MODERN FACTS DEVICES AND

ITS COMPENSATION TECHNIQUES

 Relation between cost and Power
Transmission
Area of the conductor is inversely proportional to square of
voltage transmitted and its power factor value

a α 1 ∕ (VL2 *cosϕ )

To lower cost we need two important parameters

•High Voltage in transmission lines
•Power factor value nearer to one
 How power factor of Transmission line
is affected?
•Presence of thick insulators and long transmission lines

•There is improper distribution of load factors

•For example -inductors are said to consume reactive power

and capacitors are said to supply it.

•Improper distribution of these loads causes power factor to

drop below one.
 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION IN
LOADS
• A high power factor is generally desirable in a
transmission system to reduce transmission
losses
• For power factor correction , power
electronic devices such as the Static VAR
compensator or STATCOM are used.
These devices are called FACTS Devices
 Voltage Regulation and stability
• How the Voltage in Transmission line be
controlled?
•The control of voltage and reactive power is a major
issue in power system operation.
• To reduce transmission losses and to maintain the
ability of the system to withstand and prevent voltage
collapse.
•Reactive power is the very important parameter to
control the voltage in transmission lines
 History of FACTS Devices
• Dr. Narain Hingorani is the father of FACTS
technology.

• C. J. Slatt Substation near Arlington, Oregon

• This is a 500 kV, 3-phase 60 Hz substation

FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
(FACTS)
FACTS Categories

•Series Connected ‐FACTS Devices

•Shunt Connected ‐FACTS Devices
•Combined Series‐series Connected ‐FACTS
Device
• Combined Series‐shunt Connected ‐FACTS
Device
 SERIES COMPENSATION
• Improper load distribution in transmission line
• In case inductance is prominent in the
transmission line we suffer Voltage drop.
• To compensate, series capacitors are
connected.
• Capacitors add voltage to line current.
• Effect of Inductance thus eliminated.
 SHUNT COMPENSATION

• In case capacitance is prominent in the

transmission line we suffer low current in
transmission line.
• To compensate, shunt inductors are
connected.
• inductors add current to line voltage.
• Effect of Capacitance thus eliminated.
 Types of Shunt Compensation
• SHUNT CAPACITIVE COMPENSATION

• SHUNT INDUCTIVE COMPENSATION

Different FACTS controllers
 Static VAR compensator

• It is for providing fast-acting reactive

power on high-voltage electricity transmission
networks.
• It is used for regulating voltage, power factor,
harmonics and stabilizing the system.
• designed to bring the system closer to
unity power factor.
 Static VAR compensator
Types of Static VAR compensator
• Transmission SVC : Connected to the power
system, to regulate the transmission voltage.
• Industrial SVC : Connected near large
industrial loads, to improve power quality .
 STATCOM
• It is a regulating device used on alternating
current electricity transmission networks.
• To reduce poor power factor and poor voltage
regulation.
• It is based on a power electronics voltage-
source converter
• act as either a source or sink of reactive AC
power
STATCOM
 Unified Power Flow Controller
• Latest in series connected Facts Controllers.
• The UPFC is a combination of a static
synchronous compensator and a static
synchronous series compensator.
• It allows function such as stability control to
suppress power system oscillations and
transient stability of power system.
Unified Power Flow Controller
Generalized Unified Power Flow
Controller
• Three converters one shunt ,two
series power controller.
• active and reactive power
compensation.
Generalized Unified Power Flow
Controller
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