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Kikrayna Irri Project Enginering Report (Repaired)
Kikrayna Irri Project Enginering Report (Repaired)
Kikrayna Irri Project Enginering Report (Repaired)
In
Collaboration with University of Gondar
BY Teshager Melese
Sisay Asires(instr)
Jul. 12, 13
Gondar,
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July 12, 2013 Kikirayna Small Scale Irrigation Project Engineering Detail Report
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July 12, 2013 Kikirayna Small Scale Irrigation Project Engineering Detail Report
2.2.3.2 Peak flood analysis by The United States Soil Conservation Service/SCS / method.......10
2.2.3.3 Time of concentration (Tc).............................................................................................10
2.2.3.4 Curve number (CN)........................................................................................................11
2.2.3.5 Areal Rainfall..................................................................................................................11
2.2.4 Direct Run off Analysis.......................................................................................................11
2.2.5 Flood mark Method...........................................................................................................15
2.2.6 Tail Water Depth Computation..........................................................................................15
2.2.6.1 Average river bed slope.................................................................................................16
2.2.6.2 Manning’s Roughness coefficient..................................................................................16
2.2.6.3 Discharge of the river.....................................................................................................16
2.2.6.4 Selected design flood.....................................................................................................18
SECTION-II: HEADWORK DESIGN.........................................................................................19
2.3 HEADWORK STRUCTURES DESIGN.............................................................................................20
2.3.1 Headwork site selection.....................................................................................................20
2.3.2 River Geomorphology........................................................................................................20
2.3.2.1 River Bed condition........................................................................................................20
2.3.2.2 River Bank condition......................................................................................................21
2.3.3 Sources of construction materials......................................................................................21
2.3.3.1 Rock for Masonry and Crushed Coarse Aggregate.........................................................21
2.3.3.2 Fine Aggregates..............................................................................................................22
2.3.3.3 Water.............................................................................................................................22
2.4 Headwork type selection...........................................................................................................22
2.5 Hydraulic design of headwork structure....................................................................................22
2.5.1 Weir Height Determination................................................................................................22
2.5.2 Base flow of the River........................................................................................................22
2.5.3 a. Crest length....................................................................................................................23
2.5.4 Top and bottom width.......................................................................................................23
2.5.5 U/S and D/S HFL Calculation & Determination..................................................................23
2.5.6 Hydraulic Jump Calculation................................................................................................24
2.5.7 Impervious floor.................................................................................................................26
2.5.7.1 D/s impervious floor (Ld)................................................................................................26
2.5.7.2 U/s impervious floor (Ld)...............................................................................................26
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July 12, 2013 Kikirayna Small Scale Irrigation Project Engineering Detail Report
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July 12, 2013 Kikirayna Small Scale Irrigation Project Engineering Detail Report
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July 12, 2013 Kikirayna Small Scale Irrigation Project Engineering Detail Report
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1.1: OUTLIER TEST ANALYSIS............................................................................................................................7
TABLE 1.2: TEST FOR GOODNESS TO FIT USING D-INDEX.............................................................................................9
TABLE 1.3: DESIGN RAINFALL ARRANGEMENT.....................................................................................................................11
TABLE 1.4:DIRECT RUNOFF ANALYSIS.....................................................................................................................12
TABLE 1.5: HYDROGRAPH COORDINATES...................................................................................................................13
TABLE 1.6: RIVER PROFILE....................................................................................................................................16
TABLE 1.7: STAGE DISCHARGE ANALYSIS..................................................................................................................17
TABLE 1.8: WEIR STABILITY ANALYSIS.....................................................................................................................27
TABLE 1.9:U/S RETAINING WALL ANALYSIS...............................................................................................................33
TABLE 1.10: D/S RETAINING WALL ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................34
TABLE 1.11: HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS OF MAIN CANAL...........................................................................................44
TABLE 1.12: HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS OF DIVISION BOXES.....................................................................................48
TABLE 1.13: HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS OF TURNOUTS..............................................................................................49
TABLE 1.14: HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS OF DROPS......................................................................................................50
TABLE 1.15: SUMMARY OF BILLS...............................................................................................................................54
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1.1: LOCATION MAP OF THE PROJECT AREA.....................................................................................................2
FIGURE 1.2: COMPLEX HYDROGRAPH........................................................................................................................14
FIGURE 1.3: RIVER CROSS SECTION AT THE PROPOSED WEIR SITE..............................................................................15
FIGURE 1.4:STAGE DISCHARGE RATING CURVE.........................................................................................................17
FIGURE 1.5: HYDRAULIC JUMP PROFILE AT THE PROPOSED WEIR SITE........................................................................25
FIGURE 1.6: WEIR X-SECTION.....................................................................................................................................28
FIGURE 1.7: TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF MASONRY RETAINING WALL00(U/S) 34
FIGURE 1.8: IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM LAYOUT........................................................................................43
FIGURE 1.9: TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS OF MAIN CANAL...........................................................................................45
FIGURE 1.10: TYPICAL DIVISION BOX PLAN...............................................................................................................46
FIGURE 1.11: TYPICAL TURNOUT PLAN......................................................................................................................49
FIGURE 1.12: TYPICAL LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF VERTICAL DROP..........................................................................51
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SALIENT FEATURE
Headwork Structure
1. Project name: kikrayna Diversion Irrigation Project
2. Name of the stream: kikrayna River
3. Location of the weir site
North:1435398
East:307812
Average Altitude: 1102m.a.s.l
Zone: North Gondar
Wereda: Tach Armachiho
4. Hydrology
Design rainfall: 95.22 mm
Catchment area: 20.77 Km2
Longest flow path length: 9.72Km
Design flood: 107.26m3/s
Design base flow:70 l/s
Command area:40ha
5. Weir
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.1.1.1 Location
Kirkirayana irrigation project is located mainly at chinqana kebele woymba gote, Tach Armachiho Wereda
of North Gondar Zone in the Amhara Regional state. The proposed irrigation project is to be undertaken on
Kirkirayana River and the headwork structures are specifically located at an altitude of 1102masl and
geographical coordinates of 1435393 N (UTM) & 307816 E (UTM).
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LOCATION MAP
Figure 1.1: Location map of the project area
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1.1.1.2 Accessibility
The project site can be accessed from the Wereda town, Sanja after driving 8km on all weathered gravel
road. Sanja town is found at about 60km from the Zonal Capital City, Gondar.
To identify, estimate and allocate, according to the water balance study, proportional
irrigation water for the given diversion to make sustainable the rain-fed crop production and make
extra production in the dry season irrigation for 40ha of land (ToR) through irrigation by
constructing diversion structures across the Kirkirayana River and diverting the river flow.
To appropriately estimate the design flood across the given cross section of the
diversion and/or the surrounding area by using various acceptable hydrological
methods and models, so that after construction of the structure any
unmanaged/overtopping, over flooding, back flooding and scouring ,etc/ will be
minimized and the structure will be safe throughout the life time.
To estimate reasonably design storm and design flood using required return period
to properly size the recommended hydraulic structures for the purpose.
to make detail design of the proposed weir with an engineering cost estimate
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1.4 Methodology
The study procedure,
Specific Site identification:
o Field study assessment and measurement
o Review of the reconnaissance survey conducted
o 50,000 scale top map and GIS information
o topography survey at a scale of 1:1000
o Local farmers interview and discussion
o Use of Other secondary data ( Meteorology and that of the woreda)
Flow estimation
o Physical observation on flood mark indications and local information about high flood and
critical flow condition of the river
o Base flow estimated during the reconnaissance field visit by floating method.
o Base flow estimated during the study field visit by floating method.
o Base flow estimated using aged farmers information
Topographic survey:
o Surveying the headwork site and the Command area with sufficient radius, using Total
Station
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Section І: hydrology
2 Hydrology
2.1.1 Climate
Hydrologists and designers are faced with lack of good or recorded hydrometric data on the target
stream/river and on local weather and climate conditions. Stream gauging stations are virtually non-existent
in remote rural areas of Ethiopia; meteorological stations are almost rare. Likewise, at the Project area
location and in the catchment area of this project, there is no meteorological station of any level. Moreover,
there are no recorded flow data for the river. Therefore, data for the hydro-meteorological analysis is taken
from the nearby station and similar areas. Therefore it is technically advisable to use the Gondar rainfall
station for the purpose.
As per the data of the station, March – April are identified as high temperature periods whereas December–
January are low temperature periods. The mean annual rainfall amount is 1101mm (1961 - 1995 data) and
most of it occurred from June to August.
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2.1.2 Daily Heaviest Rainfall Data
In order to compute the design flood for design of the diversion structure, the daily maximum rainfall is collected
from Gondar Metrological stations with a record of 35 years. Because this station is the nearest one as
compared to other NMSA stations.
Certain physical properties of watersheds significantly affect the characteristics of the runoff and sediment yield and
are of great interest in hydrologic analyses. The rate and volume of runoff, and sediment yield from the watershed
have much to do with shape, size, slope and other parameters of the landscape. These suggest that there should be
some important relations between basin form and hydrologic performance. If the basin and hydrologic
characteristics are to be related, the basin form must also be represented by quantitative descriptors. These
parameters are measured from maps as follows.
Catchment Area = 20.77 km2
Stream Length = 9.7 Km
CN(II) = 82
At the selected reference point, the area of Kirkirayana catchment is 20.7 km 2 and consists of a network of
tributaries.
Kirkirayana River at the headwork site is characterized by well-defined channel system and enough flows. It looks
that the gradient of the river is medium and hence there exists no more deposition.
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2.2 Design flood analysis
For the design and analysis of structures to be constructed on the river, estimation of flood magnitude is an
important task. This can be done using different techniques depending on the data available at or nearby
the selected irrigation project site. For this particular case, there are no river flow data and hence the flood
estimation is done using the rainfall data and applying SCS Curve Method. However this is not the best
and only method to be used. The result can be checked using other river hydraulic or geometry
hydrodynamic reactions or checked using flood mark method.
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20 1980 54.3 50 20 1.6990 0.0000214 -0.0000001
21 1981 30 48.2 21 1.6830 0.0004224 -0.0000087
22 1982 34.3 47.9 22 1.6803 0.0005412 -0.0000126
23 1983 65.4 45 23 1.6532 0.0025389 -0.0001279
24 1984 43.9 45 23 1.6532 0.0025389 -0.0001279
25 1985 99 44 25 1.6435 0.0036177 -0.0002176
26 1986 37 43.9 26 1.6425 0.0037375 -0.0002285
27 1987 41.3 42.1 27 1.6243 0.0062913 -0.0004990
28 1988 51.3 41.3 28 1.6160 0.0076825 -0.0006734
29 1989 47.9 40.1 29 1.6031 0.0100913 -0.0010137
30 1990 63 37 30 1.5682 0.0183326 -0.0024822
31 1991 31.1 36.8 31 1.5658 0.0189756 -0.0026139
32 1992 36.8 36 32 1.5563 0.0216965 -0.0031958
33 1993 54.3 34.3 33 1.5353 0.0283268 -0.0047676
34 1994 40.1 31.1 34 1.4928 0.0444532 -0.0093725
35 1995 45 30 35 1.4771 0.0512925 -0.0116166
SUM 1830.30 59.6260 0.4460380 0.0070902
MEAN 52.29 1.7036 0.0127439 0.0002026
STANDARD DEVATION 14.31 0.1145
SKEWNESS COEFICIENT 1.056 0.1472
Therefore the rainfall values are all within the limits and hence we can use.
δ ∩−1
α= (√ N∗Mean )
∗100 %
Mean = 52.29
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α = Standard error
13.09
α= ( √ 48∗48.26 )∗100 %=4.62<10 % Acceptable
Therefore, the data shows relatively good consistency to use as design input.
6
1
D −Index =( )∗∑ |( Xi− Xi' )|
X m i=1
Where Xi and Xi’ are the ith highest observed and computed values for the distribution respectively.
All the candidate distributions give almost identical correlation coefficients. However, the standard errors are
significantly lower for the Gumbel’s EVI Method which is 0.66 that makes. However, since the data of Gondar is
taken for the site which is far by 60km, taking this design storm may underestimate the flood, for this reason
Gumbel’s distribution is selected to be safe. Therefore, the design point rainfall for 50 years return period is
95.22 mm.
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2.2.3 Peak Discharge Determination
2.2.3.1 General
The river is not gauged river. The design flood is calculated by using SCS unit hydrograph method. Thus, it is
preferred to base the flood analysis on rainfall data. In the hydrologic analysis for drainage structures, it must be
recognized that there are many variable factors that affect floods. Some of the factors that need be recognized and
considered on an individual site by site basis are; rainfall amount and storm distribution; catchment area, shape and
orientation; ground cover; type of soil; slopes of terrain and stream(S); antecedent moisture condition; Storage
potential (over bank, ponds, wetlands, reservoirs, channel, etc.). After simulated design flood is obtained based on
the actual river and watershed data, the result is compared with the flood mark method that is checked during field
assessment.
2.2.3.2 Peak flood analysis by The United States Soil Conservation Service/SCS / method
Design flood is calculated by using SCS method. This method is widely adopted and more reliable simulation
method for flood estimation. The approach considers, watershed parameters, like Area, Curve number, and Time of
concentration.
0.948∗❑
Tc=
❑
Base time,
T b=2.67∗T p = 2.46hr
Recession time,
T r=1.67∗T p=1.54hr.
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2.2.3.4 Curve number (CN)
Curve number (CN) is achieved based on SCS method by watershed characterization in terms of land cover,
treatment, hydrologic condition and soil group. From the watershed analysis curve number at condition II = 82 since
peak rainfall is found at an antecedent moisture condition III state, this value has to be changed to antecedent
moisture condition III.
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( I −0.2∗S)2
Q=
( I + 0.8∗S)
S= ( 25400
CN )
−254
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1
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
SUM
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
The cross section of the river looks the following starting from the right side bank of the river (BM-2, left side )
1106
1105
1104
1103
1102
1101
1100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Tail water depth of the river is equal to the flood depth and amount at the proposed weir site before construction of
the weir. It is used to crosscheck peak flood estimated by the SCS unit hydrograph method with flood mark method
and to see the flood feature after the hydraulic jump. During field visit, the flood mark of the river at the proposed
diversion site was marked based on dwellers information and physical indicative marks. The river cross-section was
surveyed.
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2.2.6.1 Average river bed slope
Q=V ∗A
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Table 1.7: Stage discharge analysis
1104.50
1104.00
1103.50
1103.00
1102.50
1102.00
1101.50
1101.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 100.00
From the above stage discharge table the computed design peak discharge is 107.26m3/s (at a depth of 2.3 m from
the river bed)
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2.2.6.4 Selected design flood
Based on the stage analysis result of the flood mark elevation, the amount of flood computed, 107.26m3/s fall at
elevation of 1104.327 (at a depth of 2.3 m from the river bed). But the amount of flood computed at the flood mark
elevation was found to be 114 m3/s which is higher than the computed flood amount using SCS method above.
However we adopted the scs value of flood i.e. 107.26m3/s because the flood mark flood is a little exaggerated.
Therefore, the downstream high flood level before construction can be calculated as
⇒ D/S HFL = 1102.25+2.3= 1104.55 masl.
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SECTION-II: HEADWORK DESIGN
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2.3 HEADWORK STRUCTURES DESIGN
The present morphology of the Kirkirayana River channel is a function of a number of processes and
environmental conditions, including the composition of the bed and the banks. The river flows in
meandering pattern. Particularly at the diversion site, the river has gentle slope. But as we move some meters
downstream of the diversion site the river take steep slope. The river has narrower section in upstream
direction whereas to downstream side the river section becomes somewhat wider.
At the lower section of the river most part of the stream bed is made from the alluvial deposit (cobble, gravel
and sand size) but near right end areas there is exposed welded basalt rock and it extends in upstream side.
From local geological setting, the thickness of the alluvial sediment can reach 1m, below to which the
underlying bedrock could be found. The proposed structure; hence, should lie on the bed rock, which is
exposed at the surface at right and left section. The bedrock is fresh and un-weathered at the surface when we
go deeper.
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2.3.2.2 River Bank condition
Right Bank
This abutment forms nearly small ridge. It is characterized by moderately to highly weathered, jointed and
fractured rock. It is covered by weathered rock with silt clay soil for few centimeter thicknesses on the top
part of this bank. This rock is not extending in the downstream direction instead it is replaced by red silt clay
soil at the river bank but in the upstream side it extends for some meters. At the proposed weir site the height
of this bank is about 1.5m with steeply slope. This rock is good for anchoring the proposed weir structure
and the recommended retaining wall along this side with it.
Left Bank
The left bank of the River geological formation is characterized by consolidated sandstone and
unconsolidated or weathered hard rock. The soil type along this bank is characterized with reddish color and
having fine to intermediate grain size. From visual examination of the pit, there is thin fine silty clay soil
having low plasticity.
The rock type found at this quarry site is basalt, which has dark gray color, fine grained texture, and high
strength. The rock unit shows closely spaced joints that disintegrated and dislodged fragments of the rock are
observed in large quantity. In addition to this intact and jointed (by widely spaced joints) outcrops of the rock
unit and subsurface extensions are found. At the site large extent exposure of the rock is available..
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2.3.3.2 Fine Aggregates
Aggregates are highly required for headwork concrete structures and the main canal masonry structures and
other structures that can be constructed in the project. The aggregates required for use in concrete works are
coarse and fine aggregates that can be found from natural deposits or artificially by crushing of suitable rock.
The project stream itself and other nearby ones have been assessed for natural sand deposits with the help of
the local dwellers. The streams do not possess natural sand along their beds at and nearby the site because
since the stream around the command area is steep the sand cannot be deposited at the project area. The
streams are found at higher elevation part of the region that deposition of suspended sediments of sand to
clay sizes is not possible due to their nature, rather coarser sediments or rock exposures characterize their
bed.
2.3.3.3 Water
Water for construction purposes can be found from the project stream, Kirkirayana River, itself. The stream
is perennial throughout the year that there is some amount of flow along its course. During this field time the
stream base flow was more than 70 l/second.
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2.5.3 a. Crest length
Lacey’s regime width, L=4.75∗ √ Q ,=4.75∗ √ 107.26 = 49.19 m.
Actual river section width of the over flow section of the river is = 22m take22m
b. Discharge over the weir section
Q=CLHe 3 /2
2/3 2/3
Q 107 . 26
He=
CL [ ] [ =
1 .7∗22 ] =2. 02 m
He: specific energy head (over flow depth + approaching velocity head (m))
σ : Specific weight of weir body (2.35 for cyclopean concrete)
He 2 .02
T= = =1 .71 m
Top width, √σ −1 √2 .35−1
He+P 2 .28+2. 0
B= = =3 . 43 m
Bottom width, √σ −1 √ 2. 35−1
However this computed value of the dimensions shall be fixed after stability analysis of the structure.
After stability analysis safe we fixed Top width=1.0m, Bottom width=2.6m
From the stage –discharge curve prepared in hydrology Section the high flood level after construction (i.e.
D/s HFL) corresponding to the design flood is1103.93m a.s.l.
Hd is the depth of water over the weir crest. This is calculated by assuming broad crested weir formula.
3
Q=C∗L∗H e 2
Q 32
H e= ( C∗L )
= 2.02m, L is the gross crest length i.e. 13m
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The velocity head, ha is computed from the approach velocity as shown below
v
a2
ha =
2g
ha =H e −hd =
( ) (L∗h d
=
( 22 )∗h d )
( 2 g) ( 2∗9 .81 )
By trial and error method, hd is found to be 1.39m
ha = He-hd = 2.02m-1.39m = 0.63m
Velocity head, ha = 0.63m
Afflux
⇒ Afflux = U/s HFL- D/s HFL = 1105.64m a.s.l – 1103.93m a.s.l = 1.71m.
From the flood level analysis, it is seen that the flood overtops the banks of the river upstream of the
structure. This condition is not allowed to take place as it inundates the canal head at the right side and has
negative impact on the structures. On the left side the flood may scour the bank and may change its route in
that direction. So, it is necessary to construct a structure to confine it.
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Q 107.26 m 3/s
q= = =4.88 m 2¿ s
l 22 m
q2 4.882
h a= =
2∗g∗y 2 2∗g∗y 12
4.882
2.02=0
2∗g∗y 12
y1 2 0.78 (
y 2=
2
( √ 1+8∗F r −1 ) y 2=
2
√ 1+ 8∗1.612−1) =1.42 m
Hydraulic jump length (L) for Fr=1.61 from the graph L=5*y2=5*1.42=7.1m.
Here one shall note that as the river bed is hard rock no stilling basin is required. So, only 2.4m
downstream apron is adopted for protecting the weir body from cavity scouring.
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2.6 Stability Analysis of weir
Stability analysis is carried out to see the already determined weir/intake section is safe against
overturning, sliding, tension. The stability analysis is carried out considering the effect of the
following forces.
• Water pressure
• Weight of the over flow weir section
• Sediment load
The extreme load combination is the case where the head is at crest level of the weir and there is no
flow over the weir (static case)
Fo=
∑ ( M +) =175 .12 =4 .56
∑ ( M−) 38 . 41 >1.5 Safe!
iii) Check for tension (i.e. whether the resultant lies within the middle third)
The location of the resultant force from the toe is given by
X=
∑ M (+)−∑ M (−) =175 .12−35. 41 =1 .17 m
∑V 119. 6
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The eccentricity (e) = B/2‒X, B = 2.6m
2 .6
=0.43
The eccentricity (e) should be less than B/6 = 6 , Hence the obtained e = 0.13m < 0.43m.
⇒The resultant lays within the middle third no tension
1102.25+1.4=1103.65m.a s.l.
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Even if the position of the under sluice is on concave side that is on scouring side, there might be boulders
that may come into the pocket of the under sluice due to the barrier structure. Hence in addition to the supply
of water to the intake and the removal of silt, this acts to remove the boulder that comes to wards it.
Considering this, the opening size of the gate is 0.6m*0.7m
The capacity should be at least five times the canal discharge to ensure proper scouring.
Capacity of passing about 10% to 20% of the maximum flood discharge at high floods.
During construction, it should be able to pass the prevailing (at least base flow) discharge of the
river.
From stated above 6 times of the base flow can be taken to fix the under sluice capacity not to exaggerate the
capacity i.e. 6*70=420 l/s. The dimensions of under sluice are determined by using broad crest formula for
maximum flood condition i.e.
• Outlet size
From the weir discharge formula the outlet size is determined as follows
Q = CLHe3/2
Where; C = Coefficient of discharge = 1.7
L = Length of water way (m)
He = head above sill level (neglecting the velocity head) = 0.50m
Q 0 . 42
L= = =0. 70 m
CHe 3/ 2 1. 7 x 0 . 503/2
• Outlet capacity
The minimum command area is determined by the minimum flow of the river. But the canal capacity should
be determined for maximum command area and the corresponding discharge. In this case the outlet capacity
is fixed considering maximum duty and command area.
Outlet capacity for dry season irrigation = Duty x command area x correction factor (when necessary)
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Where, maximum duty for 16 hr irrigation = 1.82 L/s/ha
But the project area is drought affected and there is crop failure due short of rain in October. but at that time
the flow is too high and according to the aged people information it is estimated about 4 times the lean flow
(70 l/s) = 280 l/s . Therefore the canal capacity is designed using this flow which can be used for 1 st period
irrigation also (October-January). The project has enough command area for 1 st season irrigation (80ha). But
the topomap is surveyed for only 40ha.
• Outlet size
From the weir discharge formula the outlet size is determined as follows
Q = CLHe3/2
Where; C = Coefficient of discharge = 1.7
L = Length of water way (m)
He = head above sill level (neglecting the velocity head) = 0.5m
Q 0 . 28
L= 3/ 2
= =0. 45 m
CHe 1. 7 x 0 . 53/2 Say 0.5m
⇒Adopt water way length = 0.5m, to make easy for maintenance and cleaning.
Hence, provide an outlet size of 0.5m x 0.5m (length x height) .The gate of the off take canal is to be vertical
sheet metal of 0.5m x 0.50m for the closure of the opening space. Provide some extra dimensions for groove
insertion. Gross area of sheet metals for the off take canal gate will be 0.6m x 0.60m (allowing 5cm insertion
for grooves and above the weir crest level). The grooves are to be provided on the walls using angle iron
frames at the two sides of the gate openings.
Trash racks of diameter 14mm with c/c spacing of 10cm has to be provided u/s of the gate to prevent entry of
debris to the canal.
.
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2.8.1 Upstream Retaining Wall
U/s wing wall Height (H) = (U/S HFL –bank bed level)
= (1105.64-1102.25)
= 3.4m
B = 0.5*3.4= 1.7m
Data available:-
3 3 3
γ m=23 KN /m , γ w =10 KN /m , γ soil =19 . KN / m
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W1
Ps
W2
B2
Dimension
H FB HT B1 B2 B
3.40 0.50 1.20 1.70
Stability analysis
Table U/s retaining wall
Horizonta
vertical l force
Type of force load KN KN moment arm m moment
(-) (+)
Wt of 50.40350
back Pav 38.76 1.30 4
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fill soil Pah 36.57 1.13 41.446068
weight W1 39.1 0.25 9.775
of the
body W2 46.92 1.13 53.176
sum 124.78 36.57 3.82 41.446068 113.355
Fo 2.73 >1.5 safe
∑ 71.9084
Fs 2.56 >1.5 safe M= 4
0.5762
x 8
e 0.31
e<B/6
B/6 0.34 safe
3 3 3
γ m=23 KN /m , γ w =10 KN /m , γ soil =19 KN /m
Dimension
H FB HT B1 B2 B
1.70 0.50 0.70 1.20
Stability analysis
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(-) (+)
Wt of
back fill Pav 11.31 0.97 10.93
soil Pah 9.14 0.57 5.18
weight of W1 19.55 0.25 4.89
the body W2 13.69 0.57 7.75
sum 44.54 9.14 2.35 5.18 23.57
Fo 4.55 >1.5 safe
∑
Fs 3.65 >1.5 safe ∑M= 18.39
x 0.41
e 0.19
B/6 0.20 e<B/6 safe
Table 1.10: D/s retaining wall analysis
Note: during construction period anchoring depths can be extended bellow the bed match greater than
the provided value until sound foundation is existed in both upstream and downstream guide walls and for
all the structures going to be constructed
U/S DRAWING
0.5
1.7
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2.9 Bill of Quantity and cost estimation
The quantities of the various items have been worked out as per the final design and final drawings
prepared for the scheme. The unit rates analysis has been carried out based on the data available in
the vicinity of the project area.
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Bill No. 2- Headwork Structure
Uni Quantit Unit
Description t y Rate Total Cost
Head Work structures
1 Weir body
1.1 hard rock excavation M3 17.94 660 11840.4
1.2 Earth Excavation M3 11.96 60 717.6
3
1.3 Lean Concrete (C10) M 3.718 1700 6320.6
1.4 Masonry work with 1:3 ratio M3 89.661 1300 116559.3
1.5 Reinforced Concrete 0
1.5. 2424.6 71426.5180
1 Concrete (C20) M3 29.458 9 2
1.5.
2 Reinforcing bars ф 12 Kg 630 55 34650
Subtotal 241,514.42
2 Under sluice
2.1 Hard rock excavation M3 0.546 660 360.36
2.2 Earth Excavation M3 0.364 60 21.84
3
2.3 Masonry work with 1:3 ratio M 2.184 1300 2839.20
2.4 Lean Concrete (C10) M3 0.338 1700 574.60
2.3 Reinforced Concrete 0.00
2.3. 2424.6
1 Concrete (C20) M3 0.858 9 2080.38
2.3.
2 Reinforcing bars ф 12 Kg 35 55 1925.00
Subtotal 7,801.38
3 Downstream apron
3.1 Hard rock excavation M3 42.68 660 28168.80
3
3.2 Earth Excavation M 23.1 60 1386.00
3
3.3 Masonry work with 1:3 ratio M 22.88 1300 29744.00
3.4 Reinforced Concrete 0.00
3.4. 2424.6
1 Concrete (C20) M3 38.324 9 92923.82
3.4.
2 Reinforcing bars ф 12 Kg 650.765 55 35792.08
Sub total 188,014.69
4 Left side Retaining wall
4.1 Hard rock excavation M3 0 660 0
4.2 Earth Excavation M3 15 60 900
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4.3 Back fill M3 6.5 53 344.5
3
4.4 Lean concrete (C10) M 1.95 1700 3315
4.5 Masonry work with 1:3 ratio M3 33.8 1300 43940
4.6 Plastering M2 32.5 169.15 5497.375
Sub total 53,996.88
5 Right side Retaining wall
3
5.1 Hard rock excavation M 0 660 0
5.2 Earth Excavation M3 23 60 1380
5.3 Back fill and compaction M3 8 53 424
3
5.4 Lean concrete (C10) M 2.6 1700 4420
4.5 Masonry work with 1:3 ratio M3 55.9 1300 72670
5.6 Plastering M2 41.6 169.15 7036.64
Sub total 85,930.64
6 Gates
6.1 under sluice
6.1.
0.546 1840 1004.64
1 6mm metal Sheets M2
6.1.
4 45 180
2 Stiffening angle iron (50*50*5) M
6.1.
5 90 450
3 Angle iron for groove(50*50*5) M
6.1. 16mm reinforcement bar for 1.5 55 82.5
4 handling Kg
6.2 Head regulator 0
6.2.
0.408 1400 571.2
1 4mm metal Sheets M2
6.2.
2.5 45 112.5
2 Stiffening angle iron (40*40*5) M
6.2.
M 2.2 90 198
3 Angle iron for groove(40*40*5)
6.2. 16mm reinforcement bar for
1.5 55 82.5
4 handling Kg
Sub total 2681.34
Total cost for Head work 579,939.35
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SECTION-III: IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
INFRASTRUCTURE
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3 IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS DESIGN
3.1 Irrigable area description
3.1.1 Topography
Topography is an important factor for the planning of any irrigation project as it influences method of
irrigation, drainage, erosion, mechanization, and cost of land development, labor requirement and choice of
crops.
The topographic feature of the project command area is mainly gently sloping type and flat surface.
However, it has identified to be suitable for surface irrigation the project command area is situated at the
right side of Kirkirayana River (to the East side of the river).
3.1.2 Climate
As per the hydrological analysis and on the basis of the traditional Ethiopian Agro-Ecological Zones (MOA,
2001), the TDWIP area is basically classified as Moist Kolla agro-ecological zone, indicating better moisture
condition in the area in wet seasons. There is no belg rain season in the project area. Despite the fact that the
Meher rains are considered adequate, there is notable variation in terms of onset, distribution and withdrawal
from year to year affecting crop production in general and crop productivity in particular.
The nearby station for the project we take Gondar meteorological station. And it has adequate and consistent
data for irrigation infrastructure design.
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3.1.5 Irrigation water requirement
3.1.5.1 Crop Water Requirement (CWR)
The calculation of crop water requirement is a very important aspect for planning of any irrigation project.
Several methods and procedures are available for this. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the
United Nations has also made available several publications on this subject and other issues related with this.
The computer program available in FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56 “CROPWAT” has been used
for the calculation of Crop Water requirement. This program is based on Penman-Monteith approach and
procedures for calculation of crop water requirements and irrigation requirements are mainly based on
methodologies presented in FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 24 “Crop Water Requirements” and No.
33 “Yield Response to Water”.
The gross requirement of water for irrigation system is very much dependent on the overall efficiency of the
irrigation system, which in turn is dependent on several factors: Method of irrigation, type of canal (Lined
and/or Unlined), method of operations (simultaneously and continuous or Rotational water supply), and
availability of structures (for controlling and distribution and measuring and monitoring).
On the basis of these factors, the project has planned to impose surface irrigation method (using furrows).
The canal system is lined other than tertiary and field canals. Hence, the conveyance efficiency has been
estimated to be 90%, distribution efficiency 85%, and field application efficiency 60%. As a result of these
the overall irrigation efficiency has been estimated to be 50%.
The area, which will be irrigated, can be calculated by knowing the total available water at the source and
the overall duty for all crops required to be irrigated in different seasons of the years.
The proposed cropping pattern of Kirkirayana diversion irrigation project has showed a maximum net
irrigation water requirement (NIWR) in the month of February with the amount of 3.9 mm/day for 24
working hours (for overall proposed crops).
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However, for the designing of the irrigation water application and the flows in the entire canal systems, from
the overall proposed crops the one that has maximum NIWR was used for irrigation duty calculation.
Accordingly, maize has showed the maximum NIWR (i.e. 5.47 mm/day); and hence taken for the irrigation
project duty calculation as indicated here below:
For Kirkirayana River Diversion Irrigation Project, it is decided to adopt 60% field application efficiency,
85% distribution efficiency, and 90% conveyance efficiency as the soil is sandy loam and black cotton
textured and the canal systems are estimated to be lined except tertiary and field canals. Hence, the
overall/project efficiency for the selected surface irrigation method has been estimated to be 50%
(60/100*90/100*85/100) which is rounded to 50%.
The GIWR, 10.49 mm/day, represents the daily quantity of water that is required to be applied. This water
quantity is also used for the determination of the canal discharge in consideration of the time of flow and is
defined as the duty, expressed as l/s/ha.
The duty for the GIWR of 10.49 mm/day and 16 hours of daily irrigation time (t = 16), is supported to be
used with furrow irrigation method. Hence, Duty for 16 working hours, as the site is nearer to farmers’
village and local farmers have experiences in irrigation, is computed as follows:
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For this project, among the various irrigation methods, surface irrigation method has been selected. Of the
surface irrigation methods furrow, border and basin irrigation methods can be used to supply irrigation water
to the plants/crops. However, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Care should be taken
when choosing the method which is best suited to the local circumstances, i.e., depending on slopes, soil
types, selected crop types, amount of water available, etc. of the command area.
Based on the above factors surface irrigation method has been proposed for the proposed crops in this
project. The method allows applying light irrigation and can be laid out in sloping fields along the contour.
Furrow irrigation method is best suited for most of the proposed and row planted crops. In general, furrow
irrigation method is simple, manageable and widely practiced irrigation method. This method is suitable for
row crops that cannot stand in water for long periods. The only thing required to use this method is row
planting of crops. Besides, basin and border irrigation method would be used for the non-row planted crops.
Rotational flow water distribution is also recommended for the project area.
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W
LO
F
ER
R
IV
Main canal is aligned along contours and supplies to secondary canals and field canals.
The main canal is decided to be masonry lined because of the following main reasons;
The available water source is scarce for this specific project, requiring minimizing of
conveyance losses to increase efficiency.
The route of these canals is steep so it will aggravate erosion if it is left unlined.
The earthen canals have been designed with a trapezoidal shape and the lined ones with rectangular x-section
using Manning's Formula:
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2 /3 1/2
AxR xS
Q=
n
Where Q= discharge (m3/s)
n= Manning's roughness coefficient, n=0.022 is adopted for the earth channels and n=0.018
for masonry lined part of the main canal.
Vel= Velocity
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1 1
1 OGL-FSL 1
FB
FB
FSD FSD
0.35
0.35
0.35 BW 0.35
0.35 BW 0.35
Typical Section for BTL >=OGL
NOT TO SCALE
NOT TO SCALE
FB
0.6 0.6
1.5 FSD 1.5
1 1
0.3
0.3 BW 0.3
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3.3.2 Tertiary canal
Tertiary canals and Field canals are not to implement on farm land. The farmers can take water directly from
the off takes on main canal at their convenient. Hence the work volumes are not included in the BoQ
B2
0.35 0.35
Q2
0.4
0.4
L2
0.35
0.35
Q1
B1
L1
Lo
Qo
B
0.35
0.35
0.4 0.4
Figure 1.10: Typical Division Box plan
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Using broad crested formula,
Q= CL (h)3/2
Assuming equal discharge coefficient & sill height for two or three dividing canals, the proportion becomes.
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Table 1.12: Hydraulic parameters of Division Boxes
incoming discharge
Name of
Depth of
Division
Chainage
box
/code/
(m)
MC- TC1 0+350 0.0091 0.5 1.20 0.6
0.280
MC- TC2 0+450 0.0091 0.5 1.20 0.6
0.280
MC- TC3 0+520 0.0091 0.5 1.20 0.6
0.280
MC- TC4 0+600 0.0091 0.5 1.20 0.6
0.280
MC- TC5 0+700 0.0091 0.5 1.20 0.6
0.280
MC- TC6 0+800 0.0091 0.5 1.20 0.6
0.280
MC- TC7 0+920 0.0091 0.5 1.20 0.6
0.280
MC- TC8 1+050 0.0091 0.5 1.20 0.6
0.280
MC-TC9 1+200 0.0091 0.5 1.20 0.6
0.280
Where,
Q=discharge, b=bottom width, d= flow depth +freeboard, L=length, Lup =length of upstream
protection, Ldp=length of downstream protection work, fb= free board
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No. of Q
D=d+fb, Ldp,
Canal Name Turn (m^3/s B (m) L (m) Lup, (m) Remark
(m) (m)
outs )
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Figure 1.11: Typical Turnout plan
a. Critical hydraulic
b. Stilling basin
18.46 √Q
,m
1. Basin width, B = Q+9.91
1. 1dc dc 3
2. Basin length, L =
[
2 .5+
h
+0 .7 ( )]
h
√ hdc, m
All the hydraulic parameters computed using the above procedures in tabular form where,
L1=U/S protection
L2= D/s protection
b1=top width of drop wall =0.4m
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t=Thickness of the stilling basin=0.4m
q
Q V b H d h b1 (m2/s/ dc L B t a bc L1 L2
Drops onDrops
(m3/s) (m/s) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
Chainage (m)
)
0+350
MC
0.280 1.22 0.50 0.12 0.12 1.0 0.3 0.183 0.15 1.0 0.63 0.4 0.15 0.30 1.5 1.5
0+750 0+650 0+550 0+450
MC
0.280 1.22 0.50 0.12 0.12 1.0 0.3 0.183 0.15 1.0 0.63 0.4 0.15 0.30 1.5 1.5
MC
0.280 1.22 0.50 0.12 0.12 1.0 0.3 0.183 0.15 1.0 0.63 0.4 0.15 0.30 1.5 1.5
MC
0.280 1.22 0.50 0.12 0.12 1.0 0.3 0.183 0.15 1.0 0.63 0.4 0.15 0.30 1.5 1.5
MC
0.280 1.22 0.50 0.12 0.12 1.0 0.3 0.183 0.15 1.0 0.63 0.4 0.15 0.30 1.5 1.5
0+850
MC
0.280 1.22 0.50 0.12 0.12 1.0 0.3 0.183 0.15 1.0 0.63 0.4 0.15 0.30 1.5 1.5
MC
0+920
0.280 1.22 0.50 0.12 0.12 1.0 0.3 0.183 0.15 1.0 0.63 0.4 0.15 0.30 1.5 1.5
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3.4.4 Flume
Flume is across drainage that is used to carry the canal over deep channels with small discharge. At main
canal chainage 1+200 there is gulley which should be crossing the main canal. To cross the gulley we
recommend flume crossing structure. There is only one flume and it is reinforced concrete type of simply
supported with masonry retaining wall.
4.5 Gate -
4,018.
4.5.1 4mm thick sheet metal m2 2.87 1400 00
m 700.
4.5.2 Stiffening angle iron (30*30*4) 14 50 00
m 2,592.
4.5.3 Angle iron for groove(40*40*4) 32.4 80 00
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16mm reinforcement bar for 770.
4.5.4 handling Kg 14 55 00
221,156.
Sub total 75
5 Drop structure
5.1 Masonry work with 1:3 ratio m3 26 1300 33800
5.2 stone pitching m3 35.1 180 6318
169.1
5.3 Plastering with 1:3 ratio m2 36.4 5 6157.06
46,275.
Sub total 06
6 Flume
6.1 Earth work
912.
6.1.1 Clearing & grubbing m2 76 12 00
600.
6.1.2 Ordinary soil excavation m3 10 60 00
318.
6.1.3 Back fill and compaction m3 6 53 00
Masonry work
6.2 -
12,350.
6.2.1 Masonry work with 1:3 ratio m3 9.5 1300 00
169.1 10,741.
6.2.2 Plastering with 1:2 ratio m2 63.5 5 03
4.2.1 Operation
The operation of the irrigation system depends mainly on the method of water delivery at farm level. The
farmers would organize themselves and form groups in order to handle the water management. For better and
efficient water management, crop diversification should be avoided within a group. This would reduce the
complexity of water distribution system of the scheme during one irrigation season.
To ensure equitable distribution of water the amount of water released through field canals should be
proportional to the available command area.
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Ever damage on the canal system, crossing structure and gates should be followed by the WUA
and immediate action should be undertaken.
For technical failure beyond the capacity of the local community should be informed to the
Wereda irrigation and Drainage sector and immediate action should be taken.
Frequent supervision to the canal system is needed. Remove silt, weed, and any flow blocking
objects from the canal system.
Land leveling of each farm block access uniform water distribution within the block.
Water application should be done by furrow rather than flooding.
Uniform cropping season and pattern within nearby blocks is good for irrigation water
management.
4.2.2 Maintenance
The performance of an irrigation canal system depends not only on how the system is operated, But also on
the condition of the canals. Irrigation canals function well so long as they are kept clean and if they are not
leaking. If no attention is paid to the canal system, plants may grow and the problem of siltation may arise.
Even worse, the canals may suffer from leakages. Plant growth and sedimentation not only impede the flow
in a canal, they also diminish the area of the cross-section. As a consequence, the canal capacity may
diminish A reduction in the capacity may result in overtopping and a limit on water supply to the fields. The
available water will also be reduced when there are leakages in a canal.
To protect the system from these problems, the canals should be maintained on a regular basis. Even when a
canal is well maintained, serious technical problems may arise. These problems need to be solved by repair
or improvement works.
A repair should usually be done as soon as possible, depending on the severity of the problem.
Improvements, such as the lining of a canal section, may be postponed until the end of an irrigation season,
when canals are dry and farmers have more time available.
After a serious problem is found on an inspection tour, a team of workers or farmers should be available for
repair as soon as possible. Such a team should be formed at the beginning of the irrigation season in order to
have it on call in case of emergencies. The same team may be asked to do the improvement works. If
necessary, a contractor may be asked to do the job.
A good maintenance programmed can prolong the life of canals. A routine, thorough programmed should be
kept to. Maintenance of an irrigation canal system is usually carried out in between two irrigation seasons, or
at times of low water demand. It consists of cleaning, weeding, de-silting, re-shaping, and executing minor
repairs.
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Bushes or trees on canal embankments should be removed. They may obstruct the water flow and
their roots will open the compacted soil in the banks and cause the development of leakages.
Breaches and rat holes in the embankments should be filled with compacted soil, inside as well as
outside of the embankment. For compacting, the soil should be wetted.
Plants silt and debris in the canal should be removed. While cleaning the canal bed, care must be
taken that the original shape of the cross-section is kept. For this, a wooden frame, or template, with
the exact dimensions of the designed cross-section of the canal being cleaned, can be of great help.
Weak sections and sections of canal embankments where people or animals cross the canal should be
strengthened with compacted soil or with bricks.
Eroded sections of a canal should be rebuilt to the original shape.
The expense for O&M should be collected from the beneficiaries. Of course, much of the task is done by the
labor and skill of the community. For cost incurring activities beneficiaries have to collect money based on
the proportion of the command area they owned. Households with more command area contribute more
money. Farmers should contribute twice in a year unless special damage is happened to the system. The
amount of money to be contributed by each Household shall be determined by the beneficiaries using the
water users association.
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The project is socially accepted, environmentally safe and economically feasible.
The following recommendations are drown:
1. For better performance and long service year of the project regular inspection and maintenance
is highly required.
2. Farmers training, how to operate and maintain the project structures as a whole and available
and water resources has a paramount important.
3. The irrigation hours per day and per week should be flexible based on base flow amount of each
week or month.
4. There should physical and biological soil and water conservation practice for the command area
to mitigate erosion.
REFERENCE
5. Hydraulic structural design guideline for small scale irrigation projects in Amhara Region
6. Reinforced Concrete Analysis and design, S.S.Ray
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