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 12th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Luleå Sweden 11-13 June 2018

)ODWWHQLQJRIKLOOE\EODVWLQJLQGHQVHO\SRSXODWHGDUHDIRU
FRQVWUXFWLRQRI,QWHUQDWLRQDO$LUSRUWDW1DYL0XPEDL,QGLD

035R\&6DZPOLDQD5.3DVZDQDQG3.6LQJK
CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad

$%675$&7
This paper deals with controlled blasting techniques used for flattening of Ulwe hill by blasting for
construction of International airport at Navi Mumbai, India which was surrounded by the populated
area and subsequently to determine optimum blast design parameters for blasting at the land devel-
opment site to achieve desired fragmentation level i.e. 300 mm to 700 mm for preparation of stable
runway foundation with minimum vibration level. Altogether, eighty-five blasts were conducted at
different locations/packages of the Navi Mumbai International Airport (NMIA) construction site in
order to flatten the Ulwe hill height from 92 mRL to 8 mRL. In total, 194 blast induced ground
vibration data were recorded and analysed, from 85 blasts conducted at different locations/packages
within the periphery of NMIA land development site. The blast de-signs were optimized through
experimental trials and all the adverse outcomes were controlled within safe limit. The highest mag-
nitude of ground vibration recorded in all the trial blasts was 12.4 mm/s with associated dominant
peak frequency of 55.4 Hz. The concentration of dominant frequencies varied between 20 and 80 Hz.
The delay interval between holes in a row i.e. 17ms / 25ms whereas between the rows 42 ms to 84
ms de-pending upon the number of rows and effective burden gave optimum results. The charge
factor value of 0.55 to 0.70 kg/m3 was found to be optimum to achieve desired fragmentation for the
land filling purpose. The land development work is being done smoothly and safely for construction
of Navi Mumbai International Airport (NMIA) as per the recommendation of CSIR-CIMFR and will
help in enhancing the aviation facilities for Mumbai to meet the demand for the Mumbai Metropolitan
Region (MMR).
 ,1752'8&7,21 field” international airports, currently being de-
veloped, offering world-class facilities for pas-
Enhancement in aviation facilities for Mumbai sengers, cargo, aircrafts and airlines. The pro-
is critical as the air travel demand forecast for posed second airport for MMR is located at Navi
the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) re- Mumbai as the area is expected to cater to the
veals that traffic will grow over 100 million pas- future growth in population, business and com-
sengers per annum (MPPA) by 2030-31. The ex- mercial activities of MMR. The availability of
isting Mumbai airport alone will not be able to excellent physical and social infrastructure cou-
handle such an increase in the air traffic. The ex- pled with an environment-friendly site makes
isting airport at Mumbai, is fast reaching satura- the Navi Mumbai Airport project both techni-
tion. Therefore a second airport in the Mumbai cally feasible and financially viable (Environ-
Region has become imperative. To meet the mental Compliance Monitoring Report for
growing demands of air travel, City and Indus- NMIA, 2017).
trial Development Corporation of Maharashtra
Ltd. (CIDCO) has proposed the development of The growth in resident population in Navi Mum-
a new airport at Navi Mumbai. bai, rapid development of its Central Business
District, coupled with major economic genera-
Navi Mumbai International Airport (NMIA) is tors such as Special Economic Zone, Jawaharlal
going to be one of the world’s largest “Green- Nehru Port, Thane-Belapur and Taloja industrial
areas and the huge catchment area ranging from

695
 12th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Luleå Sweden 11-13 June 2018
Pune to South Mumbai would ensure a steady
growth rate in traffic at the new airport, thus as-
suring steady revenues to the investors. In addi-
tion the project opens-up the state’s vast hinter-
land rich in agriculture, floriculture, hi-tech high
value industries to the world market. Thus the
airport will act as a focal point for the emergence
of a transshipment Centre in the South Asian re-
gion. One of the outlay of the proposed NMIA is
presented in Figure 1.
)LJXUH 2XWOD\ RI WKH SURSRVHG 1DYL
0XPEDL,QWHUQDWLRQDO$LUSRUW
The land development in the core airport areas
will be carried out on 1,161 hectare (ha) span-
ning nearly 6 km from east to west and 2.5 km
from north to south. The Airport Site encom-
passes a hill (namely Ulwe hill) which needs to
be flattened. The project involves pre-develop-
ment activities which includes land development
by blasting of hills in the project area, filling/rec-
lamation of the airport area, re-coursing of the
Ulwe river flowing through the airport site and
shifting of the Extra High Voltage Transmission
(EHVT) lines crossing airport land (NMIA Bro-
chure, 2014).
In the initial stage of land development, the
Ulwe hill will be cut and reduced up to 8.0 m and
leveling work will be carried out in the remain-
ing part using rock and earth fill material ex-
tracted from Ulwe hill. The remaining part will
be levelled up to 5.5 meter. The management of
CIDCO entrusted CSIR- Central Institute of
Mining and Fuel Research (CSIR-CIMFR),
Dhanbad for providing consultancy services for
flattening of Ulwe Hill using drilling and blast-
ing as part of the land development works for
696
construction of Navi Mumbai International Air-
port (NMIA).
The Rock Excavation Engineering Group of
CSIR-CIMFR has been assigned to accomplish
the work and in doing so 85 trial blasts were con-
ducted to optimize the blast design. As the pro-
ject site is being surrounded by villages, con-
trolled blasting has to be implemented at the site.
Blast induced ground vibrations were recorded
in and around the periphery of the project site to
optimize the blast design parameters. The blasts
were optimized not just to reduce the ground vi-
bration level but as the blasted muck has to be
used for filling the site it was desired to have
fragment size of 300 mm to 700 mm for prepa-
ration of stable runway foundation.
1.1 Vibration standards and criteria to prevent
damage
Peak particle velocity (PPV) has been globally
used in practice for assessment of blast-induced
damage to the structures. Different countries
adopt different standards depending on their
type of industrial/residential buildings. In India,
presently Directorate Journal of Mines Safety
(DGMS) technical circular 7 of 1997 is consid-
ered as vibration standard for the safety of sur-
face structures in mining areas. The DGMS
standard is given in Table 1.
 6,7(',6&5,37,21
The proposed Airport is located in the geograph-
ical center of Navi Mumbai, at latitude 18° 59ƍ
40Ǝ N and longitude 73° 04ƍ 13Ǝ E on the Na-
tional Highway No. 4B near Panvel at a distance
of approx. 35 km from the existing Chhatrapati
Shivaji International Airport (CSIA) in Mumbai.
The National Highway 4B provides the main
road access to the Airport from the east, whereas
the Aamra Marg provides road access to the Air-
port from the west. The Airport site is also ac-
cessible from the existing Mankhurd-Belapur-
Panvel and Thane-Panvel commuter rail corri-
dors from Khandeshwar Railway Station and
from the Targhar Railway Station on the Nerul –
Uran Railway line presently under development.
Figure 2 shows the satellite view of the Ulwe hill
highlighting the areas to be flattened by drilling
and blasting.
 12th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Luleå Sweden 11-13 June 2018

7DEOH '*06 WHFKQLFDO FLUFXODU  RI the explosive charge per hole varied between 23
 FRQFHUQLQJ WR EODVW YLEUD and 63 kg. The maximum explosive charge per
WLRQVWDQGDUGLQPPV delay also varied between 23 and 63 kg. Total
explosive charge detonated in a blasting round
Dominant excitation varied between 617 and 2331 kg.
Type of structure
frequency, Hz
8-25 Similarly, 30 blasts were carried out at Package
< 8 Hz !25 Hz III. The number of holes in the blasts varied from
Hz
10 to 60. The depth of holes varied from 3.5 to
(A) Buildings/structures not belong to the 12 m and the explosive charge per hole varied
owner between 8 and 64 kg. The maximum explosive
1.Domestic houses charge per delay also varied between 9 and 100
/structures kg. The total explosive charge detonated in a
5 10 15
(Kuchcha, brick and blasting round varied between 156 and 3,000 kg.
cement)
2. Industrial buildings 10 20 25 The similar blasts were conducted at Package IV
3. Objects of historical also. In total, 32 blasts were conducted with var-
importance and sensi- 2 5 10 ying blast design parameters. The total number
tive structures of holes in a blasting round varied between 12
(B) Buildings belonging to owner with limited and 66 whereas the depth of the holes varied
span of life from 3 to 11 m. The average explosive charge in
1. Domestic houses/ a hole varied between 7 and 58 kg. Total explo-
10 15 25 sive charge detonated in a blasting round varied
structures
between 250 and 3,283 kg whereas maximum
2. Industrial buildings 15 25 50
charge per delay ranged between 14 and 88 kg.
Nonel initiation system was used in all the blasts
for in-hole initiation of explosive charge as well
as surface hole-to-hole initiation. The down-the-
hole delay timing used in the blasts was 450 ms
whereas for Trunk line delays, 17, 25 and 42 ms
were used. Primer cartridges (booster charge)
were used in all the blasts conducted at different
package areas. Some of the blast design patterns
)LJXUH 6DWHOOLWH YLHZ RI WKH 8OZH KLOO performed at NMIA project is presented in Fig-
KLJKOLJKWLQJ WKH DUHD WKDW KDV WR ure 3 and Figure 4.
EHEODVWHG
 (;3(5,0(17$/'(7$,/6

The entire Navi Mumbai International Airport

land development project is divided into four
packages namely Package I and II, Package III
and Package IV for smooth, speedy and efficient
operation. The first blast was conducted at Pack-
age I and II area. In the 1st blast, 12 holes with
717 kg of explosives having maximum explo-
sive weight per delay of 63 kg were detonated. )LJXUH %ODVWGHVLJQFKDUJLQJSDWWHUQRI
The diameter of blasthole used in all the trial KROHVDQGGHWRQDWLRQVHTXHQFHRI
blasts was of 115 mm. In total, 23 blasts were H[SHULPHQWDO EODVW FRQGXFWHG DW
conducted at Package I and II with varying blast SDFNDJH,DQG,,
design and charging patterns. The total number
of holes in a blasting round varied from 12 to 37.
The depth of holes varied from 5.5 to 12 m and

697
 12th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Luleå Sweden 11-13 June 2018

)LJXUH %ODVWGHVLJQFKDUJLQJSDWWHUQRI (a)

KROHVDQGGHWRQDWLRQVHTXHQFHRI
H[SHULPHQWDO EODVW FRQGXFWHG DW
SDFNDJH,9
 021,725,1*2)*5281'
9,%5$7,21$1'$1$/<6,6

4.1 Blast induced ground vibration

Blast induced ground vibrations were monitored
in terms of peak particle velocity (PPV) for all
the blasts at each package. The ground vibra-
tions recorded from the blast trials conducted at (b)
Package I and II varied from 0.82 mm/s to 12.4
mm/s depending upon the distance of vibration )LJXUH D7KHEODVWZDYHVLJQDWXUHUHF
monitoring point from the blasting face as well RUGHG DW  P IURP WKH EODVW
as the maximum charge per delay and total FRQGXFWHGDW8OZH+LOO3DFNDJH,
charge used the blast. The distances of vibration DQG ,, E ))7 DQDO\VHV RI IUH
monitoring points from the trial blast sites varied TXHQFLHV RI YLEUDWLRQ GDWD SUH
from 100 to 750 m. Ground vibration data rec- VHQWHGLQD
orded from the trial blasts conducted at Package
Near field blast vibration data were also rec-
III were in the range of 0.78 to 18.9 mm/s. The
orded to evaluate the blast wave characteristics.
distance of the blasting site from the vibration
The Seismograph were placed at a distance of 50
monitoring point varied between 130 m and 400
m and 75 m to diagnose the blast vibration sig-
m. The ground vibration data recorded from the
natures in near field. The recorded values of
trial blasts conducted at Package IV varied be-
ground vibration were 44.4 mm/s and 35.4 mm/s
tween 0.78 mm/s and 18.9 mm/s. The vibration
at 50 m and 75 m respectively. Fast attenuation
monitoring instruments were set on ground sur-
in ground vibration data was observed. The blast
faces at the distance of 100 m to 350 m from the
wave signature recorded at 50 m from the blast
blasting site. One of the blast wave signature and
site is presented in Figure 6.
its Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) recorded from
the blast conducted at Package III is depicted in
Figure 5a and Figure 5b.

698
 12th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Luleå Sweden 11-13 June 2018

)LJXUH 5HJUHVVLRQSORWRIUHFRUGHG339
)LJXUH %ODVWZDYHVLJQDWXUHUHFRUGHGDW ZLWK WKHLU UHVSHFWLYH VFDOHG GLV
PIURPWKHEODVWVLWHWRHYDOX WDQFHV IRU 3DFNDJH , DQG ,, DW
DWHWKHEODVWZDYHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV 10,$SURMHFW

Ground vibrations data recorded were grouped

together for statistical analysis. Analysis was
performed individually for all different Pack-
ages and the empirical relationship has been es-
tablished correlating the maximum explosives
weight per delay (Qmax in kg), distance of vibra-
tion measuring transducers from the blasting
face (R in m) and recorded peak particle velocity
(v in mm/s) using USBM predictor equation
(Duvall et al. 1959, 1962). Regression of the )LJXUH 5HJUHVVLRQSORWRIUHFRUGHG339
ground vibration data recorded from the blasts ZLWK WKHLU UHVSHFWLYH VFDOHG GLV
conducted at different Packages were plotted in- WDQFHV IRU 3DFNDJH ,,, DW 10,$
dependently and the generalised established SURMHFW
equation combining all the vibration data for the
respective packages are given in equation 1,
equation 2 and equation 3 respectively. The re-
gression plot of Package I and II, Package III and
Package IV is presented in Figure 7, Figure 8
and Figure 9 respectively. The established em-
pirical equations for the Packages are as follows:
ିଵǤ଼଼
ܴ
‫ ݒ‬ൌ ʹͺ͵͸ǤͶ ቆ ቇ (1)
ඥܳ௠௔௫
)LJXUH 5HJUHVVLRQSORWRIUHFRUGHG339
ܴ
ିଵǤହ଺ଷ ZLWK WKHLU UHVSHFWLYH VFDOHG GLV
‫ ݒ‬ൌ ͻͲͲǤͲͻ ቆ ቇ (2) WDQFHV IRU 3DFNDJH , DQG ,, DW
ඥܳ௠௔௫ 10,$SURMHFW
ିଵǤସ଴ଽ
ܴ 4.2 Noise/Air overpressure
‫ ݒ‬ൌ ͸ʹ͸Ǥͷʹ ቆ ቇ (3)
ඥܳ௠௔௫ Air overpressure in the mining or quarrying con-
text is the superposition of a number of impul-
sive air pressures as a result of the detonation of
explosive in the ground. The recorded levels of
air overpressure ranged from 94 to 134.9 dB(L)
for the blasts conducted at Package I and II. The
levels of air overpressure from the blasts con-
ducted at Package III were in the range of 108.4

699
 12th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Luleå Sweden 11-13 June 2018
to 135.8 dB(L). The recorded levels of air over-
pressure varied between 94 dB(L) and 131.8
dB(L) for Package IV. The plot of recorded blast
induced air overpressure data with varying dis-
tance is depicted in Figure 10.
)LJXUH 3ORW RI DLU RYHUSUHVVXUH ZLWK UH
VSHFWWRPHDVXULQJGLVWDQFH
4.2 Frequency of blast induced ground vibration
The dominant peak frequencies of ground vibra-
tions were in the range of 10.1 to 121.8 Hz. FFT
analyses of blast vibration frequencies con-
firmed that concentration of dominant frequen-
cies were between 20 and 80 Hz. The plot of rec-
orded dominant frequencies at various distances
is presented in Figure 11.
)LJXUH 3ORW RI GRPLQDQW IUHTXHQFLHV RI
EODVW ZDYHV UHFRUGHG DW YDULRXV
ORFDWLRQV LQ WKH SHULSKHU\ RI WKH
GLIIHUHQWSDFNDJHVRI10,$SUR
MHFW1DYL0XPEDL
 021,725,1*2)9(/2&,7<2)
'(721$7,,21$1'$1$/<6,6
Uniform in-the-hole VOD of explosive is essen-
tially required throughout the blastholes in order
to produce sufficient detonation pressure to the
blasthole walls. Booster is provided in the explo-
sive column at bottom to sustain and maintain
the VOD for the uniform breakage of rock. The
700
recorded velocity of detonation (VOD) of slurry
cartridges were varied in between 3803.5 m/s
and 4124 m/s. Figure 12 depicts the in-the-hole
VOD recorded at Package III of NMIA project.
)LJXUH 7KHWUDFHVRIUHFRUGHGLQWKHKROH
92'RI6OXUU\FDUWULGJHV
 52&.)5$*0(17$7,21
$1$/<6,6
The NMIA land development project require-
ments were to use the fragmented rocks i.e. gen-
erated due to blasting for the development of the
site. The required fragment size for the land de-
velopment work of the project site was 300 mm
to 700 mm. Muck pile characteristic mainly de-
pends on bench specification, geometry, desired
swell distribution and excavator characteristics
etc. To obtain the required fragment size, rock
fragmentation analysis was performed for each
blast and accordingly design parameters were
modified depending upon the requirements and
rock conditions.
The Kuz-Ram model is generally used for pre-
diction of the fragmentation size after blasting.
The Kuz-Ram model is an empirical fragmenta-
tion model based on the Kuznetsov (1973) and
Rosin and Rammler equations modified by Cun-
ningham (1983, 1987), which derives the coeffi-
cient of uniformity in the Rosin and Rammler
equation from blasting parameters. Rock proper-
ties, explosive properties, and design variables
are combined in this modern version of the Kuz-
Ram fragmentation model. The Rosin-Rammler
 12th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Luleå Sweden 11-13 June 2018

equation used by Cunningham (1983) for blast- the blasts conducted on all the Packages. The
ing analysis is: Photographs of muck piles were taken just after
blast to the last date of mucking to get the overall
n
§ x · fragment size of a particular blast. Fragmented
 ¨¨ ¸¸ (4)
© xc ¹ view of some of the blasts conducted at Ulwe
R e
Hill Package I and II is shown in Figure 13. Fig-
Where R is the fraction of material retained on ure 14 depicts the process involved in fragmen-
screen tation analysis i.e. netting and contouring of rock
fragments whereas the fragmentation results in
x is the screen size the form of cumulative and histogram curve is
xc is a constant called characteristic size and depicted in Figure 15. The summary of the frag-
n is a constant called uniformity index. ment size distribution is given in Table 2.
The uniformity index typically has values be-
tween 0.6 and 2.2 (Cunningham 1983). A value
of 0.6 means that the muckpile is non-uniform
(dust and boulders) while a value of 2.2 means a
uniform muckpile with majority of fragments
close to the mean size. The importance of the
uniformity index is size distribution curves hav-
ing the same characteristic size but different val-
ues of uniformity index.
Noy (2012) suggested that fitting of the frag-
mentation measurement tool to digging equip-
)LJXUH 9LHZ RI WKH )UDJPHQWHG URFNV
ment by means of positioning the camera system
IURPWKHEODVWVFRQGXFWHGDWGLI
on digger, will optimise the viewing parameters
IHUHQWEHQFKHVRI8OZH+LOOXQGHU
that improve the exposure of the fragmentation
3DFNDJH,DQG,,
for segmentation algorithms. Onderra et al.
(2015) also suggested the mounting of fragmen-
tation imaging system on digging equipment. In
this study rock fragmentation analyses were car-
ried out for each blast using photoanalysis sys-
tem. Photoanalysis system was adopted.

Rock fragmentation analysis output is a good in-

dicator for evaluation, efficiency and productiv- )LJXUH 1HWWLQJ DQG FRQWRXULQJ RI EORFN
ity of surface mining. The rock fragment sizes VL]HV RI IUDJPHQWV DW 8OZH +LOO
were analyzed using Wipfrag software of M/s 3DFNDJH,DQG,,
Wipware Inc., Canada. The output of the anal-
yses are in the form of number of exposed frag-
mented blocks, maximum, minimum and mean
sizes of the fragmented blocks, detail sieve anal-
ysis as per the requirement i.e. at different per-
centile size viz. D10, D20, D30, D40 and D50. The
meaning of D10 is the ten-percentile, for which
10% by weight of the sample is finer and 90%
coarser. In terms of sieving, D10 is the size of
sieve opening through which 10% by weight of )LJXUH +LVWRJUDP DQG FXPXODWLYH VL]H
the sample would pass. FXUYH YLHZLQJ RI IUDJPHQWHG
EORFNVL]HVRI)LJXUH
The effect of blast design parameters on frag-
mentation size of the rock has been studied for

701
 12th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Luleå Sweden 11-13 June 2018

7DEOH 6XPPDU\RIIUDJPHQWVL]HGLVWUL
EXWLRQ DW GLIIHUHQW SDFNDJHV RI
10,$SURMHFW

Package Package Package

I and II III IV

85.3- 73.9- 100.5-

Mean Size (mm)
514.6 265.0 422.4
150-
Mode Size (mm) 150-500 150-1000
1000
523.2- 612.8- 771.9-
Xmax (mm)
2040.4 1128.3 3461.3
)LJXUH 6LPXODWLRQ FXUYH IRU SHUFHQWDJH
180.2- 52.4- 176.9- SDVVLQJVL]H
X50 (mm)
991.8 524.3 940.9
7DEOH 2SWLPL]HG EODVW GHVLJQ SDUDPH
Index of uni- 1.687- 1.319- 1.348- WHUVIRUUHTXLUHGIUDJPHQWVL]HDW
formity (n) 2.876 2.935 2.933 10,$SURMHFW
 237,0,=$7,212)%/$67'(6,*1

Top stemming
Hole diameter
Fragment size

Charge factor
Bench height
3$5$0(7(56

B × S [m]

[kg/m3]
[mm]

[mm]

[m]
In the trial blasts, depth of holes varied widely
from 4 to 12 m depending on the availably of
blasting benches. Burden and spacing varied
from 2.0 to 2.75 m and 2.5 to 3.5 m respectively.
300 - 0.55-
Decked charges were used for blasthole depth 100 6 2 × 2.5 2.2
400 0.65
more than 8 m. The charge factors used varied
from 0.55 to 0.67 kg/m3 depending on the rock 400 - 2.4 × 0.55-
115 6–8 2.5
formation encountered in the blasting area. 500 2.8 0.65
Good fragmentations were obtained in most of 500 - 2.5 × 0.55-
115 8 – 10 2.7
the blasts. However, in a few blasts oversize 600 3.0 0.65
boulders were obtained due to the presence of 600 - 10 – 2.8 ×
inherent joint planes in the blasted rock mass. 150 3.0 0.6-0.7
700 12 3.2
Therefore, the charge factor value of 0.55 to 0.70
kg/m3 was found to be optimum to achieve good
fragmentation. Table 3 represents the optimized  &21&/86,216
blast design parameters for different benches of
The major challenge at the site is to control the
Package I and II, Package III and Package IV of
blast induced ground vibration, air overpressure
NMIA.
and flyrock as the project area is surrounded by
The prediction of blasted rock size were done dwellers of small villages. The blast designs
with different combination of burden, spacing, were optimized through experimental trials and
bench height, hole diameter, top stemming and all the adverse outcomes were controlled within
charge factor with the help of blast design simu- safe limit. The highest magnitude of ground vi-
lation software. The simulation curve for frag- bration recorded in all the trial blasts was 12.4
mentation size using Kuz-Ram model is pre- mm/s with associated dominant peak frequency
sented in Figure 16. The analysed blast design as of 55.4 Hz. The dominant peak frequencies of
per the requirement of fragment size of the blast ground vibration waves were in the range of
is given in Table 3. 10.10 to 121.80 Hz. The FFT analyses of blast
vibration data confirmed that the concentration
of dominant frequencies vary between 20 and 80

702
 12th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Luleå Sweden 11-13 June 2018
Hz. Hence, the safe level of vibration has been
taken as 10 mm/s as per regulatory authority of
India.
The recorded air overpressure in all the trial
blasts was in the range of 94 – 134.9 dB(L). All
the blasts were conducted using Nonel initiation
system. It was recommended that blasts within
the range of 100 m from the nearby structures in
the village must be initiated using electronic in-
itiation system to check the noise/air overpres-
sure and currently the work is being done be-
yond 240 m from the dwellings.
Flyrocks did not occur in most of the trial blasts.
This was achieved by implementation of proper
blast design patterns with complete supervision
of the total blasting operations. The pyrotechnic
Initiation systems (NONEL) and electronic ini-
tiation system was found to be effective in con-
trolling flyrocks. The conveyor belt with sand
bags were used in sensitive blasting sites.
The charge factors used in the trial blasts varied
from 0.55 to 0.67 kg/m3 depending on the rock
formation encountered in the blasting area. Rock
fragmentation analyses were carried out for all
the blasts and desired fragmentations were ob-
tained in most of the blasts. However, in a few
blasts oversize boulders were obtained due to the
presence of inherent joint planes in the blasted
rock mass. The charge factor value of 0.55 to
0.70 kg/m3 was found to be optimum to achieve
good fragmentation.
The delay interval between holes in a row should
be 17ms / 25ms whereas between the rows, it
should be between 42 ms and 84 ms depending
upon the number of rows and effective burden.
If the number of rows are more than two, the de-
lay interval between rows should be increased by
giving the delay interval of 42 ms, 59 ms, 65 ms
and 84 ms in successive rows.
The land development work is being done
smoothly and safely for construction Navi Mum-
bai International Airport (NMIA) as per the rec-
ommendation of CSIR-CIMFR and will help in
enhancing the aviation facilities for Mumbai to
meet the demand for the Mumbai Metropolitan
Region (MMR).

703
$&.12:/('*(0(176
CSIR-CIMFR is thankful to the management of
M/s CIDCO Maharashtra Limited for sponsor-
ing the study. The sincere co-operation and help
extended to the team by the management Pack-
age I and II, Package III and Package IV are also
thankfully acknowledged.
5()(5(1&(6
Cunningham, C.V.B. (1987) Fragmentation es-
timations and the Kuz-Ram model—four
years on, In Proceedings 2nd International
Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blast-
ing, Keystone, Colorado, USA, 23–26 Au-
gust 1987; pp 475–487.
Cunningham, C.V.B. (1983) The Kuz-Ram
model for prediction of fragmentation from
blasting, Proceedings of 1st International
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