• Dead Load

Live Load
Net Effective area for Staggered Fasteners

Dr. N. Subramanian 11
Stress Concentration due to Holes
(Fig. 3.4 of 2011 edition)

Dr. N. Subramanian 12
Net Area-Fasteners in more than one
plane

Dr. N. Subramanian 13
Net Area of cross section, An

Dr. N. Subramanian 14
 Tensile Properties of Fasteners (Table
10.1 of 2011 edition)

For grade 4.6 bolts, nuts of grade 4 are used and for grade 8.8, nuts of grade 8 or 10 are used.

In property class 4.6, the number 4 indicates 1/100th the

nominal ultimate tensile strength in N/mm2 and the number 6
indicates the ratio of yield stress to ultimate stress, expressed
as a percentage. Thus the ultimate tensile strength of class 4.6
bolt is 400 N/mm2 and yield strength is 0.6 times 400, which
is 240 N/mm2
Dr. N. Subramanian 15
Bolt Dia, Pitch & Edge Distances as
per Table 19 and section 10 of IS
800 & Table 10.6 of 2011 edition

Dr. N. Subramanian 17
 Gauge Distances
for bolts as per SP-1 of IS 800

Dr. N. Subramanian 18
 GAUGE DISTANCE as per IS 800
• 10.2.3.4 When fasteners are staggered at
equal intervals and the gauge does not exceed
75 mm, the spacing specified in 10.2.3.2 and
10.2.3.3 between centres of fasteners may be
increased by 50 percent, subject to the
maximum spacing specified in 10.2.3.1.
 STRENGTH AS PER section 6 of IS
800:2007
• The strength of tension members is the
minimum of the following three categories as
stated below:
▫ Yielding of the Gross Section
▫ Rupture/tearing of the Net Section
▫ Block Shear Failure

• The factored design tension T, in the members T < Td

Dr. N. Subramanian 24
 Yielding of the Gross section

Design Strength (Yielding in member similar to that

of tension coupon)

Tdg = fy Ag /m0 ; mo = 1.1

• Ag = Gross area of cross section in mm2,
• fy = Yield strength of the material (in MPa)

Dr. N. Subramanian 26
 Tearing of the Net Section

• Design Strength due to

Rupture of Critical Section
• Plates: Tdn = 0.9 fu An /
m1 ; m1 = 1.25;
• An = Net effective area of
the cross section in mm2
• fu = Ultimate strength of
the material in MPaDr. N. Subramanian
27
 Tearing of Net section-Angles
fu and fy are the ultimate and
yield stress of the material,

w, t are the size and

thickness of the outstanding
leg,
• Single or double Angles − The design Anc is the net area of the
strength, Tdn, (either bolted or welded connected leg at critical
cross section, computed after
including the shear lag effect) deducting the diameter of
hole,
• Tdn = 0.9 fu Anc / m1 + Ago fy /m0
Ago is the gross area of the
outstanding leg,

•  = 1.4 – 0.076 (w/t) (fu/fy) (bs/L ) ≤ fu  m0 /  m0 = 1.10 and  m1 = 1.25

(fy  m1) ≥ 0.7
Dr. N. Subramanian 28
 Tearing of Net Section-Angles
• Alternatively, the tearing strength of net section:

• Tdn =  An fu /m1 ; m1 = 1.25;

• An = Net area of total cross-section

• fu = Ultimate stress of the material

•  = 0.6 for one or two bolts, 0.7 for three bolts and 0.8 for
four or more bolts in the end connections or equivalent
weld length.

Dr. N. Subramanian 29
 Block Shear Failure
• The Hartford Civil
Centre roof collapse on
January 17, 1978, due
to heavy snow storm,
triggered the
investigations on Block
shear failure.
• In this, failure of the
member occurs along a
path involving tension
on one plane and
shear on a
perpendicular plane
along the fasteners.
Dr. N. Subramanian 30
 Block shear in Plates and Angles
The block shear strength, Tdb, of connection Avg, Avn = Minimum
shall be taken as the smaller of gross and net area in
shear along a line of
Tdb1 = Avg fy /(3 m0) + 0.9 fu Atn /m1 transmitted force
respectively (1-2 and
Tdb2 = 0.9 fu Avn /(3 m1) + fy Atg /m0 4-3 and 1-2 as shown
in Fig.

Atg, Atn = minimum

gross and net area in
tension from the hole
to the toe of the
angle or next last
row of bolt in plates,
perpendicular to the
line of force
respectively

Dr. N. Subramanian 31
Examples of Block shear failures
(Fig. 3.6 of 2011 edition)

Dr. N. Subramanian 32
 Efficiency

Efficiency of Tension member:

 = Td /(Ag * fy / M0)

Efficiency may reduce due to

– bolt holes
– shear lag
– block shear

Dr. N. Subramanian 33
 Definition of bs as per Fig. 3.13 of
2011 edition
• bs is the shear distance from the edge of the outstanding leg to
the nearest line of fasteners, measured along the centre line of
the legs in the cross section

Dr. N. Subramanian 36