Lapis Lazuli History in Different Nations - Europe, Chili, Mesopotamia, Sumeria, Islamic Counties, China, Russia, Rome, Egypt

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Lapis Lazuli History in Different
Nations: Europe, Chili, Mesopotamia,
Sumeria, Islamic counties, China,
Russia, Rome, Egypt
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/800px-
Pectoral_of_Senusret_II_by_John_Campana.jpg)
A majestic gemstone that has been with us for centuries. The incredible ancient
civilizations like the Greeks and Roman Empire, its uses in the artistic and
healing world, lapis in Religion and Theophrastus Book of Stones. Lapis Lazuli –
Gemstone Preserved in Time only shows you the tip of the iceberg when we talk
about this magical gem.
An incredible stone found in human history since the beginning of time. Lapis Lazuli
is a deep blue semi precious stone. Lapis is de ned as a rock geologically
speaking. I also found out that it appears in the most ancient civilizations known to
man. Furthermore it was of utmost importance because it was a stone used to
revere gods and God. Its spiritual journey through the Silk Route to acquire the Lapis
Lazuli for temples and churches superseded primitive quests.
In this post you will nd
0.1 Ancient Civilizations

0.2 Lapis Lazuli History in Ancient Greece
0.3 Theophrastus
0.3.1 Book Of Stones Check it now (https://nammu.com/en/amber.html)
0.4 Lapis Lazuli History in Roman Empire
1 Uses
1.1 Arts
1.2 Healing
1.2.1 Body
1.2.2 Mind
1.3 Lapis Lazuli History in Mesopotamia
1.3.1 Persuading the Gods
1.3.2 Shahr-I Sokhta
1.4 Jiroft
1.4.1 Uruk
1.4.2 Ur
1.4.3 Great Death Pit
1.4.4 Standard of Ur
1.4.5 Puabi
1.4.6 Mari
1.4.7 Treasure of Ur
1.5 Ebla
1.6 Lapis Lazuli History in Sumerian Culture and Epic Poetry
1.6.1 Lapis Lazuli in epic poetry
1.7 Genuine jewel
1.8 Lapis Lazuli and Arattas’ mystery
1.9 Lapis Lazuli History in Islamic World
1.9.1 Glass Making
1.9.2 Luck of Edenhall
1.10 Lapis Lazuli History in Chile
1.11 Diaguita Indians
1.12 Mines
1.12.1 Flor de los Andes
1.12.2 San Marcelo and La Seguridad
1.13 Present
1.13.1 Categories
1.14 Lapis Lazuli History in Europe
1.15 Mogbil Family
1.16 Mohr Family
1.16.1 Suppliers
1.17 New Destiny For Lapis
1.18 Lapis Lazuli History in China
1.19 The Wakhan Corridor, Iskar
1.20 Bamiyan Valley
1.21 Buddhism
1.21.1 Yungang Grottoes
1.22 Medicine Buddha
1.22.1 Twelve Vows
1.22.2 Honored Figure
1.23 Taoism
1.23.1 Temple of Heaven
1.24 Pamir Mountains
1.25 Present Day
1.26 Hong Kong
1.26.1 Craftsmen
1.27 Lapis Lazuli History in Russia
1.27 Lapis Lazuli History in Russia
1.28 Peter
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1.28.1 Lapis Lazuli Imperial Egg
1.28.2 Faberge Houses
1.29 Theophanes the Greek
1.30 Andrei Rublev
1.30.1 Trinity
1.30.2 Trinity Story
1.31 Hermitage Urns
1.31.1 Faceting Factories
1.32 Lapis Lazuli History in Afghanistan
1.33 Mehrgarh
1.34 Shortugai
1.35 Mundigak
1.36 DAFA
1.36.1 Satellite Imagery
Ancient Civilizations
Historians believe the link between lapis lazuli and human beliefs dates back over
6,500 years. Ancient civilizations, including Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Chinese, Roman
and Greek, valued highly this stone.
From experience, I’ve discovered that ancient civilizations were wiser than the new
ones. Ancient civilizations were convinced that lapis should accompany royalty to
the afterlife. Maybe Lapis Lazuli really has these godly properties they apparently
made use of.
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Egypte_louvre_091_aigle.jpg)
Lapis lazuli is found in Neolithic tombs in Mauritania and in the Caucasus. The
Egyptians decorated Tutankhamen’s (1341-1323 B.C) funeral mask with Lapis
Lazuli. Egyptians also used scarabs and amulets on their tombs.
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Lapis Lazuli History in Ancient Greece

Theophrastus
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/theophrastus-1.jpg)In his
book on stones, the Greek scientist Theophrastus
(ca. 372 B.C. – 287 B.C.) described “the sapphirus,
which is speckled with gold ” a description which
which is speckled with gold, a description which
100% Natural Baltic Amber matches lapis lazuli.
Theophrastus studied at Athens and became an

ardent supporter of the philosophies of Plato (424/3
B. C. – 348/7 B. C.). While there, he became a pupil
and friend of Aristotle (384 B. C. – 322 B. C.), and
when Aristotle went into exile, Theophrastus
succeeded him as the leader and principal
spokesman of the Peripatetic school of philosophy
– a leadership he held until his death.
Many descriptions are given of speci c minerals, which Theophrastus divides into
two broad categories, Earths and Stones, and then into about fty “species.” Within
each commentary, the author recounts various physical characteristics such as
texture, color, transparency, hardness, luster, and density, as well as the practical
uses. Thus described, it is possible to apply modern names to many of the minerals.
Theophrastus wrote about eighteen centuries ago, and read the Greek ideas about
marble, pumice, onyx, gypsum, amber, pyrite, coal, azurite, realgar, orpiment,
cinnabar, quartz, lapis lazuli, emerald, sapphire, ruby, diamond, and others.
Book Of Stones
(https://na
mmu.com/
eng/wp-
content/up
loads/2016
/07/theoph
rastus-
2.jpg)Theo
phrastus’s
work is of
special
interest in
the history
of
mineralogy
because it
is the
largest
fragment
to survive
from classical times that treats mineral substances in a meaningful way. The text,
written as a series of 69 paragraphs, suggests that the De Lapidibus was originally
written as a series of lecture notes that the author would have delivered in the
gardens of the Lyceum almost two millennia ago. Metals are said to be composed of
water, while stones and mineral earths are composed of earth. A mineral occurs
because its substance has been puri ed through ltration, and its degree of purity
can be determined by examining such qualities as smoothness, density, luster, and
also transparency.
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Stones,Baltic Amber said that exist a kind of false emerald and a kind of melted
Theophrastus Check it now (https://nammu.com/en/amber.html)
lapis lazuli like glass paste[3] and give us more details on the manufacture of kyanos
chytos as a product similar to the real thing (probably natural lapis lazuli), but which
became after ring.
Lapis Lazuli History in Roman Empire

The ancient scholars mixed up Lapis Lazuli and sapphire because there was
confusion when it came to mineral, rocks, semi precious and precious stones of the
day because of the di erent cataloguing of earliest scholars as to speci c points,
qualities and attributes of a stone.
Uses
Arts
Leonardo_da_Vinci_Virgin_of_the_Rocks_National_Gallery_London.jpg)
Lapis Lazuli was also commonly used for religion shrines and for their artisans,
painters and decorative elements on the altars of churches. Master artists like
Michelangelo, Da Vinci, Fra Angelico and others, used the mineral as a pigment.
Ultramarine was the nest and most expensive of all blue pigments. Lapis was also
reserved for the clothing of almost all the central gures of their paintings, especially
the Virgin Mary.
Russian Czars praised the beautiful Imperial Egg designed by Peter Carl Faberge
made in Lapis Lazuli.
Healing
Healing
Body
Wonderful news! Lapis Lazuli is also known for its healing properties. There was a
myth of Lapis Lazuli as a cure for eye diseases. Alchemists propagated the old
belief that Lapis Lazuli unleashed energy to remedy optical disorders. They also used
it for serpent bites, circulatory diseases, pregnancy, eye tumors and fever.
Greeks and Romans also used Lapis in the treatment of epilepsy, circulatory diseases
and skin troubles.
Lapis Lazuli was also the symbol of royalty and honor, gods and power, spirit and
vision. That`s why there’s an amazing display of a queens lapis lazuli beads, tiara
and artifacts.
Mind
Brow_Chakra_Rajasthan_18th_Century.jpg)
Lapis Lazuli is a third eye chakra stone that will develop your intuition as well
as amplifying and expanding psychic visions and clairvoyant abilities. This
stone is known to heal hearing loss and vertigo.
Nammu.com (https://nammu.com/en/)has a variety of beautiful amulets.
We have seen the beautiful things artisans have created with lapis pigments. The
healing properties they have are amazing. Although I have never used lapis for
healing, I have spoken to people who have. One of them told me that when they wear
lapis, they feel at peace and capable of anything. I for once want to try it.
I was watching T.V with my 5 year old and there it was. Lapis Lazuli in a cartoon. A
magical and one of the most powerful characters in Steven Universe. With its
characteristic blue color, this character represents one of the gems of this universe.
Even my son knew more about lapis than me.
Mankind has used Lapis for the arts, for religion, for healing mind and body and
since the most ancient cultures, for representing and worshiping gods. In other
words Lapis has been a part of our lives since the beginning.
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/BeFunky-Collage0ki0pk.jpg)
Lapis Lazuli had, has and will keep having a signi cant importance in human life. I
know it and I know you know it too.
Lapis Lazuli History in Mesopotamia
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From at least 4000 B.C Lapis Lazuli was being traded westward from Afghanistan to
the burial grounds of Mesopotamia. Royalty felt safer for the journey to the
underworld if they could placate the gods with gifts of sacred Lapis Lazuli. It was
their insurance. In Lapis Lazuli – Mesopotamian´s Sacred Gem we will learn about
important archaeological sites where impressive pieces art of Lapis Lazuli
(https://nammu.com/en/lapislazuli.html)have been found. Sites like Ur where the
famous Standard of Ur was found. Also sites like Uruk, Jiroft. Mari where the Treasure
of Ur was discovered and also the famous libraries of Ebla.
The importance of Lapis Lazuli to the people of Mesopotamia can be revealed when
talking of the three heavens of Mesopotamian lore. The upper heaven, assigned to
the god Anu, is made of luludanitu stone, commonly identi ed with the purest Lapis
Lazuli The Middle Heaven is also lapis colored The Lower Heaven is white Lapis
Lazuli. The Middle Heaven is also lapis colored. The Lower Heaven is white. Lapis
100%
is Natural
also theBaltic Amber
stone used for the tablet of the Stars of the Heavens belonging to Nisaba,
the goddess of writing.
Mesopotamia was also known as the Land of the Two Rivers. Never has
Badakhshan Lapis Lazuli been so highly valued as it was intermittently over some
two thousand years by the people of Sumer.
Some of the most beautiful lapis objects have been excavated in cities ourishing
around the middle of the third millennium B.C.
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Persuading the Gods

Some grave goods were clearly included to alleviate life in the underworld. Others
such as sacred sanctifying Lapis Lazuli, might persuade the Gods to look more
kindly on the new arrival. Lapis Lazuli or za-gin to the Sumerians of late third
Millennium B.C. Ur was the great treasure. It was also synonymous with gleaming
splendor, the attributes of gods and heroes.
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/BeFunky-Collagepppppp.jpg)
Thousands of lapis beads and objects have been found in graves dug around huge
temple complexes, as for instance at the greatest of Sumerian cities, Uruk and at
the later city of Ur.
The deities of this ancient world were deemed to have a real passion for lapis lazuli.
Specially the terrifying goddess Inanna. She was also known as Ishtar, goddess of
fertility, of agriculture and also sexual love. Her power was demonstrated in terrible
rages and also war. She was also greedy for the good things of life. Her partner was
the gentler god Dumuzi, the shepard god, responsible for pastoral life, hence
economic prosperity.
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Sometimes InannaAmber
was also the daughter of Anu, the supreme god, or of his deputy
Enil, whose home was Nippur, religious heart of Sumer in Southern Mesopotamia
where some of the great epics of Sumerian literature were rst unearthed, impressed
on clay tablets.
Shahr-I Sokhta
In the site of Shahr-I Sokhta, excavated by the Italian archaeologists Dr. Maurizio
Tosi in the 1970´s, Lapis Lazuli was one of the main ndings. It is huge site marked
by immense sandhills covering the remains of temples, walls, staircase, houses and
cemeteries. Lapis nished objects such as beads and seals, as well as evidence that
craftsmen were actually working the lapis on site. As lapis being a fairly hard stone,
sophisticated materials were needed to drill the beads and carve the objects. Piles of
lapis waste as well as an extraordinary range of minute stone drills were found that
would have been used to tool such objects. About 2500 B.C they might have been
used also to chisel and drill the magni cent lapis jewels of Mesopotamia.
Jiroft
Another site can be found in the Kerman province. This is the most ransacked grave
of Jiroft. The chief archaeologist, Professor Yousef Majidzadeh, even suggests a
Jiroft origin for much Sumerian design. Among the Jiroft nds are Lapis Lazuli
stamp and cylinder seals, beds and small pin heads, amulets, carved as humped
backed bulls, sheep, lions, serpents and abstract symbols. A seal thought to have
been carved at Jiroft even made its way to Upper Egypt.
Uruk
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/BeFunky-
Collagei67 i7667.jpg)
The city of Uruk is the most impressive example of these sites. It has a history of
some 5,000 years (from circa 4000B.C) and its site covering as much as 850 hectares
at its peak in that early fourth millennium B.C when Lapis Lazuli was making its way
appearance. It is also home to one of our heroes. Like we have read in Lapis Lazuli
Legends (https://nammu.com/eng/lapis-lazuli-legends/), our hero Gilgamesh was
the ruler of Uruk around 2750 B.C at the edge of Mesopotamian history.
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/eue6ue.jpg)
Uruk had two huge temple complexes from that early fourth millennium period.
One dedicated to Anu, the other to Innana. Both temples were extensively
excavated. Included in the ndings were clay tablets with writings, also there were
cylinder seals (some of lapis). In one of the great Sumerian epics, the one of the
mythical ruler of Uruk, Enmerkar, the ruler is credited with inventing writing.
Uruk marks the beginning of the Lapis Lazuli craze in Sumer. It was most
spectacularly sustained in mid-third millennium B.C, when quantities of it was
discovered in the course of European excavations that followed World War I.
When we talk of contemporary sites we can include Ur, Mari, and also Ebla.
Ur
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/ui55.jpg)
Ur, also called Ur of the Chaldees was once on the banks of the Euphrates. A city
with an agricultural economy and a far-reaching trading network. This demanded
records so it lead to the creation of writing, rst at Uruk then all over Sumer. It
appeared most often on seals (some were made of lapis lazuli). Sometimes the seals
were carved with minute details of ceremonies, battles, gods and goddesses.
Professional craftsmen ourished. Heavenly blue stars-studded Lapis Lazuli was
found in these sites.
This site was excavated by British archaeologist Leonard Woolley. The ruins of Ur
are about 350 kilometers south of Baghdad. He found a series of incredible royals
tombs dated back to 2,400B.C.
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Great Death Pit

Of 1850 tombs, 400 were from the third millennium B.C. This was also known as The
Royal Cemetery of Ur. Woolley found incredible quantities of treasures. Sixteen of
them were have been designated ‘royal’ graves because of the treasures inside. Some
were single graves and others multiple. The strangest of these tombs was the one
called the Great Death Pit. It contained about seventy bodies, men and women,
animals, and royal occupants.
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/44.jpg)
Woolleys vivid imagination said about this grave:
“ ‘Now down the sloping passage comes a procession of people, the

members of the court, soldiers, men servants and women, the latter in
all their finery of brightly colored garments and head dresses of lapis
lazuli and silver and gold and with them musicians bearing harps or
lyres, cymbals, and sistra; they take up their positions in the farther
part of the pit and then there are driven or backed down the slope the
chariots drawn by animals, and these too are marshaled in the pit. Each
man or women brought a little cup of clay or stone or metal, the only
equipment required for the rite that was to follow.’
The court ladies were dressed with golden lyres inlaid with Lapis Lazuli.
Standard of Ur
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Standard_of_Ur_-_War.jpg)
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One of the most beautiful objects found in this site was “The Standard of Ur”.
According to Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_Ur)it is 4,500 years
old. It is a wooden box inlaid with Lapis Lazuli and shell. It had on one side a battle
scene and on the other a religious banquet dual aspects of Sumerian kingship ‘the
scene and on the other a religious banquet, dual aspects of Sumerian kingship, the
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military Baltic
leader Amber
and the mediator between humans and gods (the divine).’
Three of the richest tombs excavated by Woolley were identi ed by seals inscribed
in cuneiform with the owner’s name. They were a lady named Puabi and the Kings
Akalamelug and Meskalamdug.
Puabi
The nest jewelry of all was buried with Puabi. There was a lapis seal beside her
right arm, gold and lapis pins by her left arm, large lapis and agate beads by her right
shoulder.
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/BeFunky-Collage .jpg)
Another important nding was a lyre decorated with the bull´s head, whose hair,
beard and eyes were of Lapis Lazuli. No one knows for sure if she was a queen or a
priestess.
Grey hard granite/marble

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The whole ensemble of grave goods highlights the high standard of craftsmanship in
Ur. As well as the wealthy patronage.
The ndings of this incredible treasure was divided in three museums that were the
Iraq Museum, the British Museum and the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia
which had both helped nance the excavation.
Mari
The second of these contemporary sites is Mari, known today as Tell Hariri. It is on
the central Euphrates now in south-eastern Syria. It had commercial ties with third
millennium Ur.
100%
InNatural
this site,Baltic Amber
a magni cent lapis and gold eagle was found in the 1930s in the
ruler´s palace, with many other lapis objects. This site was excavated by French
archaeologists, led by Professor André Parrot.
Most of the statues found in huge numbers in the temples are now in the Aleppo
Museum have lost their Lapis Lazuli irises.
This was the powerful entrepot of upper Mesopotamia. Materials used for statuary
and jewelry are an example of the rami cations of Mari´s trade, as that of Ur: gold,
from Afghanistan or Anatolia, turquoise from eastern Iran, carnelian perhaps from
Afghanistan or India, above all Lapis Lazuli from Afghanistan.
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Treasure of Ur
One of the most
emblematic
discoveries in Mari
was the so-called
“Treasure of Ur”,
dated around 2500-
2000B.C. The Treasure
of Ur is a large clay jar
found in a temple
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp- within one of the
content/uploads/2016/12/95d1758e2164e49c 82ee e41 palaces. It is known as
5.jpg) the Treasure of Ur
Necklace of carnelian beads, with inscription in cuneiform script, King of
because in the
Ur Artifact from popularly called Treasure of Ur
contents it was found
a bead made of Lapis
Lazuli inscribed with the name of a king of the First Dynasty of Ur,
Mesannepada. This gave the jar´s contents their claim to fame. It also contained
fourteen pristine seals, three statuettes, a pair of stick pins, arm and neck rings and
an incredible amulet.
This amulet is one of the superb examples of crafted Lapis Lazuli from the
ancient world. It is about 12.5 centimeters high and 11.5 centimeters at it widest part.
The amulet is a lion-headed eagle, the wings of purest blue lapis, the head and tail
feathers of bitumen covered with gold leaf. It also represents the god Ningirsu, god
of fertility and irrigation. It is a symbol of an era of Mesopotamian prosperity that
would be hard to envisage today.
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/uuuu.jpg)
Ebla
Ebla was a successful commercial center. Italian archaeologists excavate this site
since the 1960s. Over twenty-four acres temples, palaces, a Royal Palace have been
unearthed. Excavations still continue.
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/israel_ebla_library.jpg)
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The most valuable of this site was the so-called “library”. Here the “State Archives”
were found. These were two rooms with cuneiform tablets. Other libraries have been
found in other sites but Ebla´s outnumbered the lot. It provided details for career of
court o cials hierarchies administration above all economy Here it was found a
court o cials, hierarchies, administration, above all economy. Here it was found a
100% Natural
cache Baltictwenty-two
of about Amber kilos of un worked raw Lapis Lazuli.
A hym to Baal also describes the construction for him of “a mansion of brilliant
Lapis Lazuli”.
Mesopotamian history shows us that there was a society wealthy enough to

patronize superb craftsmanship anxious to conciliate temperamental gods. Land of
gods, gems for the gods, Mesopotamia..
Lapis Lazuli History in Sumerian Culture and

Epic Poetry
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/lapis-12.jpg)
Lapis lazuli is one of the most popular stones from the beginning of human history.
Its deep, “cosmic” blue color is a symbol of royal persons and Gods, a symbol of
honor, strength, spirit and vision. It is also a universal symbol of wisdom and truth.
The properties and value of the stone is lapis lazuli are really exceptional. In ancient
times lapis lazuli was especially appreciated because of its beautiful color and the
valuable ultramarine dye derived from it.
“ “Lapis lazuli is a sky-blue color. A good one is that which has no veins
and white spots, does not change color in fire and has golden specks “–
wrote the Armenian historian of the 17th century Arakel Davrizhetsi.
Today this wonderful stone is considered semi-precious, but in the

deepest antiquity and at least until the XVII century it was considered
precious. “… this is a genuine precious stone ..” -testifies Arakel.
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/lazuli.jpg)
Even for 2-3 millennium BC, Sumerian queens proudly wore gold jewelry with lapis
lazuli. Its color and golden specks symbolized the starry sky and, apparently, it was
believed that possessing this marvellous stone is the same as having a piece of the
starry sky. Even on their last journey, the queens wearing jewelry with the dominant
presence of lapis lazuli, while the mourners pronounced the spell: “Your beautiful
lapis lazuli does not split the cutter in the underworld!” (“The Descent of Innin into
the Underworld”),
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the large Amber city of Ur, the lunar god was depicted in the form of a
Sumerian Check it now (https://nammu.com/en/amber.html)
bull with a lapis lazuli beard.
In the Sumerian temples, crypts, tombs excavated in the 20th century, many items,
real works of art encrusted with lapis lazuli were found, even the signs of dominion
and court in Sumerian epics literally meant: “a measuring ruler made of lapis lazuli.”
And even here, we are able, through the Armenian language, to explain the real
meaning of such a strange phenomenon, at rst glance, as the fact that the
measuring ruler is a symbol of dominion and court. The fact is that in Armenian, the
word “ruler” is translated as քանոն (qanawn), which has another meaning “canon,
law”, so it is not surprising that the ruler is a symbol of dominion and judgment, but
why is the lazurite ruler? Yes, because the laws in Sumer came from the same place,
from where lapis lazuli …
Many researchers quite reasonably believe that in Sumerians valued lapis lazuli
more than any other precious stones. But not only due to this fact the stone of
Sumerian queens is interesting.
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/lapis.jpg)
In the mythology of the Sumerians, the goddess Inanna (the predecessor of

Aphrodite and Venus) travelled to the world of people with the help of lapis lazuli
and measured the length of human lives. These crystals were considered to be a
divine esh, and according to the beliefs the Gods were crystalline beings.
Lapis Lazuli in epic poetry
As lapis lazuli very often mentioned in the Sumerian epic poetry, the stone became
one of the main pointers in the problem of historical character. The fact is that
neither in the Sumerian surroundings, nor anywhere else in the neighborhood with
them, was possible to produce lapis lazuli, and even with such a magni cent
quality. It follows from the same writings that the main suppliers of processed lapis
lazuli to Sumer were the inhabitants of Aratta. The exact location of this country is
still unknown Various hypotheses are proposed and as I have already said lapis
still unknown. Various hypotheses are proposed and, as I have already said, lapis
100% Natural
lazuli Baltic Amber
is considered one of the main indicators for solving this problem. For example,
it is known that such high-quality lapis lazuli can be extracted only in the north
of Afghanistan in Badakhshan and therefore a hypothesis arose ( according to
author V.Sirianidi), who stated that Aratta was located exactly there, in the north of
Afghanistan. This hypothesis relies mainly on the lines from the poem “Enmercar and
the High Priest of Aratta,” which literally says the following: “..lapis lazuli are collected
from at its deposits for her [the goddess Innin].”
However, for a number of reasons, this hypothesis nds no evidence. There are
many other hypotheses, mainly based on the idea of reexport of lapis lazuli, but I do
not consider it possible and necessary to enumerate them. The only thing that
exactly follows from all this, is the categorical rejection of the hypothesis according
to which Aratta could be located somewhere in the territory of historical Armenia.
Meanwhile, among the other things, what else we have to talk about this problem,
the world of science will still have to pay attention to Armenia as a country where
the world of science will still have to pay attention to Armenia as a country where
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lapis Baltic
lazuli Amber has been strongly developed since ancient times. If this
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were not so, then it would be very surprising to see why the ancient Greek scholars
Theophrastus and Pliny II in their works called lapis lazuli “Armenian stone”. This
state of a airs is possible only if Armenians have already monopolized
Theophrastspheres of processing and trade of lapis lazuli for many centuries before
Theophrastus, that is, long before the 4th century BC. It’s amazing why this fact has
not been taken into account until now …
Genuine jewel
Moreover, according to the evidence of the Armenian historian Arakel Davrizhetsi, we

can trace the ways in which lapis lazuli was transported from Badakhshan came to
Armenia. With knowledge of this matter describing the characteristics of quality lapis
lazuli, Araqel Davrizhetsi, writes that this quality “corresponds only to the stone
mined in the mines of Badakhshan.” About stones from Kash and Shamishaide
Arakel responds scornfully, calling them counterfeit, while about lapis lazuli from
Badakhshan speaks with admiration – “This is a genuine jewel!” And a little further he
pronounces the next, very important for us phrase – “We get it from Uzbeks, “that is,
those very indigenous inhabitants of northern Afghanistan. In fact, in the 17th
century, Armenians still had direct trade relations with one of the main ethnic groups
of the population of northern Afghanistan, where Badakhshan is located. Certainly it
is possible to assume that there is no reason to deny that this scheme of supplies of
Badakhshan’s lapis lazuli was used from the deepest antiquity, when the sumerian
cililisation existed and ourished.
Lapis Lazuli and Arattas’ mystery

Further, Arakel points to the source of his knowledge in this area. They are some
clever and knowledgeable priest Sargis from Damascus – “from our Armenians”, who
was engaged in the craft of a diamond shaper, polished and xed precious stones,
and bought and sold them. But regarding Sumerian epic, which stated that Aratta
“...lapis lazuli is collected from at its deposits for her [the goddess Innin]” which
represents the real power of lapis lazuli.
In another place of the poem it is told that the Sumerian priest Enmerkar, turning
his entreaty to the goddess Innin, utters the following words: “My lady, Inanna, for
Uruk people Aratty gold, silver for me skillfully let them handle”, it is “processed.” Are
the Arattas engaged in the extraction and processing of lapis lazuli? It is possible,
but more real, especially in the light of all of the above, I think that the direct
participation in the extraction of lapis lazuli in the deposits of aratta was not
accepted. As you know, any such import process is accompanied by the need to
solve many problems, in particular, it should be assumed that in order to ensure the
supply of qualitative lapis lazuli, the Aratta sent the delegations to Badakhshan,
since the acceptance of Pliny the Senior Lazurite directly on the site of
extraction would exclude the extra transportation costs for the processing of lapis
lazuli and costs. These costs were not small and disputes between exporters and
importers regarding the same quality were thus excluded. Therefore, it was mutually
bene cial for both parties and probably the Sumerians had information about this
bene cial for both parties and, probably, the Sumerians had information about this,
100% Natural
which Baltic
allowed Amber
them to say that the aratta collect (take away) Lapis lazuli from its
deposits.
Anyway, it is curious that lapis lazuli, being one of the main, if not the main point-
indicating object for solving the problem of Aratta’s localization, is revealed as the
object of attention of Armenian jewelers of ancient times, as evidenced by
Theophrastus and Pliny.
In the light of all of the above, the researchers still have to see the fact of the
etymological correspondence of the names of the country Aratt and the Armenian
word “arat” (abundant), which fully corresponds to the notions of the Sumerians
about Aratta as a country in all respects abundant and rich
about Aratta, as a country in all respects abundant and rich.
Thanks to this wonderful sky-blue Lapis Lazuli which was as a stone of Gods, it is
possible to bring irrefutable facts about Sumerian and Armenian civisations and
learn how they used it and in which aims.
I hope you were inspired by in uence of lapis lazuli in Sumerian culture. I would like
you to invite you to online shop nammu
(https://nammu.com/en/lapislazuli/necklaces.html) where a lot of jewelry pieces with
Lapis Lazuli are available. Touch the mystery and enjoy wearing pieces with this
deep, blue-sky gem.
Lapis Lazuli History in Islamic World
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/1280px-Al-Haram_mosque_-
_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg)
Commerce due to pilgrimage and trade has shown us an incredible exchange of

knowledge between cultures like an exquisite glass goblet decorated with trails of
Lapis Lazuli known as the “Luck of Edenhall”. In Lapis Lazuli in the Islamic World
we`ll learn how pilgrimage helped the trade of our beloved lapis through large
distances.
Lapis Lazuli (https://nammu.com/en/lapislazuli.html)was a stone of such value that it

was fundamental for a Muslim pilgrim. It could pay for the expenses of to renew
one´s submission to Allah in Mecca. Pilgrimage was never cheap. You needed
something in your bags to pay for your lodging and also your keep. The importance
of the pilgrimage, or hajj, to a Muslim led to the spirit of enquiry both mental and
physical so characteristic of the medieval Islamic world.
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/BeFunky-jjubju.jpg)
Pilgrimage is an important part of the story, the journey of the devout. It is an

intrinsic part of all religion. The Prophet Muhammad, having received the word of
God in a hillside cave above Mecca. He imposed ve obligations on all Muslims.
They were: to bear witness to God, to pray ve times a day, to fast in the month of
Ramadan, to give alms and also to make the pilgrimage to Mecca. This Pilgrimage
was dangerous and a Lapis Lazuli amulet (https://nammu.com/eng/lapis-lazuli-
magical-properties/) was believed to protects one´s path.
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/nasir-al-mulk-mosque-shiraz-
iran-5.jpg)
Pilgrimage necessitated travel; the medieval Muslim accounts of the journey to

Mecca, known as rihla, are some of the world´s earliest travelogues. With travel
came the exchange of goods, ideas and technologies. Muhammad had been a
merchant before he became the messenger of God. Mecca had long been a major
commercial as well as religious center. Trade was at the heart of the subsequent
Muslim expansion.
‘The truthful merchant will sit under the throne of God’

was one of many sayings of the Prophet'
(https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?
url=https%3A%2F%2Fnammu.com%2Feng%2Flapis-
lazuli-
history%2F&text=%E2%80%98The%20truthful%20mercha
history%2F&text %E2%80%98The%20truthful%20mercha
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s%20of%20the%20Prophet%27&related)
NAMMU.COM%2FENG%2FL APIS-L AZ ULI-
20UNDER%20THE%20THRONE%20OF%20GOD%E2%80%99%20WAS%20ONE%20OF%20MANY%20SAYINGS%20OF%20THE%20PROPHET%27&REL ATED)
(https://nammu.com/e
ng/wp-
content/uploads/2016/
12/eda4564d1fc32dab8
6a8e470eed09b76iuhik
k-1.png)Beads cut from
Lapis Lazuli have
been crucial guides to
the travels of the
precious stone. It´s
easy to imagine a hajj
pilgrim setting out
from the Oxus world
with some pieces of
beautiful Sar-i-Sang
Lapis Lazuli in his
bags. He would sell it
carefully as he travels across Khurasan, then Iraq, perhaps also joining the Baghdad
hajj caravan for safety. Selling the last remaining pieces of lapis in Mecca in order to
buy goods for his return. The purchaser in Mecca of those lapis beads could be
another pilgrim maybe from Africa. He would head for Cairo where he might have
met in the market place a merchant from Jenne or Timbuktu. That second merchant
might have taken the Lapis Lazuli to the stone carver (probably Jewish; the craft
often seems to have been concentrated in Jewish hands) to have it turned into trade
beads.
Such networks of merchants linked to pilgrimage played a crucial role in the

transmission of precious goods, specially our magni cent Lapis Lazuli. Lapis was
found around the Middle East and Mediterranean. In such nal stops as
Constantinople, Alexandria, Aleppo, Baghdad, and also away along that Great
Khurasan Road to Merv, connecting there with eastern trade routes, the Oxus and
the mines themselves.
Glass Making
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/BeFunky-Collage.jpg)
The tradition of ne glass making has a long history in Syria and also in Egypt. The
glass makers of the medieval world of Islam bene ting from the wealthy patronage
of the court circle. ‘Nowhere in the world like Damascus, can one see more beautiful
glass objects’.
Luck of Edenhall
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-
content/uploads/2016/12/Luckofed
enhall.jpg)
The “Luck of Edenhall” belongs to

a tradition of the nest medieval
Islamic glass making. The greatest
achievement of the thirteenth to
fourteenth century glass makers
was in enameling of glass.
Decorating the blown vessel with
calligraphy (the writing of Arabic),
oral decoration and also
arabesques. One of the most
dominant colors is blue derived
from nely ground Lapis Lazuli.
The blue of the Luck of Edenhall

comes from nely ground Lapis
Lazuli as if made for pigment. Then
mixed with a lead oxide ux that
would enable the blue decoration to fuse to the blown vessel at much lower
temperature than that used for the vessel itself.
It is sixteen centimeters high and and according to Wikipedia

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luck_of_Edenhall)it was probably made in Syria. It is of
brownish colorless glass and densely decorated with blue, white, green and also red
arabesque. All the Lapis Lazuli on it surely gives it a sacred role.
This beautiful work of art is now in the Medieval Renaissance Gallery in the
Victoria and Albert Museum.
Pilgrimage is one of the foundations of trade Is the reason beautiful object like our
Pilgrimage is one of the foundations of trade. Is the reason beautiful object like our
100% NaturalLapis
magical BalticLazuli
Amber from across the world nished in theit local
Check now bazaar or market. It
(https://nammu.com/en/amber.html)
connects di erent cultures and religions. This is another proof of the impact lapis
had in another religion. Lapis Lazuli has been tied to Islam since the Prophet
Muhammad . Till next time.
Lapis Lazuli History in Chile
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/1200px-Diaguita_bowl.jpg)
Today I wanted to talk a little about the magni cent Lapis Lazuli from South
America, The Chilean Stone. In Lapis Lazuli Chile I will talk about the other famous
mines after the afghan mines. On how they have a similar history with ancient
civilizations and with actual illegal mining. Enjoy!!
A discovering of a stone in 1921 with an arrow tip made of Lapis Lazuli near the
Ovalle Cordillera helped discover that this rock was also known in prehistoric
America by the Indian Diaguitas and other pre-Colombian cultures.
Diaguita Indians
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Ruinas_Quilmes.jpg)
Saved from Wikipedia. Diaguita Ruins at Ovalle
The Diaguita Indians in the 4th century found Lapis Lazuli in Ovalle Cordillera,
Coquimbo, Chile. They used lapis beads for necklaces with styles that are still used
in modern fashion trends like we can appreciate in Nammu.com
(https://nammu.com/en/lapislazuli.html).
The Diaguita Indians were an aboriginal group. They were also sophisticated artists.
Specializing on metal and ceramic work using Lapis Lazuli.
The Incas expanded their empire near the mountains of Lapis Lazuli during the 15th
and 16th century. Inca Tupac Yupanqui, grandfather of Huascar and Atahualpa
advanced in lands of the “Araucanos”, the “Mollense” and the “Diaguita” whose
women adorned themselves with Lapis Lazuli beads from Tulalwen.
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/chile.jpg)
Numerous pre-Inca civilizations also used Lapis jewelry and adornments. The Incas,
Molles and Diaguitas and other pre-colombian cultures also have used lapis for
thousands of years to ornament masks and other artifacts.
Chile supplied all the ancient civilizations of the area from Ecuador to Maule.
In 1850, F. Field published the existence of Chilean Lapis Lazuli.

100% Natural
The actualBaltic Amber
location of this precious stone in the South American continent is in the
Ovalle Cordillera at 3600 above sea level east of Tulalwen at the Monte Patria
commune. It is only 200mts from the Argentinean border.
Mines
Flor de los Andes
There are three mining concessions in these mountains. Flor de los Andes is the
oldest concession established 1952 and is controlled by the company Las Flores de
los Andes S.A. .
It was in 1950 when it begun commercial mining. The company built a 60km access
road in 1989 that allowed for the transport of machinery to the mine on order to start
the extraction of material in larger quantities.
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/chile-fotos.jpg)
Due to the extreme conditions this site can only be mined during the Chilean
summer that is January to April.
Its incredible how although the mines from Chile and Afghanistan have incredible
rough climate conditions, people still manage to risk there lives for this magical
stone.
San Marcelo and La Seguridad

In 1995 a group of Chilean companies consolidated to form Compañia Minera
LapisChile S.A. which now controls the other two concessions San Marcelo and La
Seguridad.
The National Service of Geology and Minery of Chile informs that there hasn’t
been Lapis Lazuli production since 2010. On 2006 it reached its peak with 400 tons
and in 2009, the last year of activity it produced 215 tons of lapis.
The main reason the company stopped producing is the illegal mining. The
organized crime syndicates took charge of the area. They even use part of the camps
and infrastructure of the company. An important percentage of lapis sales in Chile
come from this illegal mining and contraband. A small percentage comes also from
what’s left of the company that can still work.
(https://nammu.com/en/)
Sales of Lapis Lazuli on Chile are above the USD2million monthly.
Present
Nowadays Lapis Lazuli is also employed on the creation of jewelry especially in Chile.
Chile also exports great quantities to Europe and the United States.
The Ministry of Mining declared Lapis Lazuli Chiles National Stone on November 23
of 1984 under decree 62.
The FIFA World Cup Jules Rimet also had a Lapis Lazuli
base. It was stolen in Brazil in 1983 and was never found
(htt //t itt /i t t/t t?
lazuli-
history%2F&text=The%20FIFA%20World%20Cup%20Jule
s%20Rimet%20also%20had%20a%20Lapis%20Lazuli%20
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MU.COM%2FENG%2FL APIS-L AZ ULI-
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The Chilean Lapis is formed by the metasomatic introduction of sulfur into

impure limestone.
Categories
Four-category quality scheme used to grade Chilean Lapis Lazuli:
1. –First Quality material: Dark Blue to ultramarine blue lazurite with no gray
calcite. Finely dispersed pyrite may be present.
2. –Second Quality material: Dark blue to medium blue lazurite. Signi cant
amount of white spots and specks of pyrite and also minor gray calcite.
3. –Third Quality material: Deep Blue to pale blue lazurite. Appreciable amounts
of gray and white minerals and also small quantities of pyrite.
4. –Fourth quality material: Subordinates amount of lazurite tones of blue, it
also has gray calcite.
Lapis Chile uses di erent categories for their products. LapisChile sells most of its
products as nished jewelry and ornaments. Unlike Flor de los Andes that sell its
product mostly by kilos of raw material and also prepared pigment.
Most carvers and jewelry manufacturers will not use pieces of lapis with less than
70% lazurite. Material with less than 50% lazurite is used only for construction
material as slabs, countertops or tiles.
(https://nammu.com/en/lapislazuli/bracelets.html)
The Chilean craftsmen also make penguin, condors, pendants

(https://nammu.com/en/lapislazuli/pendants.html), necklaces
(https://nammu.com/en/lapislazuli/necklaces.html), spheres, etc. All these
beautiful lapis objects are very coveted by the thousands of tourists that each day
walk through Santiago de Chile looking for lapis.
Although the di culties to acquire this magni cent stone on both the largest mines
world wide, it is proven that people will go to extreme lengths even risking their lives
to own this precious stone.
Thankfully we don’t have to take these risks. Only contact Nammu

(https://nammu.com/en/lapislazuli.html).com and acquire this exquisite stone.
Lapis Lazuli History in Europe
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/idar-oberstein-germany-lee-
santayyy.jpg)
Idar-Oberstein, the gem centre of Europe. A beautiful city where you can nd
incredible quantities of Lapis Lazuli (https://nammu.com/en/lapislazuli.html) of all
shapes and forms compared only with the warehouses found in Peshawar. Lapis
artisans have existed a couple of millenia B.C. A lot of traditions have been continued
by the artisans of today. Here in Idar-Oberstein-Gem Center of Europe we will get to
learn a little of these traditional lapis artisans.
100%
InNatural Baltic
the Middle AgesAmber
they were two cities instead of one. Idar and Oberstein were
made one in the 1930’s. They line the valley of the River Nahe in West Germany.
Very little happens in Idar-Oberstein other than the gem business. The waters of the
Rhine River was used to provide the power for the stone cutting and polishing
powered tools of the craftsmen.
The gem cutting craft in Idar-Oberstein developed some ve hundred years ago
(possibly far earlier). When miners discovered local deposits of agate and amethyst.
Cutting, slicing, drilling and polishing the rock became a major industry.
Then in the 1800’s the agate began to run out. Idar’s master craftsmen from the
nineteenth century traveled around the world in search of the missing agate. South
America was one placed they went. Brazil was one of the targets. Huge rocks of
amethysts, tourmalines, citrines, and topaz were loaded into the holds of German
ships. Other craftsmen turned to Afghanistan and its magical Lapis Lazuli
(https://nammu.com/en/lapislazuli/pendants.html).
At the end of the nineteenth century, gems from all around the world were being
shipped to Idar-Oberstein for cutting by its famous artisans. There were literally
hundreds of cutting houses in the town. This very fame led to the end of the
industry’s prime. The wages in the area became too high to warrant cutting less
valuable stones and many gem-cutters were forced to emigrate.
However many of the artisans and their families remained to continue the tradition
through the generations. Today Idar-Oberstein is still famous for some of the
nest gem carving in the world. Many modern lapidary artists still ourish, as well
as the dealers who import rough stones from gem markets around the world.
In the 1980’s, Afghan refugee jewelers escaped the Soviet invasion and traveled to
Idar-Oberstein. They set up workshops and supplied themselves with lapis with the
help of relatives, friends and dealers back home.
Mogbil Family
One of the traditional gem cutters of Idar-Oberstein is the Mogbil family. Khalil
Mogbil came from Herat in western Afghanistan. Traditional painting (using ground
lapis) was his beginnings. His father in law was in the gem business, including
dealing with stone cutters in Germany. His family claims that it was he who
introduced Germany to Lapis Lazuli. In 1983 he migrated to Idar-Oberstein and
later on his large family followed him.
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/grinder.jpg)
Khalil was one of them. There he specialized in unpolished lapis objects. Despite
the existence of modern machinery for the task, this gem cutter and most of the
traditional families use whirring stone wheels to shape lumps of lapis. Some say
Khalil Mogbil is an artist rst, a jewelry second.
Mohr Family
Another traditional family dealing with Lapis Lazuli were the Mohrs. The Mohr
family has been in the gem cutting business for three generations. Thomas Mohr is
occasionally commissioned to engrave the highest-grade lapis for intricacy and
magical jewelry that sell for tens of thousands of dollars.
Both Mohr´s grandfathers were jewelers. In 1920´s both traveled to Afghanistan to

obtain raw material. They immediately focused on the potential of Lapis Lazuli
(https://nammu.com/en/lapislazuli/pendants.html) for the German market.
They sent back large consignments. The remains of those consignments still keep
the company´s craftsmen busy today.
Breaking up the rough stones, they extract the most brilliant blue pieces to fashion
mostly small items. They make abstract, oral, butter ies, scarabs, necklaces,
brooches and so on. The di erence from Khalils products are that Mohrs are highly
polished. They also make pietra dura tables. These are more modest in design than
the Florentine triumphs.
Suppliers
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/2014-01-30-15.12.18-1.jpg)
If the gem cutters from Idar-Oberstein run low in Lapis Lazuli, they don´t have to
travel anymore to Afghan Blue Mountains (https://nammu.com/eng/lapis-lazuli-
origin/). They just have to call up Afghan or Pakistani middlemen who maintain
warehouses of the raw stones near Stuttgart. “If I need less than 20 kilos of medium
grade lapis I can have if within two days”, Mohrs says.
Larger quantities or better quality pieces take longer. “If they don´t have what I want
in their warehouses, they generally contact a relative or associate in Kabul or
Peshawar and have him send it by air freight or deliver it in person,” Mohr explains.
New Destiny For Lapis

New bulk shipments of Lapis Lazuli (https://nammu.com/en/) go now to China and
Hong Kong, “The Gem Capital of the World”. The cheap labor and materials makes
China a necessity to lapis manufacturing process. Even the gem cutters from Idar-
Oberstein send thousands of gems including lapis to be cut and faceted at factories
in Sri Lanka, Thailand or China.
Despite cheaper lapis products from China, dealers from Idar-Oberstein or not
concerned about the competition. The traditional gem cutters from this beautiful
German town have been transforming stones and gems into amazing jewelry and
marvelous objects since the 1400´s. They’ve endured all kinds of di culties and we
believe they will keep doing just that.
Lapis Lazuli History in China

content/uploads/2016/07/Luang_Pho_Phet_Wat_Tha_Thanon.jpg)
I want to tell you about a millenarian culture, the Chinese culture. Lapis Lazuli in
the Mythical China tells us about the perfect combination of ancient Chinese
culture and modern art. We’ll talk about where it all began, the Bamiyan Valley. The
extensive use of lapis by the Buddhist and Taoist religion. We´ll learn about the
magical Medicine Buda and his Lapis Lazuli Pure Land. Of course, let’s not forget
about the experts of today, the Hong Kong craftsmen. Enjoy!
The Wakhan Corridor, Iskar

China has been perfecting their craftsmanship on lapis since the Han Dynasty
(206 BC – 220AD). Chinese traveled through a village called Iskar via the Wakhan
Corridor. They traveled seeking for afghan horses and they found tiān qīng shí or
Lapis Lazuli.
Bamiyan Valley
The Bamiyan Valley is located in the Hazarajat region of central Afghanistan.
This is the region where Chinese and the natives historically traded Lapis Lazuli and
bartered.
This valley is located in the silk route near the Badakshan. Remember we’ve talked
about this region? The best quality of lapis comes from here. The Chinese use to call
the Badakshan, Tu-ho-lo or Tukharistan.
Buddhism Check it now (https://nammu.com/en/amber.html)
In the 1 century B.C the Buddhist religion migrated from China to the Bamiyan
Valley of Afghanistan. They built two Buddhas on a vertical sandstone cli . One of
170 feet high and the second 115 feet high. These Buddha’s represent the
importance of this lapis valley to the Chinese.
Yungang Grottoes
Side_wall_statues_Yungang.jpg)
The Yungang Grottoes are ancient Chinese Buddhist Temples grottoes or caves
near the city of Datong in the province of Shanxi. It is on the valley of the Shi River at
the base of the Wuzhou Shan Mountains. It is one of the three most famous
ancient Buddhist sculptural sites of China.
Buddhist_paintings_Yungang.jpg)
This enigmatic place has 252 caves with more than 51,000 Buddha statues and
statuettes. This beautiful and magical place is completed with master pieces
painted on the wall of the caves. Lapis Lazuli, like in most of Buddhist art, is used
brilliantly and extensively all around the grottoes.
Medicine Buddha
The Buddha of healing and medicine in Mahayana Buddhism commonly called the
“Medicine Buddha” is also known as the “King of Medicine and Lapis Lazuli
Light”. He is described as a doctor who cures dukkha (su ering) using the medicine
of his teachings. The most distinctive feature of this Medicine Buddha is his color,
the deep blue of Lapis Lazuli.
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/deities-medicine-
buddha-1500x.jpg)
Medicine Buddha
According to Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru#cite_note-2),

Bhaisajyaguru’s original name and title was raja (king), but Xuanzang translated it as
Tathagata (Buddha). The image of Bhaisajyaguru is usually expressed with a
canonical Buddha-like form holding gallipot and, in some versions, possessing blue
skin.
Medicine Buddha is one of many Buddha’s who have attained the state of perfect
enlightenment for the bene t of all sentient beings. The enlightened mind has
eliminated all negativity and perfected all positive qualities.
When the Medicine Buddha achieved Buddhahood he became the Buddha of

eastern pure land of Vaiduryanirbhasa “Lapis Lazuli Pure Land”. A pure land is the
celestial realm. Bodhisattvas would obtain pure lands after they attained
buddhahood. Known as the king among medicines because of its e ectiveness in

treating both mental and physical diseases.
Lapis Lazuli Pure Land is far to the east and its ground is made of lapis and its
Lapis Lazuli Pure Land is far to the east and its ground is made of lapis and its
100% Natural
streets areBaltic
pavedAmber
with precious stones and marked o with
Check it gold.
now The boundaries are
demarcated with golden cords, the towns, towers, palaces, pavilions, as well as the
balconies, windows and draperies are all made of the Seven Treasures.
The Lapis Healing Master is often shown in the company of seven other Medicine
Buddhas. The Healing Master in his eastern Buddha realm known as Pure Lapis
Lazuli is generally anked by the two leading bodhisattvas of that pure land,
Suryaprabha and Chandraprabha, respectively All-pervading Solar and Lunar
Radiance.
Twelve Vows
He made twelve vows. The Twelve Vows of the Medicine Buddha upon attaining
Enlightenment, according to the Medicine Buddha Sutra are:
1. To illuminate countless realms with his radiance, enabling anyone to become a

Buddha just like him.
2. To awaken the minds of sentient beings through his light of Lapis Lazuli
3. To provide the sentient beings with whatever material needs they require.
4. To correct heretical views and inspire beings toward the path of Bodhisattva.
5. To help beings follow the Moral Precepts, even if they failed before.
6. To heal beings born with deformities, illness or other physical su erings.
7. To help relieve the destitute and the sick.
8. To help women who wish to be reborn as men achieve their desired rebirth.
9. To help heal mental a ictions and delusions.
10. To help the oppressed be free from su ering.
11. To relieve those who su er from terrible hunger and thirst.
12. To help clothe those who are destitute and su ering from cold and mosquitoes.
content/uploads/2016/07/BeFunky-uuuu.jpg)
Honored Figure
The Lapis Healing Master is one of the most honored gures in the Buddhist
pantheon. In Tibet the Medicine Buddha is revered as the source of the healing arts
for it is through him that the teachings embodied in the Four Medical Tantras, the
basis of Tibetan medicine came into being.
As explained in the rst of these Four Tantras, the Lapis Lazuli Healing Master was
once seated in meditation surrounded by an assembly of four circles of disciples
once seated in meditation surrounded by an assembly of four circles of disciples
100% Natural divine
including Baltic physicians,
Amber great sages, non-Buddhist gods and bodhisattvas, all of
whom wished to learn the art of healing. Rendered speechless by the radiant glory of
his countenance, they were unable to request the desired teachings. To
accommodate their unspoken wishes, the Medicine Buddha manifested two
emanations, one to request the teachings and the other to deliver them. In this way,
then, the Buddhist explanation of the various mental and physical ailments, their
causes, diagnoses and treatment and the maintenance of health is said to have
originated.
Taoism
During the 6th century the Taoists worshiped animals. They carved creatures from
lapis. In the 14th century they made libation cups, urns and vessels.
Temple of Heaven
Hall_of_Prayer_for_Good_Harvests_interior_2014-1.jpg)
The Temple complex was built from 1406 to 1420 in the southeastern part of central
Beijing during the reign of the Yongle Emperor. The Yongle Emperor also constructed
the Forbidden City in Beijing. He used abundant Lapis Lazuli in the construction of
this magni cent complex regarded as a Taoist Temple.
The most recognized carvings of lapis in the Ch’ien-lung period (1776-1795) were of
Ho Tei, the God of Happiness. They also made carvings of Kuan Yin, a court lady.
Chinese also made artifacts like snu bottles and incense receptacles for
cremated ashes sages. Delicate creatures like lions and other creatures from nature
and mythology were made as tomb guardians.
The Chinese grounded lapis into a cosmetic to paint their eyebrows and made sheets
of it into screens studded with pearls.
They made the famous Chinese sh, the carp. This exquisite sh amulet is a prize
you can acquire in your favorite Nammu.com (https://nammu.com/en/)store.
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/pez_lapisoo.jpg)
Pamir Mountains
The Pamir Mountains (discovered in the 1930’s) are between Russia and China.
These mountains contain a poorer quality of lapis. From this we conclude that the
Pamir Mountains were not the source of Chinese early trade of lapis.
Present Day
Famous craft centers are in Liaonng, Kiangsu and Hunon. Shanghai is by far the
most famous city where lapis carvings are made in rich and mythical traditions.
y p g y
Hong Kong
The cosmopolitan Hong Kong has a great quantity of carving workshops for lapis
carving. The artisans polish and engrave the stones with a masterful skill. They pick
the best colored pieces and make them into ner jewelry. The bigger pieces are also
turned into images from libation cups, duck images to beautiful court ladies from the
old days.
Craftsmen
The Hong Kong artisans decide what kind of design best ts the piece of lapis. They
are experts in their trade. Armed with the best tools and dills they work in small
factories. An ordinary artisan has over a hundred diamond tipped drills in its working
station which helps them cut intricate designs.
Raw lapis is sold by the kilo and some of the original pieces weigh 25 kgs. Lapis is
sometimes dipped into a dye to enhance the color. Taiwan is considered a top
center for dyeing stones.
Chinese artisans made Imperial buildings (tiles) of lapis lazuli. Lapis was also found
in mausoleum screen walls, religious temples, worship o erings in stupas, as
well as in utensils and adornments in the early Ming Dynasty.
It’s been appraised as one of the Seven Buddhist Treasures. It is also considered in
the ve famous Chinese wares (Bullion, jade, lapis lazuli, porcelain and bronze
ware).
100% Natural
The Baltic
Chinese Amber
artistic and cultural richness of the Chinese ritualistic traditions
combined with the skills of the craftsmen lead to magical lapis Lazuli pieces.
To my standards and I think everyone’s standard, the Chinese artisans work more
exquisitely than any other artisan in the world. They have a historic, mythical and rich
tradition of lapis statue carvings.
Lapis Lazuli, a millenarian gemstone used by a millenarian culture…
Lapis Lazuli History in Russia
Today I’ll talk about Russian use of Lapis Lazuli. A single post is not enough to talk
about the magni cent art the Russian people has given the world. In the
Magni cent Blue Russia we’ll talk in detail about the exquisite Lapis Lazuli
Imperial Egg, the magni cent Hermitage Urns and of course we couldn’t forget
Saint Andrei Rublev with its famous icon of the Trinity.
Russia has six known lapis mines: Lake Baikal at Malo-Bystrinskoie; the
Sljudjanka River; near the Talaja, Malaja, and also the Bistraja Rivers; and in
Siberia at the Alibert mines of the Pamirs.
100% Natural
The Baltic Amber
Lake Baikal is the worlds deepest freshwater lake. It has 400 miles long and
thirty miles wide. Volcanic explosion formed this lake. The caves of Lapis Lazuli are
along the Angara River.
The Sljujanksa River also ows into Lake Baikal. The Lapis Lazuli caves are on the
right slope of this river.
The Malo-Bystrinskoie site is fourteen miles from the right slope of the Lazurnaja
River. The Kirghiz and Tadjik tribes are the nearby tribes to these sites.
The mines on the Talaja, Malaja and the Bistraja Rivers have an extremely di cult
route. The lapis is in a steep wall of marble and gneiss, bordering an immense
glacier.
Peter Carl Faberge
According to Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faberg%C3%A9_egg), the rst

Easter egg was commissioned in 1885 by Russian Czar Alexander III from
craftsman Peter Carl Faberge. It was an Easter gift for his wife the Empress Maria
Fedorovna.
This egg had a gold yolk, gold hen, miniature diamond crown and also a ruby egg
inside. The Empress loved the gift so much that the czar decided to commission a
new egg every Easter.
After the czar Alexander III died in 1894, his son Nicholas continued the tradition.
Lapis Lazuli Imperial Egg

Faberge designed the Lapis Lazuli Imperial Egg (1912)with six sections of overlay.
Encrusting the egg with lacy, solid gold tracing in the style of Louis IV cage work and
motifs of shells, scrolls, and also basket of diamonds ornamented the oval egg.
100%
It Natural
also hadBaltic Amber
inscribed the initials of A.F on top for Czarina Alexandra Feodorovna into a
piece of diamond monogram. This was a symbol of the Imperial Crown of Russia.
The gifts from king to queen usually had a surprise inside. This time the surprise was
a picture frame that held the image of their eight year old son Alexis. The frame was
on top of a Lapis Lazuli base. Hundreds of diamonds set into the Russian double
headed Imperial Eagle surrounded the miniature painting.
This Imperial Egg resides in the Virginia Museum of Fine arts.
Faberge Houses
The workshops of Faberge used lapis from both the mines of Afghanistan and
Siberia. Faberge had o ces in Odessa, Moscow, Kiev, St. Petersburg and also in
London. Over 500 workmen cut jewels for Faberge by 1906.
Faberge and his younger brother Agathon sketched designs as well as Henrik
Wigstrom. Watteau and Boucher were the ones in charge of painting the eggs.
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/FabergeKnightsRoom.jpg)
Scythian art in uenced Faberge. Faberge houses started the collection of Imperial
eggs in 1885. He also made picture frames, small farm animals, owers,
pendants, crosses, and also boxes. Magni cent Faberge pendants like the
exquisite pendant (https://nammu.com/en/lapislazuli/pendants.html)you can nd in
your favorite Nammu (https://nammu.com/en/)store.
The Russian revolution closed the Faberge houses in 1917 except the London
o ce. He continued his work with the requests of the royals of Europe. They
requested jewelry with lapis as a companion stone. Wealthy clients included
Napoleon III, cabinet maker Tahan who has a box of lapis at the Victoria and
Albert Museum in London and also Queen Marie of Romania.
Faberge had been the imperial jeweler to three czars of Russia, Alexander II,
Alexander III and also Nicholas II. He died at 74 on September 14, 1920. His
tombstone read:
Charles Faberge, jeweler to the Russian Court
lazuli-
history%2F&text=Charles%20Faberge%2C%20jeweler%20
to%20the%20Russian%20Court&related)
CLICK TO T WEET (HT TPS://T WIT TER.COM/INTENT/T WEET?
URL=HT TPS%3A%2F%2FNAMMU.COM%2FENG%2FL APIS-L AZ ULI-
HISTORY%2F&TEXT=CHARLES%20FABERGE%2C%20JEWELER%20TO%20THE%20RUSSIAN%20COURT&REL ATED)
Theophanes the Greek

The artist Theophanes the Greek (1330-1405-09) moved to the monastic complex of
Novgorod and worked in Russia for about twenty ve years. Pigments were
exchanged along with artists. The most precious pigments maybe exchanged for furs
and amber. One of Theophanes most famous icon was “The Virgin of the Don”
painted in 1392.
Legend claims it was carried to war at the great Battle of Kulikovo when the
Russians in icted a dramatic defeat on the Mongols, thanks to the icon. The
tenderness of the mother and child on one side of the panel is matched by the
simplicity of the Dormition on the other. When the two sides were being cleaned the
restorers found that Lapis Lazuli had been used for all its blue shades.
Lapis Lazuli was an ingredient reserved for paintings of special importance, but in
Russia it would have been even more highly regarded, perhaps brought north up the
Volga by Armenian entrepreneurs.
Andrei Rublev
content/uploads/2016/07/Rublev_fresco_Vladimir_cathedral_02.jpg)
Andrei Rublev (1360’s-1430’s) is considered to be one of the greatest medieval

Russian painter of orthodox icons and also frescos. The rst mention of Rublev is
in 1405 when he decorated icons and frescos for the Cathedral of the
Annunciation of the Moscow Kremlin. He painted the Assumption Cathedral in
Vladimir in 1408 as well as the Trinity Cathedral with Danii Cherni.
He also painted the frescoes of the savior Cathedral. Rublev also believed to have
painted at least one of the miniatures in the Khitrovo Gospels.
Trinity
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Angelsatmamre-trinity-
rublev-1410.jpg)
The most emblematic work that is entirely his is the icon of The Trinity. It is his
most famous work and the most famous of all Russian icons. It is regarded as one
of the highest achievements of Russian Art.
Rublev used Lapis Lazuli pigment (https://nammu.com/eng/lapis-lazuli-color-

ultramarine-blue/) spectacularly in the large icon (142 x 114 centimeters) of the Old
Testament Trinity. We can also nd this scene in the Benedictine church of St. Savin.
Rublev´s Trinity was painted for Trinity Cathedral at Troitse-Sergeyeva Lavra, now
Zagorsk. The communists con scated it and put it in the Tretyakov, while a huge
copy is now in the old cathedral.
It must be one of the most copied icons of all time.
Trinity Story
According to the Genesis, the Lord with three superior beings came to visit the
ninety-nine year old Abraham while he was camping in the plains of Mamre. He
brought them water and ordered cakes and he also ordered a young man to kill a calf
and dress it for the visitors.
Behind the table in the painting is the famous Tree of marme always depicted with
a lower branch cut o because Abraham needed it for his camp re. Seated at the
table are the three beings. Three Angels dressed most beautifully and expensively in
strong Lapis Lazuli robes The majestic translucency of the pigment glowing from
strong Lapis Lazuli robes. The majestic translucency of the pigment glowing from
100% Natural
their Baltic Amber
garments. Check it now (https://nammu.com/en/amber.html)
Rublev would have learnt to use the precious pigment in the workshop of
Theophanes the Greek. Who himself learnt it from masters in Constantinople and
also from the Byzantine world.
The rarity of the pigment in icon painting testi es both to the superiority of Rublev as
a painter, and also his recognition of the superlative qualities of his pigment.
Icon painting is alive and well today, in both west and post Communist east.
The painting is also full of symbolism and is interpreted as an icon of the Holy
Trinity. The Trinity is also considered a Russian National patrimony.
The Russian Orthodox Church canonized Rublev as a Saint in 1988, celebrating

his feast day on on the29th of January.
Hermitage Urns
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/BeFunky-Collagennn.jpg)
At the end of the Great Hall of the Winter Palace you can nd a gigantic, square,
Lapis Lazuli urn positioned on a dais. The lapis on the Hermitage Urns is superb.
Their size, symbolic of the vastness of Imperial Russia, the su ering of miners, the
toil of stone cutters, the terrible slog of those who manipulated the objects over land,
river and canal, dragged them up the Jordan staircase on the orders of Tsar Nicholas
I.
This huge urn was not made from one solid lump of lapis. Instead, a huge lump of
cheap marble that had been veneered with lapis. It is fact ‘faceted’ in Ekaterinburg
in the Urals in the 1830s. The craftsmanship was superb. The lapis was sliced
incredibly thin and perfectly matched. There is a century old technique with old
string and water. But what sort of tools were available to craftsmen in the Tsar´s
‘faceting factories` where the urn was made.
Faceting Factories
Erik Laksmn, a young geologist, in exile from the Tsarist system of justice was
deported to the Nerchinsk region. He was the one who discovered Lapis Lazuli in
1785 on the Banks of the River Sludianka.
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/tttt.jpg)
A stone cutting factory was established in 1787 at Kolyvan. Skilled craftsmen were
experts at cutting the best parts of the Lapis lazuli, an almost purplish blue. It was
dispatched to Ekaterinburg for pasting to the great urns demanded by the Tsars for
the Jordan Staircase. The two thousand kilometer journey was nearly as long as that
from Badakhshan to the Florentine masters. This journey was mostly accomplished
in winter over the frozen steppe, then via frozen rivers and also canals.
The veneering technique became known as “Russian Mosaic”. The fragments could
be xed to stone or metal and imperfections ground down and polished. Some vases
took as much as twenty years to complete.
I can keep going and going with the Magni cence of Russian Art. Like I said in the
beginning, a single post isn’t enough. I hope you also enjoyed!
Lapis Lazuli History in Afghanistan

(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/afghanistan-map-global-
witness.png)
It is not easy to track the use of Lapis Lazuli by the Afghans. This is mainly because
of hundreds, if not thousands of years of looting of ancient sites. Most dramatically
of course in the last thirty years. We will learn a little about the famous Mehrgarh,
Shortugai and Mundikak sites. As well as the e orts the DAFA are making to
preserve the old and the new sites in Afghanistan. Archaeologists working in
Afghanistan have always had a hard time, particularly keeping ahead of illicit diggers
as well as keeping them out of the way once the o cial hole has been dug.
There are several places where lapis objects have been found. Some of the most
important sites are:
Mehrgarh
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/forarchaeolo.jpg)The oldest
of these sites is probably Mehrgarh. It is just over the Afghan border in Pakistan. It
is at the foot of the Bolan Pass in Pushtu country. So it is considered by Afghanistan
´s Pushtu majority as part of their terrain.
The Mehrgarh sites dates way back around 7000B.C when people were shifting from
exclusively hunting and gathering into agricultural settlements. Settlements need
graves as well as houses.
Tooled lapis beads appeared in Mehrgarh at all levels including levels between circa
4,400 and 3,500B.C, deposited in graves to assist that path to paradise. Here the
sacred role of Lapis Lazuli (https://nammu.com/es/lapislazuli.html) begins.
Shortugai
Another signi cant
site is Shortugai. It is
g
100% Natural Baltic Amber at the north of the
country. Not far
from where the
Kokcha River tumbles
down from Sar-i-Sang
to join the Oxus.
Shortughai is
especially important
because in the
Bronze Age of the late third millennium B.C. it guarded access to the lapis mines.
Here archaeologists found pottery probably imported from Harappa away in the
Indus Valley and concluded that Shortugai might have been a Harappan colony. It
could also have been involved in the export of lapis and other raw materials either
via the Indus or northwards into Central Asia.
Mundigak
North of Kandahar, in the Helmand basin the Mundigak site is found. The huge site
consists of a series of mounds spread over some twenty hectares. There are city
walls and a pyramid like structure. Mundigak Lapis was also connected with Shahri-I
Sokhta.
Several Afghan treasures have come to light over the years. Spread over several
thousand years, they are the Fullol Treasure, the Oxus Treasure and the Tille
Teppe. Only a handful of lapis beads turned up.
We can ask ourselves. Why so little lapis? One of the explanations is that the locals
don´t like outsiders making holes in their patch. They assume people are digging for
gold, not lapis. If they come across lapis they keep it. Another explanation are the
looters the keep anything they nd.
DAFA
(https://nammu.com/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/juliobendezu.jpg)“The
authorities have long feared encouraging looting by locating such sites. In fact, most
have already been looted,” says Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento, a French-Peruvian
archaeologist who
heads the French
Archaeological
Delegation to
Delegation to
Check it nowAfghanistan (DAFA).
The project is going

ahead now because
“it is often the
looters who are best
informed about
where the
archaeological sites
are”.
Afghanistan’s location and the variety and abundance of its bountiful mines of
gold, copper and precious and semi precious stones like Lapis Lazuli
(https://nammu.com/en/) makes it an archaeological holy grail.
Satellite Imagery
Nowadays, an international team is working to map the country´s numerous sites
and monuments. This done with satellite imaging into a huge database, a giant
geographic information system (GIS).
In DAFA´s o ces a large satellite image of the country is shown on a widescreen

display. Heritage sites are indicated by yellow, blue and red dots. This depends on
whether they have been excavated, identi ed or only recently discovered.
In 1982, DAFA had identi ed 1,286 heritage sites. Today, DAFA has identi ed ve
times this amount. On the map, there are numerous marks as the archaeologists try
to connect information from the rst excavations in the 1930s.
Mohamed Nader Rassouli, a consultant at DAFA, lamented that houses have been
built over the sites around Kabul that DAFA excavated in 1937.
(https://nammu.co
m/eng/wp-
content/uploads/2
016/12/9.jpg)He
also adds that in
the provinces,
sites have been
destroyed by
looters and
antiquities
tra ckers as well
as people simply
working in the
elds. It is vital to identify these sites, and then you know where they are when you
want to build roads, operate mines or drill for oil.
Interest in mineral resources is not a modern thing and it was the desire to exploit
and manage these resources that undoubtedly led to the creation of these great
cities.
100% Natural
Once Balticis Amber
this map complete, it will be publicly available for people so that they can
participate in its protection, said a spokesman from DAFA.
The protection of these historical lapis sites is of uttermost importance to learn

more of our history. It is well known that learning more of our past can help us in our
future…
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Comments
Erna says
December 18, 2019 at 9:13 am (https://nammu.com/eng/lapis-lazuli-history/#comment-
6141)
Thank you very much for such a detailed work on Lapis Lazuli. For the Armenian part I can say that
based on ancient accounts we know that the Lapis Lazuli was named “Armenian Stone” and there are
various sources testifying in ancient times Armenia did produce that stone…
Roman physician Pedanius Dioscorides (1st century AD) says that the “ nest comes from Armenia,
the next best from Macedonia and after that the Cyprus, but this mineral is not obtained from any of
these places today.”[21]
So this is why Arakel refers to Baghdashan.
Referring to the Armenian stone Pliny the Elder (1st c. AD) in his Natural History describes its
preparation as follows:
“When chrysocolla has been thus dyed, painters call it “orobitis,” and distinguish two kinds of it, the
cleansed orobitis, which is kept for making lomentum, and the liquid, the balls being dissolved for
use by evaporation. Both these kinds are prepared in Cyprus, but the most esteemed is that made in
Armenia, the next best being that of Macedonia: it is Spain, however, that produces the most. The
great point of its excellence consists in its producing exactly the tint of corn when in a state of the
freshest verdure. Before now, we have seen, at the spectacles exhibited by the Emperor Nero, the
arena of the Circus entirely sanded with chrysocolla, when the prince himself, clad in a dress of the
same colour, was about to exhibit as a charioteer.”[15]
You can check out more here
https://www.peopleofar.com/2014/02/22/the-blue-stones-of-aratta/
(https://www.peopleofar.com/2014/02/22/the-blue-stones-of-aratta/)
Reply (https://nammu.com/eng/lapis-lazuli-history/?replytocom=6141#respond)
py( p g p y py p )
Erna says
December 18, 2019 at 9:15 am (https://nammu.com/eng/lapis-lazuli-history/#comment-
6142)
Also, would love to know the name of the author of the article to be able to credit as a source, pls?
Raul Fernandez says

March 9, 2020 at 11:24 am (https://nammu.com/eng/lapis-lazuli-history/#comment-
7313)
Hi Erna, thanks for your message. The article was written by my colleague Anastasia Niesheva
and also by Roberto Ramirez. Thanks for your interest. Best regards.
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Lapis Lazuli History in Different Nations - Europe, Chili, Mesopotamia, Sumeria, Islamic Counties, China, Russia, Rome, Egypt

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100% Natural Baltic Amber

Check it now (https://nammu.com/en/amber.html)

In this post you will nd

0.1 Ancient Civilizations

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Lapis Lazuli History in Ancient Greece

Theophrastus studied at Athens and became an

Lapis Lazuli History in Roman Empire

Nammu.com (https://nammu.com/en/)has a variety of beautiful amulets.

Lapis Lazuli History in Mesopotamia

Candles and Sage

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In the mythology of the Sumerians, the goddess Inanna (the predecessor of

Lapis Lazuli in epic poetry

Moreover, according to the evidence of the Armenian historian Arakel Davrizhetsi, we

Lapis Lazuli and Arattas’ mystery

Lapis Lazuli History in Islamic World

Commerce due to pilgrimage and trade has shown us an incredible exchange of

Lapis Lazuli (https://nammu.com/en/lapislazuli.html)was a stone of such value that it

Pilgrimage is an important part of the story, the journey of the devout. It is an

Pilgrimage necessitated travel; the medieval Muslim accounts of the journey to

‘The truthful merchant will sit under the throne of God’

Such networks of merchants linked to pilgrimage played a crucial role in the

The “Luck of Edenhall” belongs to

The blue of the Luck of Edenhall

It is sixteen centimeters high and and according to Wikipedia

Lapis Lazuli History in Chile

Saved from Wikipedia. Diaguita Ruins at Ovalle

In 1850, F. Field published the existence of Chilean Lapis Lazuli.

San Marcelo and La Seguridad

Sales of Lapis Lazuli on Chile are above the USD2million monthly.

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The Chilean craftsmen also make penguin, condors, pendants

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Lapis Lazuli History in Europe

Both Mohr´s grandfathers were jewelers. In 1920´s both traveled to Afghanistan to

New Destiny For Lapis

Lapis Lazuli History in China

The Wakhan Corridor, Iskar

According to Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru#cite_note-2),

When the Medicine Buddha achieved Buddhahood he became the Buddha of

buddhahood. Known as the king among medicines because of its e ectiveness in

1. To illuminate countless realms with his radiance, enabling anyone to become a

Lapis Lazuli, a millenarian gemstone used by a millenarian culture…

Lapis Lazuli History in Russia

Peter Carl Faberge

According to Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faberg%C3%A9_egg), the rst

Lapis Lazuli Imperial Egg

This Imperial Egg resides in the Virginia Museum of Fine arts.

Theophanes the Greek