Display Devices and Scan

System
Lubna Yasmin Pinky
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE,
MBSTU, Santosh, Tangail.
 CRT Monitor architecture:
“Cathode rays” in a vacuum tube. Cathode rays are high energy electrons
emitted from the heated cathode (-) of a vacuum tube
 CRT monitor working principle:

A CRT monitor contains millions of tiny red, green, and blue phosphor dots
that glow when struck by an electron beam. Electron beam travels across the
screen to create a visible image.

In a CRT monitor tube, the cathode is a heated filament.

The heated filament is in a vacuum created inside a glass tube. The

electrons are negative and the screen gives a positive charge so the screen
glows.
How Does it Work:
• Electron gun is weak particle accelerator (only electrons(-)).
• Aims electrons at phosphor screen where they light up the image
• Small heater heats cathode (-), emits electron cloud that is focused
into an electron beam by two anodes(+): accelerating anode and
focusing anode.
• Black-and-white monitors only have one electron gun; color monitors
have three (RGB).
 Electrons excite phosphor to glow
 Electrons fired from the back
 Phosphor is arranged in dots called pixels
 Dot mask ensures proper pixel is lit
Phosphore:
 It is a semi-conductor material which emits
visible radiation in response to the impact of
electrons.
(i.e. when it absorbs energy from some source
such as an electron beam, it releases a portion
of this energy in the form of light).
 In response to a sudden change in the electron
beam(from on to off), the light emission does not
fall instantaneously, there is a gradual reduction
called ‘fluorescence’ .
CRT Monitor Specifications
 Monitor Specifications
 Size
 Resolution
 Refresh rate
Size
 A monitor’s size affect how well we can see
images.
 With a larger monitor, we can make the objects
on the screen appear bigger.
 Monitors are measured diagonally, in inches,
across the front of the screen.
 A 17 inch monitor measures 17 inches from the
lower left to the upper right corner.
 CRT monitors viewing area is smaller than the
monitor’s overall size.
Resolution
 The images you see on your monitor are made of tiny
dots called pixels.
 The term resolution refers to the sharpness and clarity of
an image.
 A monitor resolution is determined by the number of
pixels on the screen. It is expressed as a Matrix.
 The more pixels a monitor displays, higher will be its
resolution. Clearer will be images appear.
 For example 640 X 480 resolution means that there are 640
pixels horizontally across the screen and 480 pixels vertically
down the screen.
 Resolution = total no of Horizontal pixels * total number of
vertical pixels
Resolution
 Actual resolution is determined by the video controller.
 Most monitors can operate at several different resolutions. They
are
 640 X 480
 800 X 600
 1024 X 768
 1152 X 864
 1280 X 1024
 As the resolution increases, image on the screen gets
smaller.
CRT Monitor
Advantages of CRT:
 The cathode rayed tube can easily increase the
monitor’s brightness by reflecting the light.
 They produce more colours
 The Cathode Ray Tube monitors have lower
price rate than the LCD display or Plasma
display.
 The quality of the image displayed on a Cathode
Ray Tube is superior to the LCD and Plasma
monitors.
 The contrast features of the cathode ray tube
monitor are considered highly excellent.
 From CRT to LCD:
 CRT
 Bulky, heavy, use vacuum tube
technology.
 Using technology that was
developed in the 19th century.
 LCD
 First LCD laptop monitors were
very small due to manufacturing
costs but now are available in a
variety of sizes.
 Light, sleek, energy-efficient, have
sharp picture.
 Introduction
A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is a thin , flat panel display device
used for electronically displaying information such as text,images
and moving picture.
 LCD is used in Computer monitors, Televisions , Instrument
panels, Gaming devices etc.
 Polarization of lights is used here to display objects.
 Why LCD ?
• Smaller size — LCDs occupy approximately 60 percent less space than CRT
displays an important feature when office space is limited.

• Lower power consumption—LCDs typically consume about half the power and
emit much less heat than CRT displays.

• Lighter weight —LCDs weigh approximately 70 percent less than CRT displays of
comparable size.

• No electromagnetic fields —LCDs do not emit electromagnetic fields and are not
susceptible to them. Thus, they are suitable for use in areas where CRTs cannot
be used.

• Longer life —LCDs have a longer useful life than CRTs.

 Liquid crystals
• Liquid crystals are liquid chemicals in a state that has
properties between those conventional liquid and solid
crystals. That is a liquid crystal may flow like a liquid, but its
molecules may be oriented in a crystal like way.

• Liquid crystals molecules can be aligned precisely when

subjected to electric fields, as like as in the way metal
shavings line up in the field of a magnet. When properly
aligned, the liquid crystals allow light to pass through.
 Liquid crystals
• Two liquid crystal materials which are important in display technology are
nematic and smectic.
 Liquid crystals

• The most popular liquid crystal structure is the nematic liquid

crystal(NLC). When they are in a nematic phase, liquid crystals are a bit
like a liquid: their molecules can move around and shuffle past one
another, but they all point in broadly the same direction.

• The liquid is normally transparent, but if it is subjected to a strong

electric field, ions move through it and disrupt the well ordered crystal
structure, causing the liquid to polarise and hence turn opaque. The
removal of the applied field allows the crystals structure to reform and
the material regains its transparency.
 How LCDs work
• Liquid crystals can adopt a twisted up structure and when we apply
electricity to them, they straighten out again. This is the key how LCD
displays turn pixels on and off.
• The polarization property of light is used in LCD screen to switch its
colored pixels on or off. At the back of the screen, there is a bright light
that shines out towards the viewer. In front of this, there are the
millions of pixels, each one made up of smaller areas called sub-pixels,
that are colored Red, Green, or Blue.
LCD working
 LCD working
• Each pixel has a polarizing glass filter behind it and another in front of
it at 90 degrees. Normally the pixels looks dark.
• In between the two polarizing filters there is a tiny twisted, nematic
liquid crystal that can be switched on or off electronically.
• When it is switched on, it rotates the light passing through it through
90 degrees, effectively not allowing light to flow through the two
polarizing filters and making the pixel look dark.
• Each pixel is controlled by a separate transistor that can switch it on or
off many times each second.
LCD working
 Types of LCD

• Direct Address Display

• Passive Matrix Display
• Active Matrix Display
 Direct Address Display

• When the display include

limited variable components
such as
• Watches
• Calculators
• Simple electronics is used to
control the components
 Passive Matrix Display
• Passive matrix display has
1. Rows of electrodes on one
2. piece of glass.
3. Columns of electrodes on the
opposing piece of glass.
4. Complex electrical waveform control the
voltage differential at the intersection
of the electrodes.
• The intersection of the columns and rows
are the pixels
 Disadvantages of Passive Matrix Display
• As more rows and columns are added the range of the allowed voltage
is reduced.
1. At high range adjacent channels interferes
2.Range limit reduces contrast
3.Limit the types of useful liquid crystal.
• It is usually limited to about 50 rows
• Twisted nematic (TN) Display work best with large voltage variation.
It can not be used in Passive Matrix Display
 Advantage of Active Matrix Display

• Higher sizes
• Higher contrast
• Higher gray scale
• Higher resolution
• Higher viewing angle
• Faster response. Eliminates “ ghosting”
• Better control of the color
 Advantage of Twisted Nematic
Display

• Shortest response time.

• Higher brightness.
• They are cheap to manufacture, resulting in low prices for
end user.
Raster Scan
Displays
* In a raster scan system, the electron beam is swept across the screen,
one-row at a time from top to bottom
*As the electron beam moves across each row, the beam intensity is
turned on and off to create a pattern of illuminated spots.

*Picture definition is stored in a memory area called the refresh buffer

or frame buffer.

* Refresh buffer or frame buffer: This memory area holds the set of
intensity values for all the screen points.
Stored intensity values then retrieved from refresh buffer and “painted”
on the screen one row (scan line) at a time.
*A black-and-white system: each screen point is either on or off,
so only one bit per pixel is needed to control the intensity of screen
positions.

* On a black-and-white system with one bit per pixel, the frame buffer
is called bitmap.

*For system with multiple bits per pixel, the frame buffer is called
pixmap.
* Sometimes, refresh rates are described in unit of cycles per second, or
Hertz (HZ)
* Refreshing on raster scan displays is carried out at the rate 60 to 80
frame per second
Horizontal retrace: The return to the left of the
screen, after refreshing each scan line.
Vertical retrace: At the end of each frame(displayed in 1/80th to
1/60th of a second) the electron beam returns to thetop left
corner of the screen to begin the
next frame
 Raster image
* Raster graphics cannot be scaled to a higher resolution without loss
of apparent quality.
 Raster image

* The quality of a raster image is determined by the total

number pixels (resolution), and the amount of information in
each pixel (color depth
Random Scan
Displays
 Random Scan Displays

* Random scan display is the use of geometrical primitives such as

points, lines, curves, and polygons, which are all based upon
mathematical equation.

* Raster Scan is the representation of images as a collection of pixels

(dots)
 Random Scan Displays

* In a random scan display, a CRT has the electron beam directed only
to the parts of the screen where a picture is to be drawn.

* Random scan monitors draw a picture one line at a time (Vector

display, Stroke –writing or calligraphic displays).

*Refresh rate depends on the number of lines to be displayed

Thank You 