duveridl Lnere are some exdiMlpies In UUs CONVersdUON, WICH lakes place in a department store. CLAIMING BACK TAX Customer: I've bought these sweaters, and I'm taking them home to Brazil. I understand I can claim back the tax Ipay. Clerk: That's right. Have you filled in aform? Customer: Yes, and I've got the receipts here. Clerk: Right. Now, whenyou go through British Customs, you give the customs officer theform with the receipts. Customer: Igive theform to the Customs when I leave Britain? Clerk: That's right. They'll give you one copy back and keep one themselves. Customer: Uh-huh. Clerk: Now I'll giveyou this envelope. You send the copy back to us in the envelope. Customer: I post it to you. Clerk: That's right. Customer: And how do Iget the money? Clerk: Oh, we sendyou a cheque. We'll send it offtoyou straight away. Two ohiects22 The use of questions BUYING A TRAIN TICKET Travel agent: Can I help you? Customer: Do you sell rail tickets? Travel agent: Yes, certainly. Customer: Ineed a return ticket from Bristol to Paddington. Travel agent: You're travelling when? Customer: Tomorrow. Travel agent: Tomorrow. That's Friday, isn't it? And when are you coming back? Customer: Oh, I'm coming back the same day. Travel agent: Are you leaving before ten o'clock? Customer: It's cheaper after ten, is it? Travel agent: Yes, it's cheaper ifyou leave after ten and return after six o'clock. Customer: What time is the next train after ten? Travel agent: Ten eleven.093 Grammar In speech and writing 1 This is part ofa real conversation between three people. STUCK ON THE UNDERGROUND Tom: [had one appointment at nine o'clock, I had another one at ten o'clock, had another one at halfpast twelve, another one at quarter pastfour and then I knew I had to be at Pathway atsix o'clock, I reckoned. So I timed it- Sarah: These appointments were in town? Tom: Yeah. So I timed it very carefully that was going to leave at about ten past five - this was in, er, this was in central London. And I reckoned I'd be at Hounslow Westjust before five to six and I'd jump into a taxi and be at Pathway just after six o'clock. So Igot on the Underground at Green Park at about ten pastfive, no, twenty pastfive, and erm, we moved alongfairly well to Hyde Park Corner and then we moved along about fifty yards and we stopped. Simon: Why was this? Tom: And we were there for - well, I'm not quite sure, I think there was a train stopped in front ofus and we were therefor - reallyfor three quarters ofan hour. (from M. Underwood Haveyou heard?)Jf you need any help tomorrow, let me know. } Present perfect and past simple THE SKI SHOP Debbie: Have you seen the ski shop that'sjust opened in the High Street? Nicola: Yes, it opened last week, didn't it? [haven't been in there yet. Debbie: I wentinyesterday. It's really good. I bought some gloves. We're going to Italy next winter, and I can buy clothes there. Nicola: Ihaven'tskiedfor ages actually. I've gotsome skis - I've had them for years. I used to ski a lot when I was younger. Debbie: Where did you go? Nicola: We went to Austria a few times. Debbie: I've been to Scotland twice, but I've never done any skiing abroad. I'm really looking forward to Italy.We've often talked about emigrating, we eee ee yee We can also use the present perfect for states. I've had these skisforyears. | The shop has been open a week. I've always known aboutyou and Diana. Some typical time expressions with the present perfect are just, recently, lately, already, before, sofar, still, ever/never, today, this morning/evening, for weeks/years, since 1988. Some of these are also used with the past simple. + (5) NOTE For been to and gone to, * 84(6).2 Use of the present pertect The present perfect tells us about the past and about the present. We use it for an action in the period leading up to the present. The shop has just opened. The visitors have arrived. The posthasn'tcomeyet. | Haveyou ever ridden a horse? The visitors have arrived means that the visitors are here now. We can also use the present perfect for repeated actions. Debbie has been to Scotland twice. _ I've ridden lots oftimes. We've often talked about emigrating. We can also use the present perfect for states. I've had these skis for years. The shop has been open a week. I've always known aboutyou and Diana. Some typical time expressions with the present perfect are just, recently, lately, already, before, sofar, still, ever/never, today, this morning/evening, for weeks/years, since 1988. Some of these are also used with the past simple. + (5) NOTE For been to and gone to, + 84(6).oO Use ULUIe pddt siuipie a We use the past simple for an action in the past. The shop opened last week. I bought some gloves yesterday. The earthquake happened in 1905. Islept badly. When did the first Winter Olympics take place? The time of the action (last week) is over. The past is the normal tense in stories. Once upon a time a Princess went into a wood and sat down by a stream. Some typical time expressions with the past simple are yesterday, this morning/ evening, last week/year, a week/month ago, that day/afternoon, the other day/week, ateleveno'clock, on Tuesday, in 1990, just, recently, once, earlier, then, next, after that. Some ofthese are also used with the present perfect. * (5) NOTE a With the past simple we often say when the action happened. /boughtsome glovesyesterday. Iwentinthe shopyesterday. It'sreally good. Iboughtsomegloves. It is clear from the context that the action bought happened yesterday. Sometimes there is no phrase of time, but we understand a definite time in the past. Ididn'teat any breakfast. My sister took this photo. b Aphrase with ago means a finished time. It does not include the present, even though wea With the past simple we often say when the action happened. /boughtsome glovesyesterday. Iwentinthe shopyesterday. It'sreallygood. Iboughtsomegloves. Itis clear from the context that the action bought happened yesterday. Sometimes there is no phrase of time, but we understand a definite time in the past. Ididn'teat any breakfast. My sister took this photo. b Aphrase with ago means a finished time. It does not include the present, even though we measure it from the present. Compare these sentences. IsawthatfilmonWednesday/two daysago. I'veseen that film. We can also use the past simple for repeated actions. We went to Austria afew times. The children always played in the garden. We can also use the past simple for states. Iwas younger then. The Romans had a huge Empire. Westayed on the Riviera for several weeks. NOTE a There are other ways of expressing repeated actions in the past. + 100 Weusedtogo toAustria. The childrenwouldalwaysplay in thegarden. b For the pasttense in a tentative request, e.g. / wanted toask you something, *61(1) Note. For the past tense expressing something unreal, e.g. [ wish [had more money, * 241(3). For the past tense expressing a possible future action, eg. IfItold you, you'dlaugh, * 257(4c).4 Present perfect or past simple? 1 The choice depends on whether the speaker sees the action as related to the present or as in the past. The shop has just opened. The shop opened last week. The two sentences can refer to the same action. The present perfect tells us something about the present: the shop is open now. But the past simple means a finished time (last week). It does not tell us about the present. Present: The shop has just opened. (So it's open now.) Past: The shop opened last week. It's doing very well. The shop opened last week. Then it closed again two days later. Present: The car has broken down. (So | have no transport now.) Past: The car broke down. It's still offthe road. The car broke down. But luckily we got it going again.9 VERB TENSES AND ASPECTS PAGE 88 When we use the present perfect for a state, it means that the state still exists now. Ifthe state is over, we use the past. I've had these skis for years. Thad those skisfor years. (Then Isold them.) I've been here since three o'clock. Iwas therefrom three o'clock to about five. (Then I left.) Compare the past simple for an action. Ibought these skisyears ago. _ I arrived here at three o'clock. When we use the present perfect for repeated actions, it means that the action may happen again. The past simple means that the series of actions is over. Gayle has acted in more than fifty films. (Her career has continued up to now.) Gayle acted in more than fifty films. (She is dead, or her career is over.) Look at this news report. There has been a serious accident on the M6. Ithappened at ten o'clock this morning near Preston when a lorry went out ofcontrol and collided with a car... The present perfect is used to give the fact of the accident and the past simple forompare tne past simpte ror an acuon. Ibought these skisyears ago. _l arrived here at three o'clock. When we use the present perfect for repeated actions, it means that the action may happen again. The past simple means that the series of actions is over. Gayle has acted in more than fifty films. (Her career has continued up to now.) Gayle acted in more than fifty films. (She is dead, or her career is over.) Look at this news report. There has been a serious accident on the M6. It happened at ten o'clock this morning near Preston when a lorry went out ofcontrol and collided with a car... The present perfect is used to give the fact of the accident and the past simple for details such as when and how it happened. We often use the present perfect to first mention a topic and the past simple for the details. I've just been on a skiing holiday. ~ Oh, where did you go? Haveyou sent in your application? ~ Yes, Isentit in ages ago. Adverbials of time with the present perfect and past simple17 ‘Present perfect continuous GOING INTO HOSPITAL Mrs Webster: Ishall have to go into hospital some time to have an operation on my leg. Ted: Are you on the waiting list? Mrs Webster: Yes, I've been waiting for three years. Ted: Three years! That's awful! You've been suffering all that time. Mrs Webster: Well, I have to use the wheelchair, that's all. Ted: They've been cutting expenditure, trying to save money. It's not right. Mrs Webster: Myson David has written to them three times. He's been trying to get me in quicker. I don't know ifit'll do any good. 1 Form Present of have + been + active participle I/vou/we/thev have been waitina1 Present continuous * 64 In the middle of an action I'm watching this comedy. A temporary routine I'm working late this week. Present perfect * 65 An action in the period up to the present I've written the letter. A series of actions up to the present I've played basketball a few times. A state up to the present I've been herefora week. Past continuous * 66 An action over a period of past time It was raining at the time. Present simple + 64 A present state Ilike comedies. A permanent routine I work late most days. Past simple * 65 An action in the past I wrote the letter yesterday. A series of past actions I played basketball years ago. A past state / was therefor a week.Necessity: must, have (got) to, needn'tand mustn't + 92 Imustgo to the bank. Obligation and advice: should, ought to etc +93 You should answer the letter. Permission: can, could, may, might and be allowed to +94 We can leave our luggage at the hotel. Certainty: will, must and can't Mandy will be in London now. Probability: should and ought to + 96 The rain should stop soon. Possibility: may, might, can and could + 97 The keys may be in my coat pocket.12, MODAL VERBS PAGE ld Ability: can, could and be able to + 98 Most people can swim. Unreal situations: would + 99 Six weeks' holiday would be nice. Habits: will, would and used to + 100 People will leave littereverywhere. The verb dare + 101 Idaren'tgo up onthe roof. OVERVIEW: the use of modal verbs + 102Deciding/Allowing/Telling Deciding + 71 (4) I'll have coffee. Willingness * 71(5) T'll helpyou. Willyou help me? Formal order * 71 (9) All pupils will attend. Asking what to do + 71(7) What shall I do? Shall I help you? Promise *71(8) You shall have the money. Formal rule + 71@) A game shall last one hour. Prediction/Possibility will Prediction (future) + 71) Tom will be at home tomorrow. Prediction (present) * 95 Tom will be at home now. Prediction (habit) + 100(1) Tom will always arrive late. shall Prediction (future) +71(2) I/We shall be away next week. wouldRequest * 99(2) Would you help me? Willingness (past) * 80(2) The baby wouldn't go to sleep. Necessity * 92 You must be careful. No necessity * 92(3) You needn't hurry. Necessity not to do something. + 92(4) You mustn'tforget. would Prediction (unreal) + 99(1) A holiday would be great. Prediction (past) * 80(2) The result would surprise us all. Prediction (past habit) + 100(1) Tom would always arrive late. must Logical necessity * 95 You must be tired. needn't musin'tshould Obligation/Advice + 93 Probability * 96 You should work hard. It should be fine tomorrow. (In some sub clauses) Ifthe phone should ring, don't answer it. * 258 It is vital we should meet. + 242(2) l ought to Obligation/Advice * 93 Probability » 96 You ought to work hard. It ought to be fine tomorrow. may Permission * 94 Possibility * 97 You may go now. The plan may go wrong. May I ask a question? We may move house. might Request/Order + 97(1d) Possibility + 97 You might help me. The plan might go wrong. We might move house.can Permission + 94 General possibility * 97(2e) You can go now. Maths can be fun. Can I ask a question? Impossibility » 95 Request + 97 (2b) The story can't be true. Can you help me? Ability + 98 Offer + 97 (2b) Ican play the piano. Can Ihelpyou? Opportunity + 98 Suggestion * 97(2a) We can watch TVin the evenings. We can meet later. could Permission (past) + 94(3) Possibility * 97 You could park here years ago. The plan could go wrong. Asking permission * 94(2) It's perfect. Itcouldn'tgo wrong. Could Iask a question? Ability (past) + 98 Request * 97 (2b) I could play the piano when I was Could you help me? five. Suggestion * 97(2a) Ability (unreal) + 98 (e) We could meetlater. I could take better photos if I had a better camera.1 Tenses and aspects + 105 Present simple They play the match. Present continuous They are playing the match. Present perfect They have played the match. Past simple They played the match. Past continuous They were playing the match. Past perfect They had played the match. Future They will play the match. They are going to play the match. The match is played. The match is being played. The match has been played. The match was played. The match was being played. The match had been played. The match will be played. The match is going to be played.Modal verbs + 106 Modal + infinitive They should play it. Itshould be played. They ought to play it. It ought to be played. Modal + perfect infinitive They should have played it. It should have been played. They ought to have played it. It ought to have been played. To-infinitive and gerund + 112 To-infinitive I wanted them to play the match. I wanted the match to be played. Perfect to-infinitive They expect to have played the They expect the match to have been match by then. played by then. Gerund They left without playing the They left without the match being maich. played. WGeEoen3 To-infinitive and gerund + 112 To-infinitive I wanted them to play the match. Perfect to-infinitive They expect to have played the match by then. Gerund They left without playing the match. Perfect gerund They left without having played the match. eee ene yee I wanted the match to be played. They expect the match to have been played by then. They left without the match being played. They left without the match having been played.