Introduction to Grid Integration of

Variable Renewable Energy

In cooperation with:

Inverter technology for wind and PV

Albrecht Tiedemann (Renewables Academy AG)

www.renac.de

Agenda

1. Generator concept overview

2. Wind power technology and generator concepts AGENDA
3. Wind power- specific wind turbine power and power curves
4. Photovoltaic technology and frequency control
5. Photovoltaic - MPP tracking and V-I curves

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2
 Learning objectives

Learning objectives
 A participant who has met the objectives of the course will be
able to
 name which generator types can support the grid operator to
control the voltage with reactive power
 explain fundamentals of wind power technology and
generator concepts
 define specific wind turbine power
 read power curves
 explain fundamentals of photovoltaic technology and inverter
frequency control
 explain photovoltaic mpp tracking
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 name the effect of light and temperature on photovoltaic v-i

curves

Generator concept overview

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4
 Generators for renewable generation
Generator concepts - overview

AC generator DC generator with DC-AC inverter

Fixed speed Variable speed

Induction Doubly fed Generator with Photovoltaic

Directly grid
Induction generator with induction fully rated modules
connected
generator variable rotor generator converter
synchronous
(type 1) resistance (DFIG, (FRC, Fully rated
generator
(type 2) type 3) type 4) converter
Q- Q- Q- Q-
No Q-control No Q-control
control control control control

Concentrated
solarwww.renac.de
power Wind power Wind power Wind power Wind power Photovoltaic
(CSP), thermal
power plants
biomass,
biogas and
hydro power

Wind power technology and power curves

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 Maximal wind power density, Betz limit and power
curves of real wind turbines

1000
Wind power density of Efficiency losses
Power density [W / m2]

resource and power control

800
PWPD = ½ * ρ * v3 limitations

PWPD = wind power density Ideal turbine (Betz limit)

600
[W/m2] PWPD, Betz= 16/27 * ½ * ρ * v3
A = rotor area [m²]

Source: KWE, 2009; amended by RENAC

P = Power [W]
400
ρ = air density [kg/m3]
Pitch controlled
v = wind speed [m/s]
200 cP = power coefficient Power curve of real turbine
PWPD, Turbine= cP * ½ * ρ * v3
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0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind speed [m/s]
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Wind turbine standard design:

3. Asset: Wind turbine
 Upwind, 3 blades
…&  Horizontal axis
internal
cabling  Grid-connected

Rotor blades

Cable to
substation
/ grid

Nacelle with generator

Tower
(and gear box)

Area for crane works

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Foundation

Wind farm in France © Nordex SE / Francis Cormon

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 Standard horizontal-axis wind turbine configuration
 Maximum wind rotor efficiency
(power of wind in front of a wind
turbine / power of rotating rotor
blades) is according to Betz
59.3%
 Modern wind turbines achieve
power coefficientss in the range
of up to 0.48
 Wind speed behind the wind
turbine can be reduced to 1/3 of
wind speed in front of the wind
turbine (theoretical minimum)
 Due to the decrease in velocity
behind the turbine the wake
www.renac.de effect expands. High turbulences
occur in the wake of the wind
turbine

Wind farm in France © Nordex SE / Francis Cormon

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Single and multi-wind turbine grid connection

Interconnection Station Collector Pad-mounted

1 Transmission 2 Transformer(s) 3 System 4 Transformer
5
Line

POI or Connection Plan-level PF Correction

Reactive Shunt Capacitors
to the Transmission Compensation
System

Interconnection Station
1 Transmission 2 Transformer(s) 3
Line

POI or Connection
to the Transmission
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Plan-level
System Reactive
Compensation

Source: NREL, WIND GENERATOR DEVELOPMENT, 2007

 Technology of wind turbines

Type 1 Induction Generator Type 2 Wound Rotor Induction Generator

with adjustable external rotor resistance

Type 3 Type 4
Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) Generator with Full Rated Converter

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Screenshot: LabSoft, Lucas Nülle, „Wind Power

Plant with DFIG“

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 Development of wind turbines: rotor and hub height

88.5 m blade, Adwen (June Offshore

2016) 2016
GE announced a 83.5 m blade, Samsung (year 2014)
Vestas V164
12 MW maschine
8.0 MW
with ca. 110 m 81.6 m blade, Mitsubishi
blades for the 80 m blade, Vestas (year 2013)
year 2021
75 m blade, Siemens (year
2012)
60 m blade, Enercon (year 2008)

Onshore
2016
Vestas V136
3.35 MW
Hub height:
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160 m

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Increase of annual energy production (AEP) with

hub height

120
Annual energy production (MWh/a)

 17% higher AEP from 78 m

Source: http://www.wind-fgw.de/eeg_referenzertrag.htm
118
to 138 m (Enercon E-82, 2
116 MW generator, 5281 m2
114 swept rotor area)
112
 20% higher AEP from 61,5
110 m to 111,5 m (Nordex N77,
108 1.5 MW generator, 4657 m2
106 swept rotor area)
104  AEP calculation according to
102 FGW technical standard 5
100
60 80 100 120 140
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Hub height (m)
 Average hub height of wind turbines built in Germany in 2017: 128 m
Source: AGORA energiewende „Vergutung von Windenergieanlagen an Land uber das Referenzertragsmodell”, Tabelle1, 2014 and Windguard 2018

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 Wind power-
specific wind turbine power and power curves

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Specific wind turbine power

 The specific wind turbine power depends on the

size of the generator that produces electricity
and the area that is swept by the rotor blades.
 It is used to compare the suitability of wind
turbines for sites with different wind speeds:
 High specific wind turbine power for sites with
strong winds
 Low specific wind turbine power for sites with
weak winds

www.renac.de Rated
Rated power
power of
of generator(W)
generator (W)
Specific wind turbine power (W/m2) =
Swept
Sweptrotor
rotorarea
area(m^2)
(m2)

Wind farm in France © Nordex SE / Francis Cormon

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 Specific wind turbine power, market data examples

Specific power Generator Rotor

2
Wind turbine manufacturer
(W/m ) capacity (W) diameter (m)
230 2300 113 SIEMENS SWT 2,3-133
236 2400 117 Nordex N100/2400
241 3000 126 Vestas V90-2MW
314 2000 90 Vestas V126-3MW
318 2500 100 Nordex N100/2500
338 2300 93 SIEMENS SWT 2,3-93
436 2300 82 Enercon E82-2,3
568 3000 82 Eneron E82-3,0
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Wind turbines built in Germany in 2017 (onshore):

• Specific power range: 255 to 354 W/m2 and on average 309 W/m2
• 3 MW average capacity/ turbine
• 113 m average rotor diameter
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Exercise: calculate the specific wind turbine power

Rated power of generator

 Specific wind turbine power =
Rated power of generator(W) / rotor swept area (m2)

2500 m2 2500 m2
Same rotor
and larger 1MW 2 MW
generator

Same 2500 m2 3333 m2

generator
and larger
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1MW 1MW
rotor
Sweapt rotor area

Wind farm in France © Nordex SE / Francis Cormon

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 Wind turbine power curve – pitch controlled

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Source: RENAC
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Exercise: Power curves of different wind turbines

 Exercise: Assume the rated power is 2000 kW. How much

power will the turbines generate at 8 m/s and at 26 m/s?
 Which of the turbines produces more energy at low wind
speeds and which one produces more at high wind speeds?
Turbine A
Source: Amay von Oehsen, Fraunhofer, 2012, ReGrid Seminar

Turbine B

Turbine C

Turbine D

Turbine 8 m/s 26 m/s

A
B
C
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D

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 Photovoltaic technology and frequency control

www.renac.de

24

From direct current to alternating current

PV module produces
direct current

PV inverter changes direct

durrent to alternating current

Electricity grid works with

www.renac.de aternating current

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 Correlation of irradiation and weather

 Global radiation is composed of:

Cloudy Sky Clear Sky, Sun
 direct radiation
(coming directly
from sun, casting
shadows)
 Diffuse radiation
(scattered,
without clear
direction) and Mainly Diffuse Radiation Mainly Direct Radiation

 Reflected radiation
Irradiation W/m2

 Depending upon the cloud conditions and the time of the day, both
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 irradiation power and

 proportion of direct and diffuse radiation can vary greatly

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Area needs c-si versus thin-film

Thin film (TF)

Christaline silicon (c-si)

Waltenhofen:
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 0.7 MWp c-si

 0.4 MWp TF

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 Single PV module with
220 W capacity

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Foto: juwi
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Rack with 34 PV modules,

7.48 kW capacitya

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Foto: juwi

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 Photovoltaic (PV) inverter

Central inverter for

3-phase inverter,
Single-phase medium voltage
consisting of
inverter
single modules

PV in Germany:
www.renac.de - Appr. 70 % connected to low voltage
- Appr. 25 % connected to medium voltage
- Small number of units connected to high voltage

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String inverters
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Foto: juwi

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 String
inverters

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Foto: juwi
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 9 rows with 3 tables each,

 918 modules in total,
 202 kW photovoltaic capacity
String inverters

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Foto: juwi

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 Central inverters

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PV farm, from modules to central inverter

Module

Input: DC-cables from 24 strings

DC-cables

DC main box

DC main box in/out

Output:
© A.Tiedemann

DC fuses
www.renac.de Fuses for each string
© A.Tiedemann

DC-cable to inverter
© A.Tiedemann

Central inverter, DC in , AC out

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 Central SMA inverter, DC, IGBTs and AC

© A.Tiedemann
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DC input to IGBT
IGBT
© A.Tiedemann

© A.Tiedemann
AC output from IGBT

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3 Phase Converter Design

More precise AC connection design

Filter choke

IF,L1 LF
Cd
VL1,L2
Vd
Source: CES Carstens Energy Consulting, 2017

• Filter chokes for

harmonics reduction
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Converter Converter Converter

AC Connection DC Connection

37
 AC Connection Voltage, example for status of
switches

• Voltages deepening on
switches status
• Voltage VC1,2 can be
+Vd, 0, -Vd
• Equivalent:
VC2,3 and VC3,1 Filterchoke S1v S2v S3v
• S1v and S2d closed
• VL1,L2 = +Vd IF,L1 LF
VC1,2 Cd
Switch Status VL1,L2
Ud
S1v closed

Source: CES Carstens Energy Consulting, 2017

S2v open
S3v open S1d S2d S3d
S1d open
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S2d open
Converter Converter Converter
S3d closed
AC Connection DC Connection

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Exercise: which IBGTs have to open and which have

to close for a voltage of VL2, L1

• VL2,L1 = -Vd

Switch Status
S1v
LF
S2v
Cd
S3v VL2,L1
Vd
Source: CES Carstens Energy Consulting, 2017

S1d
S2d
S3d
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Converter Converter Converter

AC Connection DC Connection

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 Fundamental Voltage in PWM

 Switched on: Te
 Switched off: Ta
 Te + Ta = T
0
 Rectangular voltage blocks with
frequency 1/T

 Length of pulse changes voltage

time area
 The longer switched on, the bigger
voltage time area
 With pulse width modulation for
every time step T effective voltage
, VC1,2 (average) can be every
www.renac.de voltage between +Vd and –Vd
0
 Example: Fundamental sinewave
VC1,2 realizable
Source: Heumann: Grundlagen der Leistungselektronik
Source: CES Carstens Energy Consulting, 2017

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Strings with 18 modules (190 W each), bus bar for 24

strings and central inverters

Central
inverter

DC cable
for strings
© A.Tiedemann
© A.Tiedemann

Central SMA inverter

Input:
DC cables
from 24
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strings Output:
© A.Tiedemann

© A.Tiedemann

DC cable
to inverter

42
Substation / grid connection

Substation with
two transformers

Transformer
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20 kV to 110 kV

43

Grid connection

Measurement
equipment

Circuit breaker / switchgear

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 Point of connection (POC)

2 x Three phases to high

voltage grid (110 kV)

POC
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Photovoltaic - MPP tracking

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Datasheet of solar module sample

Source: Trina Solar

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Source: Trina Allmax TSM-280

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 Source: Trina Allmax TSM-280
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Modelling of the PV array performance

 I-V curve of Trina Allmax TSM-280

Short Circuit Current

Module current (A)

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Module voltage (V)

Open Circuit Voltage

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 Exercise:
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

 Calculate the power output (P=V*I) in all four VDC(V) IDC(A) PDC(W)
possible operating points (A, B, C, D). A
Which point has the highest power output? B
C
D
A
B
Module current (A)

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Module voltage (V)

51

Modelling of the PV array performance

 I-V curve of Trina Allmax TSM-280

Maximum Power Point
Short Circuit Current
Module current (A)

MPP Current

MPP Voltage

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Module voltage (V)

Open Circuit Voltage

53
 Effect of light intensity on the I-V Curve

 Electrical parameters (I-V curve)

 Trina Allmax TSM-280
VMPP range

G=1000 W/m2

G=800 W/m2
Module current (A)

G=600 W/m2

G=400 W/m2

G=200 W/m2
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G=100 W/m2

Module voltage (V)

54

Exercise:
Effect of light intensity on the I-V Curve

 Calculate the power output (P=V*I) for

1000 W/m2 and 100 W/m2. G (w/m2) VDC(V) IDC(A) PDC(W)
A 1000
B 100

G=1000 W/m2

G=800 W/m2
Module current (A)

G=600 W/m2

G=400 W/m2

G=200 W/m2
Trina Allmax TSM-280

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G=100 W/m2

Module voltage (V)

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 Effect of temperature on the I-V Curve

 Electrical parameters
 Trina Allmax TSM-280
VMPP range

* Temperature effect on MPP current not considered in IV-curves.

Module current (A)

T=5°C

T=10°C

T=25°C

T=40°C

T=55°C

T=-70°C
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Module voltage (V)

57

Exercise:
Effect of temperature on the I-V Curve

 Calculate the power output (P=V*I) for T (°C) VDC(V) I*DC(A) PDC(W)
a module temperature of 10°C and A 10
70°C B 70
Module current (A)

T=5°C

T=10°C

T=25°C

T=40°C

T=55°C
Trina Allmax TSM-280

T=-70°C
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Module voltage (V)

58
 Thank you! In cooperation with:

Albrecht Tiedemann
Renewables Academy (RENAC)
Schönhauser Allee 10-11
D-10119 Berlin
Tel (new): +49 30 5870870 40
Fax (new): +49 30 5870870 88
info@renac.de

Standardised power duration curves for different wind

turbines (with different specific wind turbine power)

Wind: Weibull distribution A*8.2 and K=2.92 at a

height of 60 meters extrapolated to 100m hub height

Source: Molly, 2011

www.renac.de

61
 Exercise: Power output of turbines with different
specific power

 How many hours per year would a wind

turbine operate at rated power and at 80% of
the rated power?

(To answer the question assume that all

turbines face the same wind ressource and
the power duration curves of the previous
slide.)

Source: Molly, 2011

Specific power of Hours / year at Hours / year at
turbines rated power 80% of rated
power
177 W / m2
294 W / m2
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530 W / m2
706 W / m2

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