What are the three(3) major groups of soil?

granular soil, fine grained soil,

organic soil
soils can be classified according to grains size and plasticity? yes
What are the common laboratory tests required for soil? sieve analysis and hydrometer test,
compaction test (moisture-density
relation), California bearing
ratio test (CBR), abrasion
test (mass % of wear), unit
weight, moisture content

What are the common field tests? field density test (FDT),
moisture content, density strip,
soil exploration, boring test
What tests are used in soil classification? grading or sieve analysis, plastic and
liquid limit test
What are the plastic and liquid limit test collectively known? Atterberg Test
What is the significance of field density? to determine the degree of
compaction of soil or it is a control test
in embankment construction to ensure
adequate compaction
What is the moisture content? it is the amount of water present in the
soil.
What is the difference between natural moisture content with hygroscopic natural moisture content is the
moisture content? moisture of undisturbed soil sample
while hygroscopic moisture content is
the moisture of air-dried soil sample

What happens if the moisture content in clayey soil is greater than LL? it becomes unstable
What is the formula used for rmoisture content determination? Moisture content = (wt. of water / wt.
of oven dried sample) x 100
What happens if the moisture content in granular soil is too dry? it becomes unstable
Weighing hot sample is not advisable as it is affects the accuracy of result. 1
(TRUE or FALSE)
What is considered a stabilizing Moisture Content agent? rock salt of Calcium Chloride
What is the container where a sample is placed while waiting for it to cool? Dessicator
What are the methods use in reducing samples from the field to testing size? sample splitter (method A), quartering
(method B)
What is the required temperature for oven drying the soil sample? 110 deg plus/minus 5 deg
How long should a sample be kept for oven drying in 110 deg C? 24 hours
How to determine if the sample is already oven dried? sample is already oven-dried if it has
reach its contant weight
How to prepare or to come up with air-dried sample? air dry the sample under the heat of
the sun
If impossible to air-dry sample under the heat of the sun, what alternative over-dry sample at 60 deg C
should be used?
Sample for liquid limit and plastic limit test should pass to what sieve size? Sieve no. 40 or 0.425 mm sieve
What do you call the densification of sol mass by reducing air voids? compaction

Sample for compaction test should pass to what sieve size? method A and B, use sample passing
sieve no. 4, (4.75mm) method C and
D, use sample passing sieve no. 3/4
(20.0 mm)
What test is that which uses a rammer and a mold? Moisture-Density Relation test or
compaction test
What is the difference between T-99 and T-180 compaction test method? T-99 uses 2.5 kg (5.5 lbs) rammer
with a drop of 12" height while T-180
uses 4.54 kg (10 lbs) rammer with a
drop of 18 " height.
what method of moisture density relation of soil (laboratory compaction) as method C
determined by AASHTO T-99, if the sample is item 104
How many blows per layer is usually required for T-99 for item 104? 25 blows
How many blows per layer is usually required for T-180 for item 200? 56 blows
What is particle size analysis? It is the determination of particle size
distribution in soils by sieve,
hydrometer, or a combined analysis
What are the other terms for particle size analysis? sieve analysis, mechanical analysis,
grading test/analysis
What is the liquid limit? it is the lowest moisture content at
which the soil will flow upon the
application of a very small shearing
force
The liquid limit is expressed as the moisture content corresponding to what 25 blows
number of blows?
it is the limit of water content between liquid state and plastic state: liquid limit
What test determines the water content at which soil passes from zero Liquid Limit
strength to an infinitesinal strength?
What is the plastic limit? it is the minimum moisture content at
which the soil can be readily be
molded without breaking or crumbling

What test determines the moisture content at which soil has the smallest Plastic Limit
plasticity just before the soil displays the properties of a semi-solid.

What do you call the maximum water content at which a reduction in water Shrinkage Limit
content does not cause an appreciable decrease in volume of the soil mass

What is the ratio of a given volume change expressed as a % of the dry shrinkage ratio
volume to the corresponding change in water content above the shrinkage
limit.
What do you call the decrease in volume of a soil mass when the water volumetric shrinkage
content is reduced from a given % to the shrinkage limit.
What kind of water shall be used in laboratory test especially if it deals with distilled water
chemicals?
liquit limit brass cup with sample is raised and allowed to drop sharply on the 10 mm
base through a height of what?
How many rotations per second will the crank of a liquid limit device be 2 rotations per second
rotated?
in doing a plastic limit tes,t to what diameter will the soil thread begin to 3.2mm (1/8")
break?
what is the formula for plastic limit? PL = (Wa - Wb)/Wb x 100 where : Wa
= orig. wt. of crumbled soil thread; Wb
= wt. Of overn-dried crumbled soil

What is the plastic index? It is the difference between the liquid

limit and plastic limit. Or PI = LL - PL

Sample for compaction test should pass to what sieve size? method A and B, use sample passing
sieve no. 4, (4.75mm) at least 3 kilos;
method C and D, use sample passing
sieve no. 3/4 (20.0 mm)
 Sample for soil for mechanical analysis should pass what sieve size? material passing 2.00 mm sieve at
least 115 grams for sandy soil and 65
grams for silty or clayey soils
sample for use in Atterberg tests should pass what sieve size? material passing 0.425 mm or no 40
sieve for at least 200 grams
What is the specific gravity? It is used in a gravimetric-volumetric
relationship in soils. (or defined as the
ratio of the wt. In air of an equal
volume of water at a stated
temperature.) 4 deg C
What is the approximate area for density control strips? 335 sq. meters
What is the maximum depth of roadway embankments per horizontal layer in 200 mm (8")
loose measurement?
embankment material should be laid and compacted by layer at maximum 200 mm (8")
thickness of _______
what group classification of soil if the sample is silty or clayey gravel and sand A-2-4

what is the mass hydrated lime be added to the mixture during the mixing 5.0 to 8.0%
operation in dry aggregate basis?

item 104
what item of work is embankment? item 104 (previously item 107)
What is the required particle size for selected borrow for topping under item all particle size will pass a 3" (75 mm)
104(embankment)? square openings and not more than
15% mass will pass no
200( 0.075mm) (AASHTO T11)
P. I. Requirement for item 104 (selected common borrow) is what? 6 maximum
LL. requirement for item 104 (selected common borrow) is what? 30 maximum
What is the minimum % field density or degree of compaction for item 104 95% minimum
(embankment)?
What are the test and number of test needed for 1,800 cu. M. item 104? G or Grading = 2, P or Plasticity = 2,
C or Compaction = 2, D or Density =
three in-situ density tests/ 500 sq. m.

How much volume is represented by grading and plasticity tests for item 104? 1,000 cu m

How much volume is represented by grading and plasticity tests for item 201? 300 cu m

How much volume is represented by compaction test for item 104? 1,000 cu m
How much volume is represented by compaction test for item 201? 1,500 cu m
How many density tests are required for item 104 and 201? every 500 sq m
How much volume is represented by a CBR test? every 2,500 cu m
How much quality test is required for item 201? every 1,500 cu m
per program of work, the estimated volume of item 201 materials is 7,500 25 grading and 25 plasticity
cu.m. How many grading and plasticity tests are required based on the DPWH
minimum testing requirements?
What is the Degree of Compaction of soil having a maximum dry density % deg of compaction = (wt. Of dry
2,250 kg/ cu. M. and wet density of soil from hole equivalent to 2,335 kg per density/ (1+MC/100) / MAXIMUM
cu. M. and an average moisture content of 8.85% DRY DENSITY = 95.34%
Is the soil for the above number passed the item 104 requirement for % yes, it is 95.34 which is greater than
degree of compaction? 95% compaction required
for item 104, existing ground shall be compacted to a depth of: 8 inches or 20 cm
for item 104 under selected borrow, materials passing sieve with 75 mm (3.0 100%
inch) square opening is:
for every _______square meters or fraction thereof, 1 situ-Density Test? 500 sq. m.
how many Hole in 1Situ - Density? 3 - holes

item 200
what is the kind of material used for item 200? Aggregate sub-base course
maximum size of item 200 2 inches
maximum size of item 201 2 inches
maximum size of item 202 1 1/2 inch
P. I. requirement for materials passing sieve no 40 (0.425mm) for item 200 12 maximum
(aggregate sub-base course)?
LL. requirement for item 200 (aggregate sub-base course) passing sieve no 35 maximum
40 (0.425 mm) ?
The required CBR value of item 200? 25% minimum (AASHTO T 180
method D)
What is the minimum degree of compaction for item 200 and 201? 100 % minimum

Coarse portion retained on sieve no. 10 (2.00 mm) of item 200 shall have a 50% maximum
mass percent of wear by Los Angeles abrasion test of what?
Moisture-Density Relation Test determines: MDD (maximum dry density) and
OMC (optimum moisture content)
What is the highest point in moisture density curve of the moisture density MDD (maximum dry density) and
relation test of compaction test of soil represents? OMC (optimum moisture content)
What is the required size of calibrated sand used for (FDT) Field Density any clean, dry, free-flowing,
Test? uncemented sand passing no. 10
(2.00 mm) and retained no. 200
(0.075 mm) sieves.
What are the advantages of adequate compaction of gravel road? minimal future settlement, greater
stability - reducing slips and greater
resistance to water

What are the test and number of test needed for 2,960 cu. M. aggregate base G or Grading = 10, P or Plasticity =
course (item 201)? 10, C or Compaction = 2, D or Density
= three in-situ density tests/ 500 sq.
m.,CBR = 2 ( 1 for every 2,500cu.m.
or fraction thereof), Q = 2

What are the apparatus/materials use for Field Density Test (FDT)? sand cone, jug ( at least 4 liters),
guide plate, moisture cans, sand,
weighing scale, oven with
temperature control, chisel or digging
tools, plastic bags and labeling
materials ( tag name)

item 201 materials with CBR value of 75% (which is 5% less than the adequate compaction is applied
minimum requirement) can still be used in the design of a concrete pavement during construction, increase the
provided that the following are considered thickness requirement of base course;
the design is only intended for a
barangay road project
item 201 materials with CBR value of 75% (which is 5% less than the the foundation contains unsuitable
minimum requirement) can still be used in the design of a concrete pavement materials
provided that the there is adequate compaction, thickness is increased and it
is intended only for a barangay road project except. . . .
What does a CBR of 2.0 represents good and normal soil
What is the standard diameter of an orifice in FDT sand cone? 1/2 inch (12.7 mm)
What kind of test that requires calibrated sand in filling the hole in order to FDT or field density test
determine the volume of hole?
the standard penetration test (SPT) is an in-situ test that measures what? depth of soil layer

Thickness of in-placed sub-base course can be determined by: Test Pitting

 a one-lane road, with a pavement width of 3.5 meters and shoulder width of 3 layers over the full width of 4.5 m?
0.5 meter on each side of the pavement, was designed to have sub base and
base courses with a combined thickness of 300 mm. If the thickness of the
sub base is a 125 mm, the spreading and compaction of the sub base and
base courses shall be carried out in:
soft and unstable sols were encountered during the course of sub grade geo textiles
preparation. If you were the materials engineer assigned to the project, what
is the most effective and cheaper method that you would recommend to
stabilize the soil prior to the construction of the sub base course?

Soil stabilizing agent: lime for silty and clayey soil, cement
for sandy soil
What may be considered non hydraulic cement? lime
the uniformly compacted sub-grade, sub-base and base course must be 0.60 m
extended at least ____ from either side of the width to be concreted
What is the property of the soil which permits water(fluid( to percolate through permeability
its continuously connected voids?

AGGREGATES
specific gravity and absorption

How many hours does a fine aggregate tested for specific gravity and 15 to 19 hours
absorption be soaked in water?
How to determine if the final agg. reaches the saturated surface dry it is determined by the use of cone
condition? test for surface moisture and if the
molded shape of fine agg. Slumps
only slightly it indicates that it has
reached a surface-dry condition
What are the tests required for concrete FINE aggregates? grading, sp gravity, absorption, dry
unit weight.
for every _______ cu.m. of fine Aggregates or fraction thereof one(1) grading 75 cu.m.
test
for every _______ cu.m. of fine Aggregates or fraction thereof one(1) quality 1,500 cu.m.
test
What are the tests required for concrete COARSE aggregates? grading, sp gravity, absorption, dry
unit weight, and abrasion. Soundness
is also tested as per request.

for every _______ cu.m. of coarse Aggregates or fraction thereof one(1) 75 cu.m.
grading test
for every _______ cu.m. of coarse Aggregates or fraction thereof one(1) 1,500 cu.m.
quality test

What is the maximum mass % wear by Los Angeles Abrasion Test? 40% maximum
What is the required speed of Los Angeles Abrasion Machine per minute? 30 to 33 rpm

What is the size or diameter and weight of cast-iron spheres use in abrasion? approx. 46.8 mm dam and each
weighing between 390 and 455 grams

What is the formula for % of wear? % wear = (orig. wt - wt retained in no.

12 sieve) / orig. wt x 100
What is the required total wt of sample for abrasion test of coarse aggregate, 5,000 grams plus/minus 25 grams
grading A with 12 number of spheres
 What is the significance of abrasion test? it evaluates the structural strength of
coarse agg., gives an indication of
quality as determined by resistance to
impact and wear, it determines
whether the aggregates will have
degradation during traffic or rolling

what is the sieve use in sieving materials from abrasion machine? sieve no. 12 (1.70 mm)
testing machines should be calibrated once every six(6) months if possible but once a year
if it is not possible what is the required time should the machine be calibrated?

percent tolerance of error in calibrating the machines? plus minus 1%

CEMENT
quality test for cement is represented by how many bags of cement? 2,000 bags or fraction thereof
What is the specific gravity of cement? 3.15
how many sample should be taken for every 75 cu.m. fresh concrete? 3 pcs sample or 1 set sample
what is the sample for structural concrete? concrete cylinder sample
concrete cylinder sample should be continuously cured for? 28 days or one day before concrete
testing
What is the size of a concrete cylinder? Height of cylinder is twice its diameter

in testing concrete cylinder sample the load applied should be continuous with 0.14 to 0.34 Mpa per second or 20 to
out shock at a constant rate within the range of ___________per second 50 psi per second

During the application of the first half of the anticipated load a ____________ higher rate
rate of loading shall be permitted
What is the acceptable rate of loading for the test? 20 - 50 psi/sec loading rate
what is the test use to determine the consistency of concrete? slump test
how to compute for the slump of concrete? slump = height of slump cone - height
of fresh concrete after subsidence

What is an acceptable slump if the sample is rodded? 3 inches

What is an acceptable slump if the sample is rodded or vibrated? 1 to 3 inches
What is an acceptable slump if the sample is only vibrated? 1 inch
the most important single factor affecting the strength of concrete is: water cement ratio

If there is a necessity to add water to the concrete mix in order to increase its not exceeding 45 minutes and that
workability (provided concrete does not exceed specified slump), how many water-cement ratio is not exceeded.
minutes after the initial time of mixing does adding of water be permitted?

What is the slump of a workable concrete if not vibrated? 40 - 75 mm; if vibrated the slump is 10
- 40 mm
how to compute for the compressive strength of concrete cylinder sample? CS = P/A where A = P D2/4

sample for concrete pavement? concrete beam samples

how many times per layer should a concrete specimen molded in a 6" x 6" x 63 times per layer
21" beam mold be rodded?
At what age should a concrete beam sample be tested for flexural test? 14 days
How to compute the flexural strength of concrete beam sample tested at third R = PL / bd2 = P / 12
point loading?
How to compute for flexural strength at center point loading test? R = 3 PL / 2bd2; = 3P / 4
what is the sampling requirement for paving concrete for every 75 cu.m. or one(1) set (consisting of 3 pcs)
fraction thereof. concrete beam sample
how many sets of sample shall be taken from 330 sq. mts. Of pavement? 1 set consisting of 3 concrete beam
test specimens or fraction thereof
which of the following is not a quality test for cement? California bearing ratio
What is the minimum flexural strength for third point loading test? 3.8 Mpa (550 psi)
What is the minimum flexural strength for center point loading test? 4.5 Mpa (650 psi)
What is item 311? PCCP (Portland Cement Concrete
Pavement)
what kind of forms are to be used in item 311? steel forms and of a depth equal to
the thickness of the pavement.
maximum size of coarse aggregate for item 311 3 inches or 75 mm
maximum size of selected borrow materials for topping? 3 inches or 75 mm
maximum size of fine aggregates for item 311 and item 405 3/8 or 9 mm
maximum size of coarse aggregate for item 300 1 inch or 25 mm
what is the compressive strength of the PCCP (Portland Cement Concrete 24.1 Mpa (3,500 psi)
Pavement) when tested at 14 days?
concrete area represented by the cores will be considered adequate if the 85% of the required strength
average strength is equal to?
if the strength of item 311 control specimens does not meet the requirements payment of the concrete will be made
by not more than 25% and it is not feasibly to obtain cores from the structure at an adjusted price
due to structural considerations:

how long shall the forms remain undisturbed after concrete pouring? 24 hours
when concrete is mixed in a central mixing plant, how many seconds is the not less than 50 seconds nor more
mixing time? than 90 seconds
in transporting concrete, what is the time elapsed from the time water is it shall not exceed 45 minutes if
added to the mix until the concrete is deposited in place at the site? hauled in non agitating trucks and 90
minutes when hauled in truck mixers
or truck agitators.
how is concrete consolidated? by the use of a vibrator inserted in the
concrete vertically
how many seconds does the vibrator be operated in one location? 15 seconds
Which part of the batch for fresh concrete should the sample be taken from Two or more regular intervals during
stationary mixers, revolving drum truck mixers or agitators? discharge of middle portion of the
batch
What is the size of the tamping rod used in sampling concrete? 16 mm (5/8 inch) diam and 610 mm
(24 in) long with the tamping end
rounded to a hemispherical tip of the
same diameter as the rod.
how to determine the thickness of pavement? by means of concrete core
thickness determination for 1 km concrete pavement. How many cores shall 5 core bore in 1 km concrete
be taken? pavement road of one land only
in accepting completed concrete poured by lane, thickness determination one core from every 200 meters
shall be carried out by obtaining one core from every
How many core bore in one lot? five(5) core bore in one lot
how many lots of core bore need to be performed in 1,000 lin meter double two lots
lane?
if the lanes are concreted separately what kind of joint in a form of key or longitudinal construction joint
keyway is used?
what kind of bars are placed perpendicular to the joint between two adjacent deformed steel tie bars
lanes?
what dowels are used in cold joints or constructions? dowel or plain bar and painted
what is the other name of transverse contraction joint? weaken plane joint
which of the following bituminous material is best recommended for sealing joint filler asphalt (commonly called
weakened plane joints? hard asphalt or blown asphalt)
what is the depth of the weaken plane joint when sawed with a concrete saw? not less than 50 mm

the width of the weaken plane joint is _________? not more than 6 mm
when is the right time to saw the weaken plane joint? within 24 hours as soon as concrete
has hardened sufficiently. Maybe as
short as 8 hours
what shall be done if cracks appear at or near the joint prior to the time of sawing shall be omitted
sawing?
tie bars shall not be coated or painted with _________? asphalt or other materials
what is the metal device that are used as a load transfer device held in a dowels
position parallel to the surface and center line of the slab of pavement?
to protect dowels from corrosion and to facilitate sliding in concrete, it shall be thin film of bitumen
coated with _______________?
the surface of the pavement shall be roughened by means of brooming or slapping it with thick
______________? burlap belts
what is the depth of the corrugation produced by brooming in the surface of 1.5 mm
the pavement?
where do we take additional cores when the measurement of any core taken at no less than 5 meter intervals
from the pavement is deficient in thickness by more than 25 mm? parallel to the centerline in each
direction from the affected location
the surface of the newly placed concrete when it is sufficiently set shall be 72 hours
cured for a period of ____________?
The curing of the pavement is done on the following: by covering the concrete with mats
saturated with water; thoroughly
wetting the pavement; by ponding; by
applying curing compound
immediately after finishing of the
surface

the concrete pavement surface shows high spots of 15 mm in a 3-meter The concrete shall be removed and
straight edge. The concrete in the area represented by these high spots: replaced but if high sports being
noted exceeds 3 mm but not
exceeding 12 mm it shall be ground
down only
what is the concrete sample required for concrete girder of bridges? concrete cylinder samples cured
continuously for 28 days, 3 pieces
when is the right time the joint be sealed? after the curing period or before it is
opened to traffic
the main problem associated with wrong practice of conveying concrete is segregation
called what?
the specifications call for 1:2:4 concrete mix. In a one bagger mixer, which of 20 liters
the following amount of water is most likely required for the mix?
What are the controls practiced in concrete production? measuring scales should be
calibrated and checked periodically.
MC of aggregates should be checked
for correction of mix. Measurement of
aggregates, water and cement should
be checked slowly.

Why is a concrete specimen better than actual? water is added to the mix; Placing of
concrete is delayed; Weather
conditions are unsuitable;
consolidation is inadequate.
Why is actual concrete better than specimen? Sampling was incorrectly taken;
preparation is incorrect; specimen has
been damaged; testing was done
incorrectly; curing and protection was
done incorrectly; calculation is
erroneous; specimen has the wrong
identification tag.

What kind of concrete is used in water? seal or seal concrete

What is the chemical reaction between the water and cementitious ingredients Curing or hydration
of a concrete mix that hardens the concrete?
What is the glue that binds all of the aggregates together to provide a strong calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) gel
watertight and durable concrete product?
 Name the processes that may accelerate curing of concrete? Autoclave, dry heat and live steam
systems
What method of accelerating concrete curing is done by using furnaces? autoclave systems

other construction materials:

concrete masonry (hollow blocks) if subject to test how many sample is 6 pcs/ 10,000 units, 12 pcs if more
required? than 10,000 units
what is the strength requirement for load bearing concrete masonry units? individual = 5.5 Mpa (800 psi) min or
average for 3 samples = 6.9 Mpa
(1,000 psi) minimum
How about for non-load bearing concrete masonry units, what is the required individual = 3.5 Mpa (500 psi) min or
strength? average for 3 samples = 4.14 Mpa
(600 psi) minimum
What is the significance of testing reinforcing steel bars? to determine the yield and tensile
strength of the bar as well as its
elongation and is used to classify the
bars into grade.
What is the required length of RSB for testing? 1 meter/ 10,000 kgs/size/shipment
What is the significance of bending test for RSB? to evaluate the ductile properties of
RSB
For every ________ kls of Reinforcing Steel Bar or fraction thereof 1 quality 10,000 kgs
test (Q)
What is the required size of test specimen for G.I. Sheets? 60 mm x 60 mm (3 pcs from one(1)
sheet / 1,000 sheets
What is the required sample for paints? 1 can(gal or pail)/100 cans(gal or pail)

What kind of paint that has a reflectance in the form of beads? reflectorized traffic paint
What is the common components of house paints? pigment and vehicle
what is item 504 in a DPWH specifications? Grouted riprap
What is the mixture of the grout for item 504? 1 part cement, 3 parts fine sand
what is item 505 in a DPWH specifications? stone masonry
What is the mixture of the grout for item 505? 1 part cement, 2 parts fine sand
What is the difference of items 504 and 505? placement of stone or boulders and
the ratio of cement and fine sand.

ASPHALT
For every ________ tons of Asphalt or per shipment 1 quality test (Q) 40 tons
What is item 310? Bituminous concrete Surface Course,
Hot-Laid
What consist of constructing a bituminous concrete surface course composed Item 310- bituminous concrete
of aggregates, mineral filler and bituminous material mixed in a central plant. surface course, hot laid

what is the bituminous material commonly used in item 310? asphalt cement (AC)
What is this construction material that is dark brown to black cementitious Asphalt or Asphalt Cement (AC) or
material in which the predominating constituents are bitumen? HOT ASPHALT

What asphalt is commonly called hot asphalt? asphalt cement

What are the liquid asphalts? cut-back asphalt and emulsified
asphalt
What is the use of blown asphalt or hard asphalt? use as joint filler or water proofing
SS-1 or SS-1h is what kind of asphalt? slow setting emulsified asphalt
What are the three kinds of emulsified asphalt? rapid setting, medium setting, slow
setting
What asphalt contains water? emulsified asphalt
the rate of application of emulsified asphalt used as tack coat 302 should be 0.2 to 0.7 L/m2
within the range of:
What is the rate of application for Bituminous Tack Coat? 0.2 to 0.7 L/m2
What is the penetration grade for Blown Asphalt? 0 to 30
What kind of asphalt that has a penetration grade of 0 to 30 mm? blown asphalt
What is the ideal penetration grade of asphalt use in Tropical Regions? 85 to 100 ( but some uses 60 to 70)
What is item 302? bituminous tack coat
Tack coat is used in an existing bituminous or concrete pavement, True or 1
False?

For how many hours or how long shall a bituminous Print coat be left 24 hours
undisturbed?
what kind of Asphalt is used as prime coat? cut-back asphalt (medium curing or
rapid curing )
bituminous prime coat is used to treat the surface of base course. True or 1
False
No tack Coat or Prime Coat shall be applied when the weather is foggy or 1
rainy. True or False
what kind of asphalt is used as Tack Coat? cut-back asphalt (rapid curing ) or
emulsified asphalt
Where should the bituminous seal coat be used? on an existing bituminous surface
course with or without an application
of aggregate
what are the materials requirements for bituminous prime coat? bituminous material shall be either
rapid curing (RC) or medium (MC)
cut-back asphalt, whichever is called
for in the bid of quantities.
What are the construction requirements of item 301 prime coat shall be applied only to
surfaces which are dry or slightly
moist. No prime coat shall be applied
when the weather is foggy or rainy.

What is the application of bituminous material? after applying prime coat, scraped to
remove all dirt and surface shall be
slightly sprayed with water but not
saturated; apply 1 to 2 liters/ m2 per
Engineer instructions. The prime coat
shall be left undisturbed for a period
of at least 24 hours

What is the rate of application for Bituminous Prime Coat? 1 to 2 L/m2

how to determine the asphalt content of bituminous mix? by means of extraction test
in an extraction test aside from the asphalt, what other materials are being aggregates or composite
extracted? aggregate(mineral filler, fine and
coarse aggregates)
what is being determined in a core sample from asphalt pavement? thickness of pavement and density of
pavement
which of the following bituminous material is best recommended for sealing joint filler asphalt (commonly called
weakened plane joints? hard asphalt or blown asphalt)
as materials engineer, what is the area of the trial section that you would about 500 sq. m
recommend to check the suitability of the materials and efficiency of the
equipment to be used for item 310, bituminous concrete surface course?
what is to be done in order to determine the number of passes that would trial section
attain the required density?
What are the two(2) types of bitumen that are commonly used in bituminous Tar is a viscous liquid obtained from
concrete surface course? distillation of coal or wood, Petroleum
asphalt - are the products of the
distillation of crude oil

when tar is used, what is the temperature that the mixture shall be placed? 66 C to 107 C

What are the three(3) major petroleum asphalt products: Asphalt cement, cutback asphalt and
emulsified asphalt (asphalt emulsion)

What is asphalt cement? Asphalt cement is produced in various

viscosity grade, the most common
penetration grade are 200/300,
120/150. 85/100, 60/70. 40/50

What is cutback asphalt? Cutback asphalt are asphalt mixed

with solvents to reduce their viscosity.

What are the solvents for cutback asphalt? gasoline for rapid curing(RC) type,
kerosene - for medium curing (MC)
type, diesel fuel - for slow curing (SC)
type
What is emulsified asphalt? Emulsified asphalt are mixture of
asphalt cement and water with
emulsifying agent.
Emulsified asphalts are either _______________ and ________________. cationic emulsion - which work better
with wet aggregates and in cold
weather; anionic emulsion - which
adhere better to aggregates which
have positive charges.
type of emulsified asphalt that works better with wet aggregates and cold cationic emulsion
weather:

How can we establish the exact percentage to be used in the bituminous Job-mix formula
mixture?
how many weeks does a producer of asphalt mix or the contractor shall three (3) weeks prior to production
submit the job-mix formula?
who will approve the job-mix formula? DPWH Project Engineer and
Materials Engineer
The job mix formula contains provisions on the following: grading of aggregates, percentage
and type of asphalt, temperature of
aggregates and asphalt, temperature
of mixture upon delivery or at time of
compaction
what is the primary quality control mechanism for the production of asphalt job-mix formula which shall conform
mixture? to the following ranges of tolerance:
passing no. 4 and larger sieves +-7%;
passing no. 8 to no. 100 sieves +- 4%
passing no. 200 sieves +- 2%
bituminous materials + - 0.4 %
temperature of mixture +- 10@C
air voids + 3 to 5 %
index of retained strength 70%
minimum temperature of mix prior to
dumping to spreader
107@C

What is the minimum dry compressive strength of the mixture? 1.4 Mpa (200 psi)
The mixture shall have a mass percent air voids with the range of ________? 3% to 5%

What is the Index of Retained Strength of the mixture? 70 % minimum

the results of the immersion-compression test conducted on an asphalt mix Index of Retained Strength or IRS =
sample are as follows: dry stability = 2,000 Kpa, wet stability = 1,000 Kpa, Wet stability / Dry stability x 100 =
what is the resulting Index of Retained Strength? Does it meet the 50%; NO, it does not meet the
specification requirement of item 310, bituminous concrete Surface Course? specifications of item 310 since the
specification of IRS is 70% minimum
while the resulting IRS here is only
50%

The resistance of bituminous mix to moisture damage is determined by Index of Retained Strength (IRS)
________________.
What is the most commonly used method in the design and evaluation of Marshall Stability Method
bituminous concrete mixes?
The quality control tests for asphalt mix are the following: Immersion-compression Test,
Extraction and grading test,
Laboratory density test
what is Immersion-compression test? determines the Index of Retained
Strength of the mix
what is extraction and grading test? determines the asphalt content and
particle size distribution of coarse and
fine aggregates
what is laboratory density test? determines the degree of compaction

bituminous concrete mixed contain asphalt by weight equivalent to what? 5 to 8 %

what is the % weight of aggregates (coarse, fine and mineral filler) in the 92% to 95%
mixture of bituminous concrete surface course?

Given: wt of dry aggre = 950 g; wt of asphalt = 50 g; what is the % of asphalt wt of total mix = wt of dry agg + wt of
by weight of total mix. Does the result meet the required specification for asphalt = 950 g + 50 g = 1,000 g;
percent asphalt in bituminous mixes? Why? therefore (50/1,000) x 100 = 5%. Yes,
because standard specification for
percent asphalt in bituminous mixes is
5 to 8%

if the actual percent asphalt is 5% and the percent asphalt in a job-mix No, because the required tolerance
formula is 5.6%, did it pass the required tolerance? Why? for % asphalt in a job-mix formula is
plus/minus 0.4%.
what control during the mixing and compaction is of great significance in the temperature
strength of the resulting pavement?
what is the correct temperature that the mixture shall be placed as measured not less than 107@ deg
in the truck just prior to dumping into the spreader?
in testing bituminous mix sample for Immersion-compression Stability is 4 days
soaked in water bath for ______________days.
the spot test on asphalt is used to determine what? overheating during manufacture
under what climatic condition's) do we use the lower penetration grade or hot climate
hard asphalt?
when is the compaction be done in order to attain the required density? when the mixture is still hot and
workable
initial rolling in bituminous mixes shall be performed with a _____________ pneumatic tire roller, not less than 10
roller Tons
final rolling in bituminous mixes shall be performed with a ______________ 3-wheel or tandem type steel wheel
roller roller, not less than 10 Tons
finish on final rolling of newly laid- asphalt concrete is required in order to: eliminate roller marks
What is the speed of the roller? 5 kms per hour
How is the rolling be done? It should begin from the sides and
proceed longitudinally parallel toward
the road center line, each trip
overlapping one half the roller's width.

After the final rolling, what should be checked? degree of compaction

what should the resident engineer do when an asphalt pavement under require additional rolling until the
construction attains a density of 85% at the time of compaction? minimum density requirement is
attained
rolling of bituminous mix shall be discontinued whenever it begins to produce pulverizing of the aggregate or
excessive _______________ or _______________. displacement of the mixture
final rolling shall be continued until roller marks are eliminated and a minimum 95 mass percent
of ____________ mass percent of the density of the laboratory compacted
specimens prepared in accordance with AASHTO T 160 has been obtained.

the compacted pavement shall have a density equal to or greater then____ 97% of the laboratory compacted
density
when is the traffic be permitted to enter the pavement? when the pavement has cooled to
atmospheric temperature
sample from compacted bituminous mix shall be neatly cut by a saw or core 150 mm x 150 mm or 100 mm diam
drill. Each sample shall be at least ___________> full depth
how many samples shall be taken for each full day's operation? at least one but more more than
three(3) core samples
how is the sample taken from the finished pavement? core drill or saw
for surface tolerances the surface ( bituminous mix) will be checked by the 3-m straight edge
use of a ____________________at sites selected by the Engineer
the variation of the surface from the testing edge of the straight-edge between 6 mm
contacts with the surface shall not exceed ___________.
what determines the thickness and density of compacted asphalt pavement? core test

What greatly influenced the service of an asphalt pavement? grade and quantity of asphalt
What influenced primarily the grade of asphalt selected? climatic condition
the lower penetration grade or hard asphalt is used in ______________? hot climate
the higher penetration grade or softer asphalt is used in _____________? cold climate
what is the thinnest Cut-Back Asphalt? MC-3,000
bleeding of asphalt in bituminous surface course means ____________. over asphalt mix
What is item 303? Bituminous Seal Coat
What is bituminous seal coat? may be asphalt cement (AC),
Penetration Grade 120 - 150, Rapid
Curing (RC) or Medium Curing (MC)
Cut-Back Asphalt
when a completed asphalt pavement exhibits too much voids, it is usually rolling the mixture below the
caused by the following with the exception of: temperature requirements

If concrete cylinder sample for RCCP is not available for compression test 1
one(1) whole piece RCCP for every 50 pieces RCCP will be submitted for
Quality test. True or False
One set(3 pcs) concrete cylinder sample shall be taken for every how many 25 pieces
pieces of RCCP?
How many concrete cylinder sample is required for a 300 pcs reinforced 12 sets of 3 pieces each
concrete culvert pipes (RCCP)?
quality of factory-produced reinforced concrete pipes may be best established test of concrete pipe samples
through what?
if concrete cylinder is not available for a 300 pcs culvert pipes, how many 6 pcs culvert pipes
pipes shall be subjected to test?
unless otherwise specified, all materials below subgrade level in earth should 150 mm
be cut to a depth of:
 in the DPWH standard specified, all materials below subgrade level in earth 150 mm
should be cut to a depth of:
which of the following equipment should be used for properly compacting vibratory roller
uniformly graded soil material for embankment
after completion of the pile driving, what is the allowable variation from the 100 mm
butt end from its theoretical location underneath the pile cap?
if the color code of grade 415 reinforcement steel bars: green
276 Mpa is the minimum yield strength of what grade? grade 275 or grade 40

EXTRA EXTRA EXTRA EXTRA EXTRA

in submitting samples for test what is the pertinent paper to be accomlilshed? sample card

as a Materials Engineer of the project what is the report to be submitted every Quality Control Assurance Report
week?
the report to be submitted at the end of the month? Monthly Materials Report
What is the report that is being made before the project starts so that the Quality Control Program
laboratory technician or the Materials Engineer assigned will know what
andhow many sample of the construction materials are to be tested?
How to determine the proportion of cement, water, fine aggregate and coarse by means of concrete design mix
aggregate?
all records regarding quality control such as accomplishment, daily activities, materials log book
weather etc. are recorded in a _____________?
quality control testing in a DPWH project is the responsibility of the DPWH and Contractor Materials
_______________? Engineers
As materials engineers, when is the right time to start sampling and testing before the course materials be
aggregate of the course materials? incorporated in the project.
what is the basis for acceptance or rejection of any construction materials? materials test reports
which is not the duty or responsibility of a materials engineer? quantity of construction material
which is the duty or responsibility of a materials engineer? quality of construction material
problems regarding quality of construction materials shall be reported directly DPWH Materials Engineers
by the contractor's materials engineer to the ______________.
which of the following is authorized to test materials for use in DPWH any DPWH accredited private testing
projects? laboratory
who recommends actions to resolve problems during field implementation of a resident engineer
project?
who investigates source of materials supply before delivery to project site and materials engineer
start of project?
for bridge and highway projects, which of the following hydrologic data is tha maximum flood height
most important?

VARIOUS INSTRUMENTS
what is the latest state of the art equipment containing radioactive materials Nuclear Density Gauge (NDG)
which is commonly used in the compaction control of earth and asphalt road
construction and in the measurement of moisture content?
What is the instrument that is used for examining the quality of rigid materials Pundit Ultrasonic Concrete Tester
such as rocks and concrete? (This instrument or equipment is a non-
destructive portable instrument with dimensions of 110 x 180 x 160 mm and
its main uses include the determination of concrete strength (either in-situ or
precast), also to determine the presence of voids, cracks and other
imperfections).

What is the instrument or equpment used for surface test of concrete and 3-m straight edge
aphalt pavements as soon as the concrete has hardened sufficiently or as
soon as the asphalt mix has been initially compacted.
_____________ is an instrument used to measure pavement deflections Benkelman Beam and Deflection
resulting from vehicle wheel loadings. The results of the elastic deformation Logger
tests are used to evaluate the structural conditions of roads, and to help in the
design of road strengthening measures and road capacity improvements.

_______________ is a manually-operated device for deriving a measurement MERLIN Road Roughness Measuring
of roughness from the surface profile, which may be expressed in terms of Device
International Roughness Index (IRI)
What is the instrument that is used to pinpoint rebars, conduits, pipes, nails Rebar Locator
and other metals embedded in concrete before cutting or drilling?
__________________is an equipment which is used to measure differential Falling Weight Deflectometer
deflection between joints of a concrete pavement, to determine the modulus
of the existing slabs for use in the design of an overlay, and to estimate the
remaining life of an existing pavement.
________________ is used for the rapid in-situ measurement of the structural Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP)
properties of existing pavements with unbound granular materials.

In the construction of bridge projects what is the method used to determine test piling
the casting length of the regular piles?
for buildings, where are borings generally made? ones at each corner and one at the
center
Keep in mind that an increase of 18 F (10 C) in curing temperature doubles the rate of hydration. The higher the curing temperature, the mor

Dry heat systems can be effective as long as the environment is humid enough to ensure moisture doesn’t evaporate from the product while

Mix designs are based on specific water/cementitious (w/cm) ratios – the lower the w/cm ratio, the stronger, more watertight and durable the

Blower heaters are not recommended, because the dry air flowing over the product will cause evaporation of mix water from it. The use of he

An advantage of using live steam to accelerate curing is that steam supplies both the heat and elevated curing temperature so necessary for

Low-pressure steam boilers or direct-fired steam generators can provide live steam. When sizing your system for a boiler, you need to under

Conventional live steam curing systems utilize curing cells (kilns) that are either concrete structures or curing canopies made from canvas, P

In order to monitor what is happening in the curing cells, it is a good idea to place temperature recorders in them. These recorders, either me

A typical curing cycle includes:

Preset Time (presteaming) – the precast product should preset for a period of time (preferably two hours) to allow the product temperatu
Ramp Time (temperature rise) – this is the length of time required to increase the curing cell temperature from the preset temperature to
Holding Time – once the curing cell reaches the predetermined target temperature, this temperature is maintained for the required length
Soak Time (cooling) – after the temperature has been held for the necessary length of time, the steam is shut off and the product is allow

All of the above time periods can be easily recorded and monitored, as explained above. There will be a time lag between the temperature c

Precast manufacturers will want to prevent temperature excursions within the product. This refers to product temperatures that exceed 160 F

Many precasters cure by simply placing steam hoses under curing hoods, with no temperature control and no monitoring of the curing cycle

Some producers waste energy (which is very costly today) and reduce the effectiveness of their curing hoods/tents through flueing of energy

A simple way to determine if a curing cell is flueing energy is to hold a lit cigarette at the bottom of the curing cell. Smoke flowing into the cel

If the cigarette smoke blows away from the bottom of the curing cell, you can be assured that the steam has flowed around the entire produc

Live steam curing can be a very effective and efficient method for accelerating hydration, but a good understanding of the process is recomm

Steamprecast
When Curingaerated
lightweight concrete
panels and slabs are
made under factory
conditions in order to
obtain a relatively fast
turn-around of moulds, it
may be economic to
induce an early strength
into the concrete by
applying heat from steam
to the underside of the
moulds. This causes a
rise in temperature in the
concrete and a resulting
increase in strength.
The reason for steaming
from the underside is to
avoid the increase in
temperature creating
small cells of
compressed air with
sufficient pressure to
fracture the cement shell
around the cell. Due to
the weight of concrete
above the lower layers
this does not take place
and by the time the
temperature increases on
the upper face, the
cement has already
acquired sufficient
strength to resist the cells
exploding off and giving a
rough surface
Depending to the
upon the slab
type
or cement
of panel. used in the
mix, steam curing is not
begun until at least five
hours after casting, and
even then the increase in
temperature is well
controlled and should not
exceed 70°C (160° F).
The extent of steam
curing depends upon the
climate but as a general
rule it can be subdivided
into 2 hours required for
raising the temperature, 4
hours maintaining the
temperature and 2 hours
lowering the temperature
slowly to avoid thermal
shock.
 curing temperature, the more accelerated the hydration process and the more rapid the strength gain. In other words, the higher the curing temperature, th

orate from the product while curing. Dry heat with low humidity can crack the concrete. It is absolutely essential that the product doesn’t lose any of the mix

e watertight and durable the product. But in order to achieve the mix design strength, all the cementitious material needs to be hydrated to form all of the g

x water from it. The use of heat blankets, electric heat and radiant heaters are examples of effective sources of dry heat as long as misting systems are util

emperature so necessary for successful acceleration. When the product enters the curing cell, its curing temperature is lower than that of the cell. As a resu

r a boiler, you need to understand that the boiler rating system is based on converting water at 212 F (100 C) to steam at an operating pressure of 0 psi. In

nopies made from canvas, Polyweave, etc. Live steam is commonly supplied to the cells through holes in distribution piping or steam hoses attached to ste

m. These recorders, either mechanical or electronic, have the ability to accurately record the curing cycle, showing times and temperatures. These enable th

allow the product temperature to increase prior to steaming at a higher temperature.

om the preset temperature to the predetermined target temperature. The ramping temperature should be between 20 F (11 C) per hour and 40 F (22 C) per
ained for the required length of time necessary to reach the desired concrete strength.
ut off and the product is allowed to cool, prior to removing from the curing cell.

g between the temperature change of the curing cell and that of the product. This temperature delay, which will vary depending on the product weight and c

mperatures that exceed 160 F (71 C), which is the maximum recommended product temperature permitted in the United States. Curing product at too high a

onitoring of the curing cycle under the hood. Because there is no control on the amount of steam flow to the hood, the curing temperature can vary greatly,

nts through flueing of energy through holes in the tent fabric. If there are holes in the sides or top of your curing hoods, you are likely flueing energy and wa

l. Smoke flowing into the cell indicates that cold air is being drawn in to replace hot air that is escaping through holes in the hood or leaks in conventional ki

wed around the entire product as desired. Also, the floor of the cell will be damp, because the warmer steam will condense on the cooler concrete floor.

ing of the process is recommended. Proper curing is essential to improving product strength, impermeability and durability. Effectively utilizing an accelerat
er the curing temperature, the shorter the curing time.

ct doesn’t lose any of the mix water that is so necessary to ensure hydration of all the cementitious particles.

hydrated to form all of the glue that is required to coat the surface of all of the aggregates. If moisture evaporates from the product, there won’t be enough

g as misting systems are utilized to provide a humid environment.

han that of the cell. As a result, the steam condenses on the product, which prevents the evaporation of moisture from the product and transfers heat to it. A

perating pressure of 0 psi. In fact, however, the makeup water is likely 50 F to 60 F (10 C to 16 C) and the operating pressure will be 10 psi to 15 psi. Since

steam hoses attached to steam header lines. Live steam should be used properly to be effective and to improve product quality.

mperatures. These enable the user to determine whether or not the cell temperatures are increasing too rapidly and if the temperatures are too low or too h

per hour and 40 F (22 C) per hour. Ramping at more than 40 F (22 C) per hour can “thermal shock” the product, which can result in cracking, while a minim

on the product weight and configuration, can be determined by casting temperature sensors in the product. By monitoring both the product and cell tempe

Curing product at too high a temperature or placing product in outdoor storage under the hot summer sun can result in harmful temperature excursions.

emperature can vary greatly, depending on the weight of concrete being cured within the hood. At many plants, the weight to be cured can vary substantiall

likely flueing energy and wasting money. When the hood is filled with steam, the steam will escape through one or more holes by setting up what resemble

od or leaks in conventional kiln structures. Also, the bottom of the concrete product will be “greener” than the top because of the cool air passing by it.

he cooler concrete floor.

ectively utilizing an accelerated curing system will enable you to achieve product quality quickly.
duct, there won’t be enough left to hydrate all of the cementitious particles. As a result, the cured product will include unhydrated particles of cement, so the

duct and transfers heat to it. As the product reaches the temperature of the curing cell, the hydration process rapidly accelerates.

will be 10 psi to 15 psi. Since steam generators are direct-fired, they are close to 100 percent thermal efficient.

eratures are too low or too high.

ult in cracking, while a minimum of 20 F (11C) per hour is required to set off the rapid acceleration process.

h the product and cell temperatures, you will be able to determine how long it takes for the product to reach the temperature of the curing cell.

ul temperature excursions.

e cured can vary substantially from one day to another, but the amount of steam going into the hood remains the same. It is important to understand that th

by setting up what resembles an invisible flue pipe. Once a flow has been established through a particular hole, the energy will rapidly escape. Energy ma

e cool air passing by it.

ed particles of cement, so the concrete strength will be lower than the designed strength.

the curing cell.

portant to understand that the amount of steam (energy) required to cure precast products varies with the weight of concrete to be cured. Supplying too mu

ll rapidly escape. Energy may flue through one hole one day but through a different opening the next. Take a few minutes to immediately seal the holes wit
be cured. Supplying too much steam can harm the product, while too little steam may not be sufficient to trigger rapid hydration.

mediately seal the holes with tape or replace with new material. Flueing will also occur in conventional kiln structures, through leaks in the block walls and
leaks in the block walls and through poorly sealed doors.
Bituminous Concrete Mixtures

Quality Management Testing System

Pre-production sampling and testing
Job Mix formula verification
Daily job control testing
In-place acceptance testing

Bituminous concrete mixtures

Percent by weight of total mixture
Percent by weight of total dry aggregate

Va = Gmm – Gmb
Gmm 3% to 5% requirements

Vma = 100 - % Gmb 15% minimum

Gsb

Vfa = Vma - x 100

Vma

Where : Gmm – theoretical maximum density of moisture ( zero voids)

Gmb - bulk density of compacted marshall specimen or mixture
Va - air voids, % volume
Ps - percent aggregate by weight of total mix
Gsb - bulk specific gravity of composite aggregate
Vfa - voids filled with asphalt
Vma - voids in mineral aggregates

Blend specific gravity

Sand – 40% 2.65
Gravel – 60% 2.7

Specific g 100 = composite aggregate (sp. Gr.)

40                            60
2.65 + 2.70
P AA + Bb + Cc........

P = total % passing of combined aggregate

A + B + Cindividual
. passing for each size sieve
a + b + proportion of each individual aggregate needed to meet grading specifications.

Bituminous concrete mixtures

Mix composition

Bituminous material
Asphalt cement

Cutback asphalt

Emulsified asphalt

Aggregates

Coarse aggregate

Fine aggregates

Ideal mix properties

Sufficient asphalt

Sufficient mix stability

Sufficient voids

Maximum void content

A sufficient workability

Proper aggregate texture and hardness

Mix type selection

Surface course mixtures

 Binder course mixtures

Base course mixture

Sand asphalt mixture

Testing methods ASTM AASHTO

Asphalt cement

Penetraton D6 T 49
Viscosity
Absolute D 2171 T 202
KinematicD 2170 T 201

Flash point D 92 T 48
Thin film ovD 1754 T 179
Rolling thin film
Oven test D 2872 T 44
Ductility D 113 T 51
Solubility D 2042 T 44
Specific Gr D 70 T 228
Spot test
Loss on heating
Viscosity test on liquid asphalt
Sieve test
Storage stability
Softening point
Extraction test

Grading test

Mineral Aggregates
 Los Angeles AbrasionC 131 T 96
Or C 535

Unit Weight C 29 T 19
Sieve Analysis (Aggregates)
Sieve Analysis (Filler)
Specific Gravity (Coarse)
Specific Gravity ( Fine)
Specific Gravity (Filler)
Sulfate soundness
Particle Shape D 4791

Hot Mix Asphalt

Asphalt ConD 2172 T 164

Density & Voids Analysis
Maximum Sp Gr of
Paving MiD 2041 T 209

Bulk specific gr D 1188 T 209

D 2726

Volumetric properties of compacted paving mixtures

Bulk sp gr, Gsb

Apparent sp gr, Gsb
Effective Sp Gr, Gsb
Voids in Mineral Aggregates, VMA
Effective asphalt content, Pbe
Air voids, VA
Voids filled with asphalt, VFA

Types of bitumen
Tar from distillation of wood
Petroleum from distillation of crude oil
3 major asphalt products

Asphalt cement
Cutback aspmixed with solvents
Emulsified asphalt cement + water + emulsifying agent

Emulsified asphalts

Cationic wet aggregates, cold weather

Anionic

Job mix f to establish exact % in bituminous mixture

To be submitted 3 weeks before actual pouring

Grading of aggregates
% and type of asphalt
Temperature of aggregates and asphalt
Temperature of mixture upon delivery or at a time of compaction

Asphalt – minimum dry compression strength of mixture

Air voids – 3.0 to 5.0 %

Rapid curing cutback asphalt

Emulsified asphalt

Asphalt cement

Marshall Stability Test

Blank psi tension of bituminous mix
MC 30 and MC 80 most fluid
80 – 100 means what
Basis for rejection in site
What asphalt with penetration

Item 310, time (minutes) after mix before compaction

Immersion Compressitakes up 4 days

Distillation of cut back asphalt

Distillation of emulsified asphalt 56% minimum

Cement mixing

Defects of asphalt
Skidding
Stability

Ductility t tensile, pull apart

Temperature requirement
Dump to spreader 107 deg C
Tar 66 to 107 deg C

Core test square of 150 x 150 mm or 100 mm diameter

By core drill or saw

Alignmentallowable deviation of 6 mm in a 3.00 metres straight edge

Continue rolling until full compaction is attained. 85% not acceptable

Proof roll – use pneumatic tire roller with kneading action
Rolling – tandem, self propelled, greater than 10 tons,
`start at outermost, overlap ½ of tire width
Asphalt road

Good design
Good construction
Good quality of materials
Good foundation
Good drainage
What is the required particle size for selected borrow for topping under
item 104(embankment)?

maximum size of item 200

maximum size of item 201
maximum size of item 202
What is the formula for % of wear? Los Angeles Abrasion Machine

what is the sieve use in sieving materials from abrasion machine?

maximum size of coarse aggregate for item 311
maximum size of selected borrow materials for topping?
maximum size of fine aggregates for item 311 and item 405
maximum size of coarse aggregate for item 300
What is the required size of calibrated sand used for (FDT) Field Density
Test?

Sample for compaction test should pass to what sieve size?

Sample for soil for mechanical analysis should pass what sieve size?

sample for use in Atterberg tests should pass what sieve size?

what is the primary quality control mechanism for the production of

asphalt mixture?

what is the latest state of the art equipment containing radioactive

materials which is commonly used in the compaction control of earth and
asphalt road construction and in the measurement of moisture content?
What is the instrument that is used for examining the quality of rigid
materials such as rocks and concrete? (This instrument or equipment is a
non-destructive portable instrument with dimensions of 110 x 180 x 160
mm and its main uses include the determination of concrete strength
(either in-situ or precast), also to determine the presence of voids, cracks
and other imperfections).
all particle size will pass a 3" (75 mm)
square openings and not more than 15%
mass will pass no 200( 0.075mm)
(AASHTO T11)
2 inches
2 inches
1 1/2 inch
% wear = (orig. wt - wt retained in no. 12
sieve) / orig. wt x 100
sieve no. 12 (1.70 mm)
3 inches or 75 mm
3 inches or 75 mm
3/8 or 9 mm
1 inch or 25 mm
any clean, dry, free-flowing, uncemented
sand passing no. 10 (2.00 mm) and
retained no. 200 (0.075 mm) sieves.

method A and B, use sample passing

sieve no. 4, (4.75mm) at least 3 kilos;
method C and D, use sample passing
sieve no. 3/4 (20.0 mm)
material passing 2.00 mm sieve at least
115 grams for sandy soil and 65 grams
for silty or clayey soils
material passing 0.425 mm or no 40
sieve for at least 200 grams

job-mix formual which shall conform to

the following ranges of tolerance:
passing no. 4 and larger sieves +-7%;
passing no. 8 to no. 100 sieves +- 4%
passing no. 200 sieves +- 2%
bituminous materials + - 0.4 %
temperature of mixture +- 10@C
air voids + 3 to 5 %
index of retained strength 70% minimum
temperature of mix prior to dumping to
spreader 107@C

Nuclear Density Gauge (NDG)

Pundit Ultrasonic Concrete Tester
 Q G and P
grading test
quality test and concrete cylinder CHB samples
plasticity

cement 2000 bags

fine aggregates 1,500 cu m 75 cu m

coarse aggregates 1,500 cu m 75 cu m

10,000 kgs per size

reinforcement bars per shipment per
grade

asphalt 40 tons

pipe culverts 25 pieces

non load bearing 3 for 5,000

CHB pcs

Q G and P C D
grading test
quality test and Compaction Density
plasticity

item 201 1500 300 1,500 500 sq meter

item 104 1000 1000 500 sq meter

TABLE OF CBR's FOR COMMONLY FOUND SUB-GRADE CONDITIONS

This table is  only for guidance, you should refer to a design document for specific information.

SUBGRADE COMMENTS
CBR VALUE STRENGTH

3% and less Poor " Capping is required

 Widely encountered CBR range capping considered
3% - 5% Normal according to road category

"Capping" normally unnecessary except on very

5% - 15% Good heavily trafficked roads.
 CBR
California
Bearing
Ratio

2500

t for specific information.

uired
 capping considered
category

ary except on very

roads.