Tense
Present Cotinuous Tenes
***, Tense Kv‡K e‡j ? Bnv KZ cÖKvi I
wK wK ?
DËi: verb (wµqv) m¤úbœ nIqvi mgq‡K Tense
e‡j| **Tense wZb cÖKvi | †hgb: (i) Present
Tense (ii) Past Tense (iii) Future Tense
1. Present Tense (eZ©gvb Kvj): †h verb
Øviv eZ©gv‡b †Kvb KvR nq, Kiv, hvIqv
hv‡”Q BZ¨vw` †evSvq, Zv‡K Present Tense
e‡j| †hgb: I do the work.
I have been eating rice.
2. Past Tense ( AZxZ Kvj): †h verb Øviv
AZx‡Z †Kvb KvR Kiv n‡q‡Q n‡qwQj, PjwQj
BZ¨vw` ‡evSvq, Zv‡K Past Tense e‡j|
†hgb: I ate rice.
I was eating rice. I had eaten rice
3. Future Tense (fwel¨r Kvj): †h verb Øviv
†Kvb KvR Kiv n‡e, Pj‡e, Pj‡Z _vK‡e †evSvq,
Zv‡K Future Tense e‡j| †hgb: I shall
eat rice.
I shall have eaten rice
cÖwZwU Tense †K Avevi Pvi fv‡M fvM
Kiv n‡q‡Q|
(i). Indefinite Tense (ii) Continuous Tense
(iii) Perfect Tense(iv) Perfect Contin Tense
Present Tenes
Present Indefinite Tenes
(a). Present Indefinite Tenes: eZ©gvb
mg‡q †Kvb KvR nq Gi Kg eySv‡j P. I.T e¨en„Z
nq|
(i): P.I.T : Gi mvavibZ A.v _v‡K bv |
(ii): Subject hw` T.P.S.N nq Z‡e m.vGi
mv‡_ s/eshy³ _v‡K|
(iii): Neg/Int Kivi mgq A.V wnmv‡e
do/does e¨envi Kiv nq|
(iv): Neg/Int Kivi mgq Subject hw`
T.P.S.N nq Z‡e A.V wnmv‡e does e¨envi
Kiv nq Ges m.v Gi s/es D‡V hvq|
(v): evwK mKj Subject Gi †ÿ‡Î do e¨envi Kiv
nq|
Stru : Aff :: Sub + m.v + obj .
Neg :: Sub +don’t/doesn’t +m.v + obj .
Int :: Do/ Does + Sub + m.v + obj ?
Neg/Int:: Don’t/Doesn’t+Sub+ m.v +obj ?
(b). Present Cotinuous Tene:: eZ©gvb
mg‡q †Kvb KvR Pj‡Q eySv‡j P. C. T e¨en„Z nq|
(i): P.C.T Gi A.V wnmv‡e am/is/are
e¨envi Kiv nq Ges m.v Gi mv‡_ ing e‡m|
Note :: (i) I _vK‡j am e‡m|
(ii): Sub hw` T.P.S.N nq Z‡e is e‡m|
(iii): evwK mKj Sub Gi †ÿ‡Î are e‡m|
Stru:: Aff :: Sub + am/is/are+m.v+ ing + obj
Neg :: Sub +amn’t/isn’t/aren’t +m.v +ing + obj .
Int ::Am/is/are + Sub + m.v +ing + obj+?
Neg/Int::amn’t/isn’t/aren’t+Sub+m.v+ing +obj?
Present Perfect Tenes
(c). Present Perfect Tenes:: eZ©gvb mg‡q
†Kvb KvR ‡kl n‡q‡Q eySv‡j P.P. T e¨eüZ nq|
(i): P.P.T Gi A.V wnmv‡e Have/ has e¨envi
Kiv nq Ges m.v3 e‡m|
Note :: (i): Sub hw` T.P.S.N n‡j Has e¨envi Kiv
nq| (ii): evwK mKj Sub †ÿ‡Î have e‡m|
Stru, Aff :: Sub + have/Has + m.v 3+ obj.
Neg :: Sub + haven’t/hasn’t +m.v 3 + obj .
Int :: Have/Has + Sub + m.v 3+ obj ?
Neg/Int: Haven’t/Hasn’t +Sub +m.v 3+obj?
Present Perfect Continuous Tenes
(d)..Present Perfect Continuous Tenes:;
P.P.C.T w`‡q Ggb KvR‡K eySvq hv GKUv mgq
a‡i Pj‡Q Ges hv GL‡bv †kl nqwb|
(i) P.P.C.T Gi A.V wnmv‡e Have been/
has been e¨envi Kiv nq Ges m.v + ing
e‡m|
Aff :Sub+have been/has been +m.v +ing+ obj .
Neg :: Sub +haven’t been/hasn’t been+m.v +
ing + obj .
Int :: Have / Has + Sub +been+m.v+ing +obj?
Neg/Int: Haven’t/ Hasn’t+Sub+been+mv+ing+obj?
Past Tense
Past Indefinite Tenes
(). Past Indefinite Tenes:; AZx‡Z †Kvb KvR
m¤úbœ n‡qwQj GiKg eySv‡Z Past.I.T e¨en„Z
nq|
 (a)::P.I.T Gi mvavibZ A.v _v‡K bv| wKš‘
m.v2 e‡m| (ii):: Neg/Int Kivi mgq A.V
wnmv‡e did e¨envi Kiv nq Ges m.v 1 e‡m|
(iii):: mKj Subject Gi †ÿ‡Î did e¨envi Kiv
nq|
Stru :; Aff :: Sub + m.v 2+ obj .
Neg :: Sub +didn’t +m.v1 + obj .
Int :: Did + Sub + m.v1 + obj ?
Neg/Int:: Didn’t+ Sub +m.v1 + obj ?
Past Cotinuous Tenes
(b).Past Cotinuous Tenes:: AZx‡Z †Kvb
KvR PjwQj eySv‡Z Past.C.T e¨en„Z nq|
(i):: P.C.T Gi A.V wnmv‡e was / were
e¨envi Kiv nq Ges m.vGi mv‡_ ing e‡m|
Note :: (i) I _vK‡j was e‡m|
(ii) Sub hw` T.P.S.N nq Z‡e was e‡m|
(ii) evwK mKj Sub Gi †ÿ‡Î were
e‡m|
Aff :: Sub + were /was + m.v+ing +obj.
Neg :: Sub +wasn’n /weren’t+m.v+ing +obj.
Int ::were/was +Sub + m.v+ ing +obj?
Neg/Int::Weren’t/Wasn’t+Sub+v+ing+obj?
Past Perfect Tenes
(c). Past Perfect Tenes :; AZx‡Z GKwU
Kv‡Ri Av‡M Av‡iKwU KvR m¤úbœ n‡qwQj
GiKg eySv‡Z Past.P.T e¨en„Z nq|
(i):: P.P.TGi AVwnmv‡eHad e¨envi Kiv
nqGesm.v3e‡m|
Stru Aff :: Sub +had + m.v 3+ obj .
Neg:: Sub + hadn’t +m.v 3 + obj .
Int :: Had + Sub + m.v 3+ obj ?
Neg/Int:: Hadn’t+Sub+m.v 3+ obj ?
Past Perfect Continuous Tenes
(d).Past Perfect Continuous Tenes::
AZx‡Z †Kvb KvR ïiæ n‡qwQj Ges AZx‡Z
GKwU mgq ch©šÍ P‡jwQj GiKg eySv‡Z
Past.P.C.T e¨eüZ nq|
(i):: P.P.C.T Gi A.V wnmv‡e Had been
e¨envi Kiv nq Ges m.v + ing e‡m|
Stru Aff :: Sub + had been + m.v + ing +obj .
Neg :: Sub + hadn’t +m.v +ing + ob .
Int :: Had+ Sub + been + m.v + ing + obj?
Neg/Int::Hadn’t +Sub +been+mv+ing +obj?
Future Tense
Future Indefinite Tenes
(a). Future Indefinite Tenes:: fwel¨‡Z †Kvb
KvR Pj‡e eySv‡Z F.I.T e¨eüZ nq|
(i)) F.I.T :: Gi mvavib A.v wnmv‡e Shall /
Will e¨envi Kiv nq|
Note :: (i) mvavibZ “ I “ _vK‡j Shall
e‡m|
(ii) evwK mKj †ÿ‡Î Will e‡m|
Stru Aff :: Sub + shall / will + m.v + obj .
Neg :: Sub +shalln’t / willn’t +m.v + obj .
Int :: Shall / Will + Sub + m.v + obj ?
Neg/Int:: Shalln’t/Willn’t+ Sub + m.v + obj?
Future Cotinuous Tenes
(a). Future Cotinuous Tenes :: fwel¨‡Z †Kvb
KvR Pj‡Z _vK‡e eySv‡Z F.C.T e¨eüZ nq|
(I)) F.C.T :: Gi A.V wnmv‡e Shall be / will
be e¨envi Kiv nq Ges m.vGi mv‡_ ing
e‡m|
Stru:: Aff ::Sub +shall be/ will be+mv+ing+obj.
Neg ::Sub + shalln’t be/willn’t be+mv+ing +obj.
Int :: Shall /Will + Sub + be+ m.v +ing +obj?
Neg/Int:Shalln’t/Willn’t+Sub+be+mv+ing+obj?
Future Perfect Tenes
(c).Future Perfect Tenes :: fwel¨‡Z †Kvb
KvR n‡q _vK‡e GiKg eySv‡Z F.P.T e¨eüZ nq|
(i): F.P.T :: Gi A.V wnmv‡e Shall have /Will
have e¨envi Kiv nq| Ges m.v3 e‡m|
Stru Aff :: Sub+shall have/will have+m.v3+obj.
Neg ::Sub +shall haven’t/will haven’t +v3+obj.
Int :: Shall / will + Sub + have + m.v 3+ obj ?
Neg/Int: Shall/Will+Sub+ haven’t + m.v 3+obj ?
Future Perfect Continuous Tenes
(d). Future Perfect Continuous Tenes::
fwel¨‡Z †Kvb KvR ïiæ nIqvi Av‡M Av‡iKwU
KvR Pj‡Z _vK‡e GiKg eySv‡Z F .P.C.T e¨eüZ
nq|
(i):: F .P.C.T:: Gi A.V wnmv‡e shall have been/
will have been e¨envi Kiv nq|Ges m.v + ing e‡m|
Stru : Aff ::Sub + shall have been / will have
been+ m.v + ing + obj .
Neg ::Sub+shall haven’t been/will haven’t
been +m.v + ing+ obj .
Int ::Shall/will+Sub +have been+ mv+ing +obj?
Neg/Int:: Shall have/Will have+ Sub + not
been+m.v + ing + obj?