HOPE PART 1

Professor of Psychology Barbara Fredrickson argues that hope comes into its own when crisis
looms, opening us to new creative possibilities. [4] Frederickson argues that with great need comes an
unusually wide range of ideas, as well as such positive emotions as happiness and joy, courage,
and empowerment, drawn from four different areas of one's self: from a cognitive, psychological,
social, or physical perspective. [5] Hopeful people are "like the little engine that could, [because] they
keep telling themselves "I think I can, I think I can". [6] Such positive thinking bears fruit when based
on a realistic sense of optimism, not on a naive "false hope". [7]
The psychologist Charles R. Snyder linked hope to the existence of a goal, combined with a
determined plan for reaching that goal: [8] Alfred Adler had similarly argued for the centrality of goal-
seeking in human psychology,[9] as too had philosophical anthropologists like Ernst Bloch.[10] Snyder
also stressed the link between hope and mental willpower, as well as the need for realistic
perception of goals,[11] arguing that the difference between hope and optimism was that the former
included practical pathways to an improved future. [12] D. W. Winnicott saw a child's antisocial
behavior as expressing an unconscious hope[further explanation needed] for management by the wider society,
when containment within the immediate family had failed. [13] Object relations theory similarly sees the
analytic transference as motivated in part by an unconscious hope that past conflicts and traumas
can be dealt with anew.[14]