Lecture 03

Advanced Electrical Machines and Drives

Semester 2 (MEEP)

Dr. Muhammad Humza

Email : engr.humza7@gmail.com

Department of Electrical Engineering

Institute of Southern Punjab

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Contents

1. Summary of previous lecture

2. DC Motors

3. Torque Speed characteristics

4. Operating modes of DC motors

5. Four Quadrant Operation

Summary of previous lecture

➢ Summary of previous lecture

➢ Introduction to Magnetic Circuit

➢ Analogy to electric Circuit

➢ Rotating MMF (Single and three phase)

DC Machines
➢ NOTE: Need To revise motor principle, & 𝑬𝑨 = 𝑲𝝋𝝎 , 𝝉𝒊𝒏𝒅 = 𝑲𝝋𝑰𝑨

➢ Direct Current (DC) Motors

➢ Provide a high starting torque.

➢ Have wide range of speed control over

➢ Speed control are normally simpler and less expensive

➢ DC motors are widely used in

➢ Wide range of torques

➢ In variable speed drives

Continue

➢ When Current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic filed

it experience a force

𝑅𝐴
𝐼𝑓 𝐼𝐴
+
𝑅𝑓 𝐿𝐴

𝑉𝑓 𝑉𝑇

𝐿𝑓 𝐸𝐴

-
Equivalent Circuit

𝒅𝒊𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒂
DC Motor 𝑽𝒇 = 𝑰𝒇 𝑹𝒇 + 𝑳𝒇 𝑽𝑻 = 𝑰𝑨 𝑹𝑨 + 𝑳𝑨 + 𝑬𝑨
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝑽𝒇 = 𝑰𝒇 𝑹𝒇 𝑽𝑻 = 𝑰𝑨 𝑹𝑨 + 𝑬𝑨
Analogy with Electric Circuit
➢ Induced Torque by the machine is

𝝉𝒊𝒏𝒅 = 𝑲𝝋𝑰𝑨 𝑶𝑹 = 𝑲𝒕 𝑰𝒂 𝑰𝒇

➢ Induced Voltage will be

𝑬𝑨 = 𝑲𝝋𝝎 𝑶𝑹 𝑲𝒗 𝝎𝑰𝒇

➢ The field current in a dc machine produces a field magnetomotive

force given by F=NFIF.
➢ This magnetomotive force produces a flux in the machine in
accordance with its magnetization curve.
𝝋(Wb) 𝑬𝑨 = 𝑲𝝋𝝎

𝑭 (𝑨. 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏) 𝑰𝑭
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➢ The output characteristic of a shunt dc motor can be derived
from the induced voltage and torque equations of the motor
plus Kirchhoff's voltage law.

➢ The KVL equation for a motor is

𝑽𝑻 = 𝑬𝑨 + 𝑰𝑨 𝑹𝑨 ∴ 𝑬𝑨 = 𝑲𝒗 𝝎𝑰𝒇

𝑽𝒇
𝑽𝑻 = 𝑲𝒗 𝝎𝑰𝒇 + 𝑰𝑨 𝑹𝑨 ∴ 𝑰𝒇 =
𝑹𝒇

Equivalent Circuit
𝑽𝑨 − 𝑰𝑨 𝑹𝑨 𝑽𝑨 − 𝑰𝑨 𝑹𝑨
𝝎= =
𝑲𝒗 𝑰𝒇 𝑽𝒇
𝑲𝒗
𝑹𝒇

➢ It means that the motor speed can be varied by

1. Controlling the armature voltage Va, known as voltage control.

2. Controlling the field current If known as field control. OR
3. Torque demand, which corresponds to an armature current Ia, for a
fixed field current If.
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𝑽𝑨 − 𝑰𝑨 𝑹𝑨
𝝉𝒊𝒏𝒅 = 𝑲𝒕 𝑰𝒂 𝑰𝒇 𝝎= 𝑷𝒅 = 𝝎 𝝉𝒊𝒏𝒅
𝑲𝒗 𝑰𝒇
Operating Modes
➢ In variable-speed applications, a dc motor may be operating in
one or more modes:

➢ Motoring
➢ Regenerative braking
➢ Dynamic braking
➢ Plugging, and
➢ Four quadrants.

➢ The operation of the motor in any one of these modes requires

connecting the field and armature circuits in different
arrangements.

➢ This is done by switching power semiconductor devices and

contactors.
Motoring

➢ The arrangements for motoring are shown in Fig.

➢ Back emf Eg is less than supply voltage Va. Both armature and field
currents are positive.

➢ The motor develops torque to meet the load demand

Motoring Mode
Regenerative Breaking

➢ The arrangements for regenerative braking are shown in Fig.

➢ The motor acts as a generator and develops an induced

voltage Eg.

➢ Eg must be greater than supply voltage Va.

➢ The armature current is negative, but the field current is

positive.

➢ The kinetic energy of the motor is returned to the supply

Regenerative braking
Dynamic braking
➢ The arrangements shown in Fig. are similar to those of
regenerative braking,

➢ Except the supply voltage Va is replaced by a braking

resistance Rb. The kinetic energy of the motor is dissipated in
Rb.

Dynamic braking
Plugging

➢ Plugging is a type of braking. The connections for plugging

are shown in Fig.

➢ The armature terminals are reversed while running.

➢ The supply voltage Va and the induced voltage Eg act in the

same direction.

➢ The armature current is reversed, thereby producing a

braking torque. The field current is positive.

Plugging
Four Quadrant Operation

𝝎
1.Q
4.Q
2.Q 3.Q

Four Quadrant Operation

• Quadrant of operation is defined by the speed and torque of the motor.

• Most rotating electrical machines can operate in 4 quadrants.

• Not all converters can operate in 4 quadrants

Continue

Four Quadrant Operation Circuits

Example of four Quadrant Operation
Operation Modes of an Electric Motor

Quadrant 1 operation: (+T, +ω)

When the car carrying people goes up and
is heavier than the counterweight

Quadrant 2 operation: (-T, +ω)

When an empty car goes up and is lighter
than the counterweight

Quadrant 3 operation: (-T, -ω)

When an empty car goes down and is
lighter than the counterweight

Quadrant 4 operation: (+T, -ω)

When the car carrying people goes down
and is heavier than the counterweight
THANK YOU