Ministry of Higher

Education and Scientific

Research
Al-Muthanna University
Engineering College
Chemical Engineering
Department

Bingham plastic
fluids

By:
Moaml Ali Abdul Whahab

Class: Fourth
Subject: Units Operation

Supervised by:
Dr. Raid Tariq
Introduction
A Bingham plastic is a viscoplastic material that behaves as a rigid body at low
stresses but flows as a viscous fluid at high stress. It is named after Eugene C.
Bingham who proposed its mathematical form.

It is used as a common mathematical model of mud flow in drilling engineering, and

in the handling of slurries. A common example is toothpaste, which will not
be extruded until a certain pressure is applied to the tube. It is then pushed out as a
relatively coherent plug.

Mayonnaise is a Bingham plastic. The surface has ridges and peaks because
Bingham plastics mimic solids under low shear stresses.
Explanation

Figure 1. Bingham Plastic flow as described by Bingham

Figure 1 shows a graph of the behaviour of an ordinary viscous (or Newtonian) fluid
in red, for example in a pipe. If the pressure at one end of a pipe is increased this
produces a stress on the fluid tending to make it move (called the shear stress) and
the volumetric flow rate increases proportionally. However, for a Bingham Plastic
fluid (in blue), stress can be applied but it will not flow until a certain value, the yield
stress, is reached. Beyond this point the flow rate increases steadily with increasing
shear stress. This is roughly the way in which Bingham presented his observation,
in an experimental study of paints.[3] These properties allow a Bingham plastic to
have a textured surface with peaks and ridges instead of a featureless surface like
a Newtonian fluid.

Figure 2. Bingham Plastic flow as described currently

Figure 2 shows the way in which it is normally presented currently. [2] The graph
shows shear stress on the vertical axis and shear rate on the horizontal one.
(Volumetric flow rate depends on the size of the pipe, shear rate is a measure of how
the velocity changes with distance. It is proportional to flow rate, but does not
depend on pipe size.) As before, the Newtonian fluid flows and gives a shear rate for
any finite value of shear stress. However, the Bingham plastic again does not exhibit
any shear rate (no flow and thus no velocity) until a certain stress is achieved. For
the Newtonian fluid the slope of this line is the viscosity, which is the only parameter
needed to describe its flow. By contrast, the Bingham plastic requires two
parameters, the yield stress and the slope of the line, known as the plastic viscosity.

The physical reason for this behaviour is that the liquid contains particles (such as
clay) or large molecules (such as polymers) which have some kind of interaction,
creating a weak solid structure, formerly known as a false body, and a certain
amount of stress is required to break this structure. Once the structure has been
broken, the particles move with the liquid under viscous forces. If the stress is
removed, the particles associate again.

Definition

The material is an elastic solid for shear stress , less than a critical value .
Once the critical shear stress (or "yield stress") is exceeded, the material flows in
such a way that the shear rate, ∂u/∂y (as defined in the article on viscosity), is
directly proportional to the amount by which the applied shear stress exceeds the
yield stress:
Friction factor formulae
In fluid flow, it is a common problem to calculate the pressure drop in an established
piping network.[4] Once the friction factor, f, is known, it becomes easier to handle
different pipe-flow problems, viz. calculating the pressure drop for evaluating
pumping costs or to find the flow-rate in a piping network for a given pressure drop.
It is usually extremely difficult to arrive at exact analytical solution to calculate the
friction factor associated with flow of non-Newtonian fluids and therefore explicit
approximations are used to calculate it. Once the friction factor has been calculated
the pressure drop can be easily determined for a given flow by the Darcy–Weisbach
equation:

Where:

 is the frictional head loss (SI units: m)

 is the Darcy friction factor (SI units: Dimensionless)
 is the pipe length (SI units: m)
 is the gravitational acceleration (SI units: m/s²)
 is the pipe diameter (SI units: m)
 is the mean fluid velocity (SI units: m/s)

Laminar flow
An exact description of friction loss for Bingham plastics in fully developed laminar
pipe flow was first published by Buckingham. His expression, the Buckingham–
Reiner equation, can be written in a dimensionless form as follows:
Where:

 is the laminar flow Darcy friction factor (SI units: dimensionless)

 is the Reynolds number (SI units: dimensionless)
 is the Hedstrom number (SI units: dimensionless)
The Reynolds number and the Hedstrom number are respectively defined as:

Where:

 is the mass density of fluid (SI units: kg/m3)

 is the dynamic viscosity of fluid (SI units: kg/m s)
 is the yield point (yield strength) of fluid (SI units: Pa)

Turbulent flow
Darby and Melson developed an empirical expression that was then refined, and is
given by:
Where:

 is the turbulent flow friction factor (SI units: dimensionless)


Note: Darby and Melson's expression is for a Fanning friction factor, and needs to
be multiplied by 4 to be used in the friction loss equations located elsewhere on this
page.

Approximations of the Buckingham–Reiner equation

Although an exact analytical solution of the Buckingham–Reiner equation can be
obtained because it is a fourth order polynomial equation in f, due to complexity of
the solution it is rarely employed. Therefore, researchers have tried to develop
explicit approximations for the Buckingham–Reiner equation.

Swamee–Aggarwal equation

The Swamee–Aggarwal equation is used to solve directly for the Darcy–Weisbach

friction factor f for laminar flow of Bingham plastic fluids.[8] It is an approximation
of the implicit Buckingham–Reiner equation, but the discrepancy from experimental
data is well within the accuracy of the data. The Swamee–Aggarwal equation is
given by:
Danish–Kumar solution

Danish et al. have provided an explicit procedure to calculate the friction factor f by
using the Adomian decomposition method.[9] The friction factor containing two
terms through this method is given as:

Where

and
Combined equation for friction factor for all flow regimes

Darby–Melson equation

In 1981, Darby and Melson, using the approach of Churchill and of Churchill and
Usagi, developed an expression to get a single friction factor equation valid for all
flow regimes:

where:

Both Swamee–Aggarwal equation and the Darby–Melson equation can be combined

to give an explicit equation for determining the friction factor of Bingham plastic
fluids in any regime. Relative roughness is not a parameter in any of the equations
because the friction factor of Bingham plastic fluids is not sensitive to pipe
roughness.
References
1. ^ Bingham, E.C. (1916). "An Investigation of the Laws of Plastic
Flow". Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards. 13 (2): 309–
353. doi:10.6028/bulletin.304. hdl:2027/mdp.39015086559054.

2. ^ Jump up to:a b Steffe, J.F. (1996). Rheological Methods in Food Process

Engineering (2nd ed.). ISBN 0-9632036-1-4.

3. ^ Bingham, E.C. (1922). Fluidity and Plasticity. New York: McGraw-Hill.

p. 219.

4. ^ Darby, Ron (1996). "Chapter 6". Chemical Engineering Fluid

Mechanics. Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0-8247-0444-4.

5. ^ Buckingham, E. (1921). "On Plastic Flow Through Capillary

Tubes". ASTM Proceedings. 21: 1154–1156.

6. ^ Jump up to:a b Darby, R. and Melson J.(1981). "How to predict the

friction factor for flow of Bingham plastics". Chemical Engineering 28:
59–61.