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Doubled Haploid
Technology in Maize Breeding:
Theory and Practice
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Editors  
BM  Prasanna  
Vijay  Chaikam  
George  Mahuku  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
CIMMYT®  (www.cimmyt.org)  is  an  internationally  funded,  not-­‐for-­‐profit  organization  that  conducts  research  
and  training  related  to  maize  and  wheat  throughout  the  developing  world.  Drawing  on  strong  science  and  
effective  partnerships,  CIMMYT  works  to  create,  share,  and  use  knowledge  and  technology  to  increase  food  
security,  improve  the  productivity  and  profitability  of  farming  systems,  and  sustain  natural  resources.  
Financial  support  for  CIMMYT’s  work  comes  from  many  sources,  including  the  members  of  the  Consultative  
Group  on  International  Agricultural  Research  (CGIAR)  (www.cgiar.org),  national  governments,  foundations,  
development  banks,  and  other  public  and  private  agencies.  
 
©International  Maize  and  Wheat  Improvement  Center  (CIMMYT)  2012.  All  rights  reserved.  The  
designations  employed  in  the  presentation  of  materials  in  this  publication  do  not  imply  the  expression  of  any  
opinion  whatsoever  on  the  part  of  CIMMYT  or  its  contributory  organizations  concerning  the  legal  status  of  
any  country,  territory,  city,  or  area,  or  of  its  authorities,  or  concerning  the  delimitation  of  its  frontiers  or  
boundaries.  CIMMYT  encourages  fair  use  of  this  material.  Proper  citation  is  requested.  
 
Correct  citation:  B.M.  Prasanna,  Vijay  Chaikam  and  George  Mahuku  (eds).  2012.  Doubled  haploid  (DH)  
Technology  in  Maize  Breeding:  Theory  and  Practice.    Mexico,  D.F.:  CIMMYT.  
 
Abstract:  This  manual  is  primarily  intended  for  maize  breeders  in  the  national  agricultural  research  systems  
(NARS)  and  small  and  medium  enterprise  (SME)  seed  companies  in  the  developing  countries  who  would  like  
to  better  understand  and  utilizes  the  doubled  haploid  (DH)  technology  in  breeding  programs.    It  is  a  
compilation  and  consolidation  of  knowledge  accumulated  through  scientific  contributions  of  several  maize  
geneticists  and  breeders  worldwide  as  well  as  protocols  successfully  developed  (in  collaboration  with  
University  of  Hohenheim,  Germany)  and  being  used  by  the  CIMMYT  Global  Maize  Program  in  DH  line  
development,  especially  in  Mexico.  An  overview  of  the  utility  and  applications  of  DH  technology  in  maize  
breeding  is  presented  first  in  the  Manual,  followed  by  Chapters  on  in  vivo  maternal  haploid  induction  using  
haploid  inducers,  haploid  kernel  detection  using  anthocyanin  markers,  chromosome  doubling  of  haploids,  
deriving  DH  seed  from  colchicine-­‐treated  plants,  DH  in  commercial  maize  breeding,  integrating  molecular  
markers  in  DH-­‐based  breeding  pipeline,  and  finally,  access  to  tropicalized  haploid  inducers  and  DH  service  
from  CIMMYT.  
 
ISBN:    
 
AGROVOC  descriptors:  Zea  mays;  Plant  breeding;  Doubled  haploids;  Haploid  induction;  Tropicalized  inducers;  
Agronomic  management;  Molecular  markers;  Phenotypic  selection;  Intellectual  Property;  DH  service.  
 
AGRIS  category  codes:  F30  Plant  Genetics  and  Breeding  
 
Dewey  decimal  classification:  
 
Printed  in  Mexico.    

  ii  
Acknowledgements  
 
The  authors  of  this  manual  would  like  to  express  their  sincere  thanks  to  a  number  of  people,  
institutions  and  funding  agencies  for  their  great  support  and  inputs  to  the  doubled  haploid  (DH)  
research  work  undertaken  at  CIMMYT  over  the  last  five  years.  The  present  manual  would  not  
have  been  possible  without  this.  Special  thanks  are  to:    
Prof.  Dr.  Albrecht  E.  Melchinger,  Dr  Wolfgang  Schipprack,  and  the  University  of  Hohenheim  
(Germany)  DH  team,  including  the  PhD  students  (Dr  Vanessa  Prigge  and  Aida  Kebede)  
for  their  significant  support  in  transferring  the  DH  technology  to  CIMMYT  and  for  
optimizing  various  steps  in  the  DH  production  pipeline;    
Dr    Marianne  Banziger  for  her  insight,  vision  and  support  in  forging  the  collaboration  of  
CIMMYT  with  University  of  Hohenheim;  
Dr  José  Luis  Araus,  who  led  the  initial  collaboration  of  CIMMYT  with  University  of  
Hohenheim;  
Dr  Natalia  Palacios,  Luis  García  and  Miguel  Bojorges  Cortés    for  critical  support  with  the  
colchicine  doubling  process,  and  providing  training  on  the  safe  handling  of  colchicine;    
CIMMYT  colleagues  (especially  Drs  Gary  Atlin,  Daniel  Jeffers,  and  Kevin  Pixley)  for  
providing  important  inputs  for  strengthening  the  DH  program;  
The  committed  DH  team  in  CIMMYT-­‐Mexico,  namely  Leocadio  Martinez  Hernandez,  Luis  
Antonio  López  Rodrígues,  Juana  Roldán  Valencia,  Ana  Mely  Islas  Montes,  Gustavo  
Alberto  Martínez  Rodríguez,  Zaira  Ivette  Mata  Carrillo,  Belem  Adriana  Cervantes  
Hernández,  Juan  Antonio  Díaz  Ríos,  César  Muñoz  Galindo,  Reymundo  Blancas,  Pablo  
Ostria,  Jabed  Bahena  Torrez,  Miguel  Ángel  Díaz,  Marta  Cano,    Germán  Bastián  De  León,  
Blanca  Flor  Pineda  González,  Dany  Fajardo  Romero,  Edith  Hernández  Márquez,  
Francisco  Hernández  Fajardo,  Emiliano  Reyes  Espinoza,  Leonardo  Juárez  Agustín,  Ignacio  
Morales  Guzmán,  Faustino  López  Hernández,  Eduardo  Fernández  Cruz,  Yesenia  López  
Vázquez,  Marcela  Santos  Hernández,  Verónica  Román  Álvarez,  and  Belén  Paredes  
Hernández;    
The  Station  Managers  of  CIMMYT’s  Agua  Fría  station,  Raymundo  López  and  Ciro  
Sánchez,  for  efficiently  handling  the  field  logistics  required  to  manage  the  DH  line  
production  pipeline;    
Visiting  scientists  –  Alba  Lucía  Arcos  (Colombia),    Thanh  Duc  Nguyen,  Hung  Huu  Nguyen  
and  Ha  Thai  (Vietnam)  –  for  providing  useful  feedback  for  improving  some  of  the  aspects  
of  DH  line  development;    
CIMMYT  IP  &  legal  team  (especially  Rodrigo  Sara  and  Carolina  Roa)  for  valuable  support  
in  steering  through  the  IP  process;    
All  the  funding  agencies  that  have  generously  supported  the  DH  research  work  in  
CIMMYT,  especially  the  Bill  and  Melinda  Gates  Foundation,  CGIAR  (through  MAIZE  CRP),  
SAGARPA,  Howard  G  Buffet  Foundation,  USAID,  and  Vilmorin,  under  various  projects,  
including  DTMA,  MasAgro-­‐IMIC,  etc.;  and    
CIMMYT-­‐Corporate  Communications  Team,  especially  Mike  Listman  and  Miguel  Mellado  
for  the  design  and  layout  of  the  Manual.        

  iii  
Contents  
 
S.No.   Chapter   Author(s)   Page  No.  

1   Doubled  haploid  (DH)  technology  in  maize  breeding:   BM  Prasanna   1  


an  overview  

2   In  vivo  maternal  haploid  induction  in  maize   Vijay  Chaikam   9  

3   Design  and  implementation  of  haploid  induction   Vijay  Chaikam,   15  


George  Mahuku  &  
BM  Prasanna  

4   Maternal  haploid  detection  using  anthocyanin   Vijay  Chaikam  &   21  


markers   BM  Prasanna  

5   Chromosome  doubling  of  maternal  haploids   Vijay  Chaikam  &   25  


George  Mahuku  
 
6   Putative  DH  seedlings:  from  the  lab  to  the  field   George  Mahuku   31  

7   DH  in  commercial  maize  breeding:  phenotypic   Daniel  Jeffers  &   40  


selections   George  Mahuku  

8   Integrating  marker  assisted  selection  in  DH-­‐based   R  Babu,     46  


breeding  pipeline  for  rapid  development  and   Sudha  K  Nair,    
delivery  of  superior  parental  lines  and  cultivars     BS  Vivek,  
Felix  San  Vicente  &  
BM  Prasanna  
 
9   Access  to  tropicalized  haploid  Inducers  and  DH   BM  Prasanna,  
service  from  CIMMYT   Vijay  Chaikam,   49  
George  Mahuku  &  
Rodrigo  Sara  
 

  iv  
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 -

.

 •  Chip 500 seeds and genotype with validated SNPs flanking
major QTL for MSV resistance
 •  Select 100 seeds with favorable allele and grow in the field
 •  Select 40-50 plants based on vigor and per se performance and
 cross them (as female) to tropicalized haploid inducer (as male).
   !

•  Chromosome doubling
 •  D1 seed obtained by selfing D0 plants
 •  Seed increase, only if needed.

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Half-diallel of parental lines


3
Intermating of F1s to form F2
4
•  Chip 5000 seeds and genotype with 4 validated SNPs (two each
flanking a major DR QTL and CrtRB1 (ProA) gene)
•  Discard seeds homozygous for unfavorable alleles and self the rest

4-5$021

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