast at this point. Corycuson as the restultof a reorganisationwhich Marquardt
the coast to the xvestwas independentof Elaeussa (ii, p. Z39) would ascribe to Sulla or Murena.
at this time, whatever may have been the case 6 So Ramsay, op. cit. p. i66, quoting Strabo xii,
afterthe foundationof Sebaste (Head, H.N. p. 720, P. 577.

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 THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINST TIJE PIRATES. 49

The routeby wayof the CilicianGates impliesfirstthatCilicia

Pediaswas in Romanhands,whichcan hardlybe said to have been
the case,1 secondlythatIsauraNova fellbeforeIsauraVetus,ifthe
lineof marchwas fromeast to west. If,however,Sallust'A ' is to
be identified wasadvancing
withIsauraVetus,it is clearthatServilius
fromthe west.2
Serviliuscan be shownto have operatedin two districts.First
a sectionof the Lycianand Pamphylian coast,secondlya stretchof
country reachingfromLake Caralisto Isauria. Thereis no evidence
as to anyotherdistrictthathe penetrated.The Lycio-Pamphylian
sectionofthecampaign wascompleted by76,possiblyinthepreceding
year. He was thendefinitely established
in Pamphylia,whichcould
be used as a base forfurther operations.I wouldtherefore suggest
that the marchthroughTaurus was made fromPamphylia,by a
routewhichwouldbringServiliusdirectlyinto the countryof the
Orondeis. Two routesare possible,bothof whichare difficult and
wouldnecessitate hardfighting withthehillmen.3 Servilius,however,
had bythistimean armytrainedby thecampaignin MountSolyma
to all conditionsof mountainwarfare. The firstrouteis one by
whichI myself travelledin 9 iI fromthemouthoftheriverMelasby
wayofAkseki-Marula to Seidi-shehir,a roadwhichis usedto a con-
siderableextentat the presenttime.4 The second,whichis perhaps
the moreprobableof the two, was traversedin I907 by the late
ColonelDoughty-Wylie, V.C., by whoma briefitinerary was given
to ProfessorCalderin I909. I haveto thankthelatterforpermission
to reproduceit. 5
Both of these routeswould bringthe Roman armyinto the
I See above, p. 42. bcen thelinefollowedby Serviliuswhen thc northern
base used by Quiriniuswas not available.
2
ProfessorCalder tells me that thereis a direct 4 See Appendix.
route, passable by wheeled traffic,from Derbe to
Zengibar Kalessi, by whichan invadercomingfrom 5The route followedwas fromKonia to Adalia
the east could reach Isaura Vetus without ap- by way of Beishehir. Previouslya chaussie had
proaching Isaura Nova. But could an invader been projectedby the Turkishgovernment,partsof
thus leave Isaura Nova unmasked? which had beeni constructed. The distances are
given in English miles from Beishehir:
3 It is probable that the fragmentof Sallust To Derekeui (28) by way of Bademli (2), Iskelez
i, 128, Fcssus in Pamphyliamse receperat(Servius (io), Tchetme (201) road passable by wheeled
ad Aeni.viii, 232, quoted also in the Liber Glossarumn traffic.
withvariant ' recepit'), has referenceto thismarch, From Derekeui to the sotuthend of Kambos ova
and mayindicatethat the firstattemptsto penetrate (41), thence by a track fit for pack animals only,
'Paurus (? in 76) were unsuccessful. It is assigned between the mountains Loyka and Melik Dagh.
by Mauirenbrecher to the firstbook on the ground From Subujaor-Ilzunly (521), the track is easy
that it concerned the Lycian operations, but in to the Enif ova, a small plain c. 8 nmileslong by
neitherof the authoritiesis the numberof the book 3 broad, with a small khan at the SW. corner(64).
mentioned. (I have to thankMiss F. M. Rees for A steep climb to the Kessik Bel pass, the sea being
verifyinigthe quiotationin the Lib. Gloss.) visibleat Demir Kapu (66kJ. From thefoot of the
Mr. Anderson suggests in J.R.S. vii, Kessik Bel pass (73) to Karghyl Khan (92), of
p. 235, that the presence of Calpurnius Piso in Seljuk construction,a section of the projected
Pamphyliain 13 B.C. iS to be explained on the sup- chausseehad been btuilt. From Karghyl Khan to
position that the attack on the Homanadeis, Kopru Khan (I12) by way of Karamandalar (107)
actually carriedout by Quirinius,Nvasfirstplanned where the cbausseerecommences. The Koprii Su
to be deliveredfromPamphylia. ' A bad line,' as (Eurym-2don)is crossed by the Roman bridge.
Rarnsaysays,buitsuggestedby the fact that it had Thence to Adalia 27 miles.

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50 THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINST THE PIRATES.

rollingplain between Lakes Caralis and Trogitis, fromwhich the

hill countryof the Orondeis could be assaulted. How farthe attacks
penetratedcannot be said. If the correctionof Cicero's Agerensis
proposed above is right,theywere extended along the whole length
of the eastern shores of Lake Caralis; but operationsamong the
Orondeisand Homanadeis mayhave been confinedto the occupation
of the valleyformedby the two lakes,and to securinga line of retreat,
whetherintoPamphyliaor into Roman Asia,in the event of a reverse
at the hands of the Isaurians. If Gedusanus is to be corrected to
Sedasanus,the advance fromthe Orondeistook place along the shore
of Lake Trogitis, throughthe eastern portion of the Homanadeis
tribe,who adjoined the Isaurians.1
By Servilius' conquests on the northernface of Taurus, the
necessarypreliminarieshad been accomplishedfora combinedattack
on Cilicia Tracheia by land and sea. The followingyear, 74 B.C.,
thereforesaw the creationof a new command,the maius imperium
infinitum,conferredon M. Antoniusfor threeyears,with ordersto
clear the whole Mediterraneancoast of pirates, a command which
anticipated that which was entrustedto Pompeius in 67. Land
operations, however, at first delayed by the death of Servilius'
successor,Octavius,2 were indefinitelypostponed by the outbreak
of the third Mithradatic war. By sea, the Roman plans were
stultifiedby the incompetenceof the admiral, before their fleets
could even approach the Cilician coast.
Some explanationis needed of the groundsforthe belief,held by
later writers,that Serviliusconquered Cilicia, since it mightbe urged
that the later conquest of Tracheia by Pompeius overshadowed
Servilius'exploitsto such an extent as to obliterateall recordof its
formerconquest,except the bare fact. The explanationlies, I think,
in the ancient use of the name Cilices and the technicalapplication
of the word Cilicia by the Romans in the firstcenturyB.C. In days
when piracy had its headquarters in Cilicia Tracheia, the name
Cilician was largelyapplied to all pirates,whatevertheirorigin,much
as ' Algerian' frequentlyincluded at a later date all Mediterranean
corsairswho were not Christian. A successful campaign against
brigands and pirates in southern Asia Minor would be naturally
spokenof by contemporaries as a reductionof Cilicians.
In an ethnicsense the name Cilices compriseda numberof tribes
occupyinga much wider extentof countrythan the actual Tracheia
and Pedias on the southernside of Taurus, so that Herodotuswas not
guiltyof an errorin geography,when he said that the Halys in part
of its course flowed 8ta KLXtIKCO V. 3 A survival of this extended

I On the characterof this countrv,which I have 2 Plutarch,Licullus, 6.

thesotithern
not seenbeyond(I shoreof Lake Trogitis,
see Rainsay,7.R.S. vii, p. 247. 3 i, 72.

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THIE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINST THIE PIRATES. 51

applicationof Cilicia is to be foundin the Cilician strategiaof

Cappadocia.1
Ethnologically
thedifference betweenthepeopleson thenorthern
and southernsidesof Taurus can onlyhave been slight. We have
on theonehandtheHomanadeis spokenofbyStrabounderthegeneral
name of KL'XLKE'. 2 Conversely,the name Isauria,whichis limitedby
Strabo to the districtlyingroundthe townsof Isaura Vetus and Nova
and politicallywithinthe boundariesof Lycaonia,had also, as would
appear,a widerextensionoverthe whole ofTracheia, the name of the
later province Isauria bringing into officialuse the pre-Roman
nomenclatureof the district. 3
Historically,therefore, therewas justificationforthe name Cilicia
given to the wide district of Asia Minor, which we know from
Cicero's correspondence,at the time of the reorganisationby
Pompeius. The name at any rate was applicable to the easternpart
of the province. Cilicia, however,had been the name of the province
since its firstoccupation, when it comprisednone of the Cilician
country,in any sense of the term,either on the north or south of
Taurus. The northernside was firstreduced by Servilius; on the
southPedias had been in the handsof Tigranesand, whenhe annexed
it in 83, it was at the expenseof the Seleucids,not ofthe Romans,who
would otherwisehave regardedsuch an occupation as an act of war.
With regardto Tracheia thereis no justificationforthe view which
Marquardt4 bases on Appian, Mithr., 75, to the effectthat part at
anVrate of Cilicia Tracheia was alreadyin Roman hands as a resultof
Servilius'conquests.
This is not the place fora discussionof the extentof the Roman
provinceof Cilicia duringthe firstdecades of its existence. From its
firstfoundation,as a base of operationsagainstthe pirates,it can have
consistedoflittlemorethanthe formerAttalidpossessionsin southern
Asia Minor, but it was materiallyincreased by the conquests of
Servilius. A generalwho was governorof ' Cilicia,' operatedagainst
the brigandtribesofhis provinceknowngenerallyas 'Cilices,' annexed
the brigands'strongholdof easternLycia to the province of Cilicia,
restoredorder on the Pamphyliancoast, a part of which (e.g. Side)
is knownto have maintainedclose relationswith the Ciliciansproper,
and reduced Cilician tribesto the northof Taurus, could well have
I Strabo xii, p. 534, cf. Justin.xxxvii, I. Full /ueT& Wcat&)V Kat
cyUvatKWjV iLG Ta7Te Kat Ioa upous
infortmatiotn in Ramsay, H.G. p. 33-5. It is 67rlyETO Kat' KLXLKL'aV, /tXPL TWV TLs FaXaTcKwV
noticeable that Strabo in his definitionof Tracheia TETpapXwv Aq7L6T6rapos irLWroX\dovra aVTov
and Pedias limiitsthem to that part of Cilicia which ouveaLw'E. In view of the wider tise of Cilicia, it
lies to the south of Taurus (T'S- KLXLKL'ag T?7C Yw wvould be extremely hazardous to assert that
TOUTa6povu). Eumachus penetrated the Tauirus into Tracheia.
Xii, p. 569. See Ramsay, B.S.A. ix, p. 269 The same considerationsapply equally to the Sallust
Cilices and Ilomanades are interchangeableon fragment(v. 14) quoted by Marquiardt: Lucullus
p. 569.' audito Q.MlarciumRegempro consuleperLycaoniam
3 See on this point, IJ.G. p. 361 seqq. cum tribuslegionibusin Ciliciamtendere. In both
4ii, p. 315 (French translationof i8qz): TSp 0' these passages, as in Dio. Cass. xv. I, by Cilicia is
a UTq Xpovo puaytcv E6'/cXos MtOpt6arou meant the Roman province of that name, more
sTTpacT'I7yOs e7rtTpeXcov gKTeLJ,e Pw1.achwv aroXXo6S particularlythe parts north of the Taurus.

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52 THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINST THE PIRATES.

been spokenof by his contemporariesas having gained his victories

over the Cilicians without having penetrated the districtknownin
the narrowersenseas Cilicia Tracheia and Pedias. There is no doubt
that Livy in the 93rd book used Cilicia in the wider sense when he
spoke of the Isauriansin Cilicia. Similarlyin the goth book, which,
as we saw, contained the firstsection of the campaign, Servilius'
achievementsare spoken of as performed' adversus Cilicas.' This
would be the naturallanguage to employof the governorof Cilicia
operatingagainstthe brigandsof the district. But neitherLivy nor
Sallust,fromwhom later writersdrew such informationas theygive
about the campaign, appears to have known of any operationsin
Cilicia Tracheia, with the exceptionof the marchto Corycus,wvhich,
in fact, was the Lycian.

APPENDIX.

An alternative routefromthePamphylianplain to the country of theOrondeisis one

whichI followedin Junei9ii, fromSide to Akseki-Marula and Seidi-shehir.TI'hough
shorterin pointof distance,it would appear to be the moredifficult of the two roads,
particularlyin the partbetweenAksekiand Seidi-shehir.At the presenttimethereis a
considerableamountof traffic as faras Akseki,a pleasantlittletownin the hillswhichis
the residenceof a Caimakam. To the northof that point the road divides,one track
going to Beishehir,the other to Seidi-shehir. The former was followed by
Von Richterand Sch6nborn.1
To thesouthofAksekithecountryis an elevatedplateau,extendingfromthegorgeof
theManavgatTchai (Melas) to the loftyrangeknown,duringa partof its length,as the
Haidar Dagh, whichruns parallelwith the westernshore of Lake Trogitisand is pro-
longedin a south-easterlydirection. The southernedge of the plateau is fringedby a
steepparapet,crossedby the IshakSeidi Bel pass. In spiteof reportsreceivedin Adalia,
the countrywas foundto be singularlydestituteof ancientremains. Ruins had been
reportedto meat Byrgos(=Piklos in Kiepert'smap)and theneighbourhood, whichled me
to makea slightd6tourfromthe main road; theyproved,however,to consistonlyof
the ruinsof modernhouses. The countryin ancienttimes,as now,can onlyhave been
thinlypopulated. Kiepert'smap is accuratein mostrespects,being based presumably
on information compiledby S^honborn. As, however,the countrydoes not appear to
have been traversedin recentyears,a shortitinerary maybe useful:
Side to Manavgat,iI hours. The khanis on the rightbankof the stream,whichis
crossedby a ferryto Bazardjikon the leftbank. Below the khanare the remainsof
Manavgat Kale, on the rightbankof the stream,whichis said to be navigableto this
point. There is someamountof tradewithCyprus.
Bazardjikto Kara Udja 4 hours(the pace was a slowone, hardlymorethan2 m.p.h.,
thepace of a caravanwithwhichI travelledas faras Kepes). Two hoursfromBazardjik
are the remainsof a small mediaevalforton a table-likehill above the river. From
Kara Udja to thetop of theIshakSeidi Bel is a twohours'climbwhichis extremely steep.
Owingto the heat the caravanwas movingby night. Aftera steepdescentand another
shortclimb the going becomeseasier. The road passesto the east of and above the
villageof Kepes (3 hours)to the khanor smallresthouse(4 hours)markedon Kiepert's
map. A springwhichriseshereflowsfora shortdistanceto the SW. beforedisappearing.
From Jendever(=Kiepert's Djendere, 2 hours) the mainroad runsdirectto llvat
and Sary Hadjilar(-=Kiepert'sSaryHanlar,the namesof thisvillageand of Ilvat being
I Ritter, Erdkunde,xix, p. 6io seqq.

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 THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINS T THE PIRATES. 53

transposedon his map). I turnedaside at Jendeverto Allah Kisle (Q hour)and Byrgos.

Tshereare a fewworkedblocksin the cemeteriesof thisneighbourhood (e.g. threeunin-
scribedbases at Jendever), but no other ancientremains. The trackfromAllah Kisle
runsdowna valleyNW. to Ilvat (i o hours)whereit rejoinsthe mainroad. Thence by
wayof Sari Hadjilar (3 hour) to Akseki(ij hours),a townof fairlymodernappearance,
consisting of 500 to 6oo houses.
To the northof Aksekithe countrybecomesmore difficult and brokenas far as
Ghyaras1 (5 hours),whichlies at thenorthend of a smallplain in the hills.The village
and cemeteryare fullof architecturalfragments, one housebeingbuiltlargelyof remains
of a smallCorinthianbuilding. By the door of anotherstood two Ionic capitals. The
site fromwhichthesecame lies immediately above the villageon a smallhill with three
peaks,all of whichare strewnwithancientblocks. The centrepeak has been artificially
levelled,the platformthusformedbeingincreasedby a bastionon the SW. side of very
solid masonry. On it and at the footlies a massof fallenfragments fromat least two
buildings. A Corinthiancapitaland severalfallencolumnsand epistylefragments were
to be seen togetherwith the inscriptions nos. I-3, 5-6.
i. Large square basis,fallenfromabove,at foot of centrepeak. Ht. *69, B. *87,
deeplycut letters04.

1-1 OVYA 1-11<AIouAI-1Mocc6ArE L

01
E IM -1c 1OTrA WN A MQYCAI
E 0f
Ee or-4 oY C 14 K^C CI^
N GP M
rcN YoC Tr-i NrN
ae A 1 /AAY1 ''Y
AII< UWN I N T-rI N YrA/\TeP/\AYT W
TOYCa ENAPIAJT/-\ CANE C TrI't
C E N lH I< /-\ c c I A rl-Nt- r1 V I C KAI I| A A
IACEN E 6N
poux\ xodto 83Loq lexykw[v
Tt "0c7"O)VO MOUGOdO[U
KocaaLocv
'Epioye6vouq7J,x 'Eppo-
y6v0u4T9v yuvocZxoUT9
xoc\KcovLv'v Ouyoc-r&poc
ocurv.
ae ~V~~V OC4vea-ryl-
aqv N Kocaaoc xod ytXocv-
ap]Lx4q
&'vexev.

2. Basis,in form
ofan architrave.Ht. -40,B. I-32, Letters*035. Brokenabove.
< A rA -A C A4 QI CA CAY TrOIC J
y1Tl 1 i- C CE/A rEbJNTrOA eLW CT'MC
TAT AS TOYC AE AIAPJANTACANe
rH CA N Po 4 LJ WA t ot1A WLN K AI MOYCAIOC
TrtI A E C
T0cq8oOCL6oco9T0Z TCL[0&4
xocTt&
u7roTGq ZeXye'(0 7roXeCOqTG - - -
- - - TOU 8? &v4a9G [-
'Po6av xod"OOXXWv
-cr,~ocv xoc\ MOUaCO&LO
OL TcocZae['Ep,uoy&vouqCPoa6 voq.

I Von Richtercalls it Karas; Schonborn,jaras (Yaras). See theirreportsin Ritter,I.C.

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54 THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINST THE PIRATES.

3. Large rectangular
basisbrokenon the left. Ht. I5o, B. I8, Letters o3.

G M 0 rE N o '- C P oa W
;I Cs o K A I CP r"I
E P M OrE NOYCKAI P O AWN
NK/ %I IE N A/ QCCO1AIOYCA O0YEPo1
rT trr'1 C C C l1
N. 41 /AC -f
46 1 w N

MouaocZoq]
'E[p][ioyevou;'PO68wvoq xodl'Ep,o-
yev; MouaocLou ?] 'Eptoysvouqxoca Po,c )v
XOCL OTcO&]vx[o]l
[M]]v[e]X[oc]o; oL [M]ouaocLou 'Ep[?o-
yvoud] r ? - NAIA auv [&v-
n (r)[&la[s]rE
?at%a~v'ex -rWVU L&V

4. Circularbase, built upside down into the village mosque, brokenat the top.
PresentHt. iroo, Letters 04.

M 01N E AA O C
E
^AiT rCM ro
CkA<ANEC *-n p
PO AL fNAN E NE
A A Oy TON1TATE
PA A Y TSil NI

Mev'ZXocoq
xoct Ta?6Oe-
o0 xodtNkaTCop
TPo6a(wocMeVw-
'
tAOy 17r0ce--
po ocuYr(&v.

The four inscriptions

all deal with the membersof two closelyconnectedfamilies
therelationship
ofwhichwouldappearto be as follows:
A. B.
Rhodon(no. 3) Hermogenes(no. 3)
1 1
Hermogenes(nos. I and 3) (MousaiosI ro. 3)

Rhodon(no. 2) Hoplon (no. 2) Mousaios(nos. I, 2, 3) Hermogenes(nos.I, 3)

_ __
Rhodon(no. 3)
~~ I'
~~~~~~~I
Menelaos(nos 3, 4) Hoplon = Kassia (no. i)
I (nos. I, 3) 1
Rhodon(no. 4) Konis (no. i)

Menelaos(no. 4) Teimotheos(no. 4) Nestor(no. 4)

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 THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS. ISAURICUS AGAINST THIE PIRATES. 55

No. 3 was copied by Von Richter and republishedin C.I.G. iii, 4379. In
T &yoc?X[]o
line 4 the editorconjectured Calder
cauvrI[i]oca?,which,as Professor
points out to me, is certainlycorrect,althoughbothvon Richterand I read K. As I
have restoredthe names in no. 3, the dedicationis made jointlyby Mousaioswith his
threesons Rhodon,Hoplon,Menelaos,and byHermogenesof familyB, whose daughter
was marriedto Hoplon, son of Mousaios(no. i), the MVlousaios of no 2 beingheld to be
identicalwith Mousaiosof nos. i and 3. The restoredname Mouaoc'ouwhichI have
introducedinto familyB in no. 3, line 2, exactlyfills the space and is probableon the
groundthatjust as thenameHermogenesis introducedforone generationinto familyA
by intermarriage with the otherfamily,so the Mousaiosof nos. I, 2, and 3 was named
aftermembersof familyB, althoughthe name is not otherwiserecorded. From the
recurrenceof the familyname Rhodonin no. 4, it is probablethat T\'Ienelaos of nos. 3
and 4 are identical.
The interestof theseinscriptionslies in thecloserelationsmaintainedby the family,
as recordedfor two generations, withthe peopleof Selge. Althoughit was a common
practicefora decreepassedin honourof a foreigner to be engravedin his own town,the
siteat Ghyarasmay nevertheless have been withinthe territory of Selge. The latter
must have includeda considerabletractof country,if,as Strabo says,1 the population
was 20,000. If this is the case, the boundarybetween the Selgiansand Homanadeis
mustbe looked forto the east of thispoint,which would have the effectof confining
the Homanadeison thisside to the mountainrangewhichformsthewatershedbetween
thePisidiancountryand the Trogitisvalley.2
5. Basisin formof an architrave, ornamentedabove withegg and dart patternand
leaves. Slightlybrokenbelow,buttheinscription is completeandwellpreserved.Ht. 54,
B. I-05, Letterso035.

N EC TAW P

OYAA e P I A Te I J y
CoE-QrE Ii
eEO NNQN0 YEJE WCcTON
C TrAr
r E PA\

O?uBp'LocTeLlioOeou Tet,u-
Oeov Nou0'wq O\v
7CTpa

6. The ruinson theplatform containedinscribedepistylefragmentsfromtwobuild-

ingsat least,the two largestfragments, each fromdifferentbuildings,beingengraved:
(a) . .' T
~ [c RXCo)[v'aLOWI) . . .
(b) .**G] XTtVC6VvGT2
From Ghyarasthe road runsnorthwards by way of the Tchai Boghaz to Tachtaly
Kuyu(i - hours),whereit divides,the roadfollowedby Sch6nbornand VonRichtergoing
NNW. to Budamiaand Beishehir, the otherrunningslightlyeast of northby way of the
Tekke Beli to Simiun,a smallvillagelyingat the footof the Zinda Dagh (Zindan in
Kiepert),41 hoursfromGhyaras.A findof gold coinsin theneighbourhood had recently
been reportedto the Caimakamof Akseki,but he had failedto get holdofthem,nordid

1 Strabo, xii, p. 570. 7roVT-wP 171 6peIsELd, KaTeVEZs, 61.LOpOtMeX'YeiXr-xKa'

'0tto'a&iOt, la-yaXaoTeFt d' ?7ri Tr& &7Tos rA
2 id. p.
56o. 'Suva/eZS s'aEI TOUTOLS (the 7rp6s Tr MtXvud. i.e. the westernfrontier of the
Homanadeis) ol re XxotHLotl'at Kai o05 'eyers Homanadeistouchedthatofthe Selgiansin itsnorth-
o07rep icrv acoL0Xny(bTaTT HtoftUvv.*rTO
llwv ern part,in its southernpartthat of the Katenncis,
v oiY
who, if Polybius (v. 73) is rightin sayingthat they
,rVoov auTWv (i.e. thePisidians),ukpos Tra adKPCOPisXS
-TOU Tau'pou KaTr'Xct, rives & Kai u-7rip 2;is7, could put 8,ooo hoplites into the field,must also
Kaes 'Aoirevaov Ha/ePqVXiKWPv7rIXEWV KaeTrXOJoLt have occupied a considerable tract (? from the
-yeaAorXo Xcbpta Xat6ovra 7ra'wvra, r& d' 67r-p middle waters of the Mlelasto the Haidar Dagh).

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 56 THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINST THE PIRATES.

I see anyin the handsof the villagers. From Simiunit is a fourhours'climbover a

shoulderof the Zinda Dagh, the pass beingknownas the Yelidje Beli. Near the top is
a small greenplain,the IrmassynYaila. Aftera two hours' descent,the last partof
whichisextremely is 31 hoursfromthetop.
steep,thelevelis reached,and Seidi-shehir
Seidi-shehirhad hithertoyieldedno ancientremains,and the wholeof the townis
modern. I saw, however,the two followinginscriptions:
7. Square basisupsidedown and brokenbelow and on the right,used as the well-
head of a privatehouse. Measurements wereunfortunately not recorded.

0 AiH fv\ O E
o Y A /\ Afl N E TE
m\H ,-c)TE T v PToI'
4J
AI A 8lo
OEQ Z)l4E AZ?TO
o' 8n[Loq

6?0nw
o 86 0
tqcr[Ev TO'] re,,[0]Pr0[\V

Oe'v asexatcyro[v

Althoughthefaceof thestonewasmuchworn,thespacein line4 seemedto havebeen

caused by an intentionalerasure. Domitian is called cTL1Yrvq -?? (censor
perpetuus)at Phaselis(I.G. Rout.iii, 755),and T]stvr' 8L&yok , as restoredin an
ofMyra(7.H.S. xxxiv,p. 27).
inscription
Vasada has been locatedat the KestelDagh, some Io milesto the NE. of Seidishehir
acrossthe Kizil Irmak.1
8. The secondinscription fromSeidi-shehirwas above a rude banquetingsceneof
fourfigures, two of whomwere reclining. The stonewas partlyburiedin a gardenin
frontof the barracks.Veryrudelettering-o4,and muchworn.

kAoAcO c Troi roc c

TON,j Y I 0 Nj N\ N II

In thefirstlineperhaps- - - (p]L&Xo8[S]QaY76
< - - - therelief
in thatcase
beinga dedicationby a slaveor freedman
to his son.
I B.S.A. ix, p. 266. I have not seen the reportby Junther,whose discoveriesare cited.

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 THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINST THE PIRATES.
A CORRECTION.

In my notes on Inscriptionno. 3, published on page 54 of this

volume of the Journal,I inadvertentlyquoted ProfessorCalder as
approving the restorationTo `yaXp]oc auv -r ( )&a[c] adopted
by the firsteditor in C.I.G. iii, 4379. ProfessorCalder's approval
extended only to the reading (p)a'a[z]t. The restorationwhich he
proposes:
CEpLo-
A [AM]ouaocLou
Ye'VOuq]7[aZt8ZqT']V 'La lgU'V
Tn a
)[; X.T

is clearlythe correctone.

He writesregardingno. 2 ' Perhaps read

- - - - (accusative) - - - -
xaoct&ctIra 80OZLacq &utoXqtr?3[taq (leaf)
u70 TTq EZY'COys@ 7ro'XEC TTq [XaFVpo-
toct(nG [;;A;[5v] oU' ac ocVApLaV'ocq cX.X.'

He furtherpoints out that no. 8 (fromSeidi-shehir)was copied

by Sterrett,WolfeExpedition,no. 2I8, at Orta Kara Viran, some
hours distant. This makes it certain that no. 7 (also from Seidi-
Shehir)is a migrant,as was to be expected.
H. A. O.

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