LEARN SANSKRIT

Through English Medium

A SYSTEMATIC TEACHING AND SELF-LEARNING TOOL

Ratnakar Narale

KALIDAS SANSKRIT UNIVERSITY

NAGPUR, INDIA

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 INDEX
anukraman<ika@
AnauÛmaiNaka_

INTRODUCTION paRitaP#apanama` xii

The anus>t>ubh metre AnauP@uBa`-Cnd: xvii

BOOK 1
LEARN TO READ & WRITE SANSKRIT
Lesson 1 The Sanskrit Alphabet sa>s˜tavaNa|maaLaa 3
Lesson 2 Reading Sanskrit (Pronunciation) qccaara: 5
Lesson 3 The Sanskrit Characters sa>s˜tavaNaa|: 8
Vowels svara: 8
Consonants vyaØjanaaina 10
Sound Strings from S}iva maaheovaraiNa saU%aaiNa 12
Word endings oabdantaa: 15
Lesson 4 Writing the Sanskrit Consonants vyaØjanaaina 17
va, ba, k (va, ba, ka) ; pa, Pa, f, Na (pa, s<a, pha, n<a) 18
ta, na, ga, ma, Ba (ta, na, ga, ma, bha); ca, ja, Øa, La (c{a, ja, n~a, la) 19
r, sa, Sa, oa (ra, sa, kha, s{a) ; za, Za, C (gha, dha, c{ha) 20
ya, Ya; xa, Xa, Ù (ya, tha; ks<a, jn~a, l> ),
@, #, $, d, D, G, h, Ja (t>a, t>ha, d<ha, da, d<a, ha, jha) 21
Lesson 5 Writing the Sanskrit Vowels svara: 22
A, Aa, Aae, AaE (a, a@, o, au) ; }, }| (i, &) 22
q, Q, /, ¿, La\, La¾ (u, u@, r<, r<{, lr<, lr<{) ; ], ]e (e, ai) 23
Lesson 6 Writing the Vowel-Signs svaricaÈaina 24
Application of Vowel-signs 25

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 Anusvara and Avagraha Anausvaar: AvagaRh: ca 26
Rules for Sanskrit to English Transliteration with diacritical marks 27
Lesson 7 Writing Compound Consonants with : 31
k‘, Sa`; ga`, za`, G`, (k, kh, g, gh, n[,) 33; ca`, C`, ja`, Øa`, @`, #`, D`, $`, Na`, ta`, Ya`, Za`, (c[, c{h, j[, jh, n~,
t>, t>h, d<m d<h,[ n<, t, th, dh) 34; na`, pa`, f‘, ba`, Ba`, ma`, ya`, La`, va`, oa` (p, ph, b, bh, m, y, l, v, s{) 35;
Pa`, sa`, h` (s>, s, h) 36
Lesson 8 Writing Special Compound Characters sa>yauFoada: 37
Kta, F (kta); ±, ª, &, §, ®, ^, ¯, V (dr<a, dda, ddha, dga, dbha, dya, dma, dva) 37; Û,
gaR, Ã, %a, @¼, Ä, Å (kra, gra, s{ra, tra, tra, sra, stra) 38; k–, pa| Ta Tva ² (rka, rpa, tta, ttva,
nna) 39
Lesson 9 Rapid Reading : oaIzaRpa#nama` 46
The Sanskrit Language sa>s˜taBaaPaa 46
Ra@ma@yan<am ramaayaNama` 48
A Devotional Song BaiFgaItama` 49
Maha@bha@ratam mahaBaartama` 50
The G&ta@ gaItaa 51
I am S}iva ioavaae~hma` 52
Obeisance to Motherland vande maatarma` 53
The Ga@yatr& Chant gaaya%aI-ma>%a: 54

BOOK 2
UNDERSTAND SANSKRIT, EASY WAY
Lesson 10 Introduction to Sandhi sainZa: 57
Compounding Vowels svarsainZa: 57
Compounding Consonants vyaØjanasainZa: 64
Flowchart of Visarga-Sandhi ivasaga|sainZa: 68
Lesson 11 Introduction to Numerals sa>Syaa: 72
Lesson 12 Sanskrit Verbs iÛyaapadaina 82

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Lesson 13 Persons pauwPaa: 87
Lesson 14 Numbers vacanaaina 89
Genders iLaGÐaina 93
Lesson 15 Nouns naamaaina 95
Dictionary of Nouns oabdkaeoa: 97
Pictorial Dictionary ica%akaeoa: 105
Lesson 16 Pronouns sava|naamaaina 120
Lesson 17 The Present Tense La@` 123
Use of the Particle sma sma 126
Lesson 18 The (Past) Imperfect Tense LaG` 133
Use of the phrase ma@ sma maa sma 137
Lesson 19 The (Past) Perfect Tense iLa@` 138
Lesson 20 The (Past Indefinite) Aorist Tense LauG` 140
Use of the Particle ma@ maa 142
Lesson 21 The Indefinite Future Tense La\@` 143
Lesson 22 The Definite Future Tense Lau@` 147
WHICH TENSE TO USE? LakarpaRyaaega: 151
Lesson 23 Parasmaipad& and ‡tmanepad& Verbs AatmanaepadI parsmaEpadI ca 152
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs sakma|kma` Akma|kma` ca 157
The Causative Verbs iNajantapaRiÛyaa 159
The Desiderative Verbs sa²ntapaRiÛyaa 160
The Frequentive Verbs yaGnta-yaGLaugantapaRiÛyae 162
Lesson 24 The 11 Classes of Verbs gaNaa: 164
1. The First Class Bvaaid: 167
2. The Second Class Adaid: 175
3. The Third Class jauhaetyaaid: 181
4. The Fourth Class idvaaid: 188
5. The Fifth Class svaaid: 191

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 6. The Sixth Class taudaid: 195
7. The Seventh Class WZaaid: 202
8. The Eighth Class tanaaid: 206
9. The Nineth Class Ûyaaid: 213
10. The Tenth Class cauraid: 217
11. The Eleventh Class kNDÔaid: 221
Lesson 25 The Cases karka: ca ivaBaFya: ca 225
The Nominative (1st) Case paRYamaa 230
The Accusative (2nd) Case iVtaIyaa 232
The Instrumental (3rd) Case ta\taIyaa 237
The Dative (4th) Case catauYaI| 243
The Ablative (5th) Case paØcamaI 248
The Possessive (6th) Case PaP#I 254
The Locative (7th) Case saptamaI 251
The Vocative Case sambaaeZanama` 265
Lesson 26 The Voices paRyaaegaa: 267
The Active Voice kta|irpaRyaaega: 267
The Passive Voice kma|iNapaRyaaega: 269
The Bha@ve Voice BaavaepaRyaaega: 272
Lesson 27 The Moods AYaa|: 275
The Negative Mood nakaraYa|: 275
The Interrogative Mood paRonaaYa|: 277
The Imperative Mood Laae@` 279
The Potential Mood ivaiZaiLaG` 282
The Benedictive Mood AaioaiLa|G` 286
The Conditional Mood La\G` 287
Lesson 28 The Adjectives and Participles ivaoaePaNaaina ×dntaaina ca 289
The Adjectives ivaoaePaNaaina 290

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 The Degree of Comparison tar-tama-BaavaaE 296
The Participles ×dntaaina 299
Past Passive Participle, ppp\ F 299
Past Active Participle Fvatau 302
Present Active Participle oata\-oaanaca` 304
Potential Participle AnaIyar` 310
Future Active Participle 310
Future Passive Participle 311
Indeclinable Past Participle Ktvaa, Lyapa` 314
The Infinitive taumauna` 318
set> and anit> verbs sae@` Aina@` 321
Creating Existance of Non-existent icva 322
Lesson 29 The Adverbs and Conjunctions 324
Adverbs iÛyaaivaoaePaNaaina 324
Dictionary of Adverbs 327
Conjunctions yaaEigakoabda: 340
Lesson 30 The Prepositions AaEpasaiga|koabda: 344
Lesson 31 The Compound Words samaasaa: 348

BOOK 3
SPEAK SANSKRIT
Lesson 32 Conversations vaataa|lapaa: 363
Lesson 33 Correct Speaking oau&samBaaPaNama` 372
Lesson 34 Prose Reading ga^pa#nama` 377
Short Stories LazaukYaa: 377
Mother and the Baby Parrot oaukIoaavakaE 377
Unnecessary Advice inarYa|k: qpadeoa: 379
The Inherant Nature jaaitasvaBaava: 381
Short Essays LazauinabanZaa: 383

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 The Horse Aova: 383
The Sun saUya|: 384
The Knowledge iva^a 386
Poetic Sayings sauBaaiPataaina 388
The Words of Wisdom sadupadeoaa: 389
Good Sayings sauvacanaaina 391
Parsing and Analysis ivaoLaePaNama` 393
Va@lm&kih vaaLmaIik: 393
Ga@yatr& Chant gaaya%aI-ma>>%a: 398
Lesson 35 General Knowledge saamaanyaXaanama` 399
The Days of the Week vaasara: 399
The Names of the Months maasaa: 400
The Measurements pairmaaNaaina 401
The Names of the Directions idoa: 402
Time samaya: 403
Relationships sa>banZaa: 405
Lesson 36 Antonyms ivalaemaoabda: 408
Lesson 37 Words with Suffixes paRtyayaantaoabda: 409
Words with Primary Suffixes ×tapaRtyayaantaoabda: 810
Words with Secondary Suffixes tai&ta`-oabda: 415
Using Nouns as Verb Roots naamaZaatau: 422
Amazing Sanskrit Creations 423

APPENDICES :
(i) Charts of conjugations of the Tenses 429
Ten Parasmaipad& tenses, Active voice 429
Ten Ètmanepad& tenses, Active voice 438
Ten Passive Voice tenses 445
(ii) Charts of declensions of the Cases 448
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rama (A), vana (A), gaaepaa (Aa) 448; maaLaa (Aa), kiva (}) 449; vaair (}), maita (}), sauZaI (}|) 450; nadI (}|),
gauw (q) 451; maZau (q), Zaenau (q), svaBaU (Q) 452; vaZaU (Q), ipata\ (/) 453; kta\| (/), Zaata\ (/), maata\ (/) 454;
rE (]e), gaae (Aae), gLaaE (AaE) 455; naaE (AaE), oak‘ (k`)456; iLaSa` (Sa`), vaaca` (ca`) 457; raja` (ja`), Qja|` (ja`), Äja`
(ja`) 458; paRaØca` (Øca`) 459; SaØja` (Øja`), mawta` (ta`),Bagavata` (ta`) 460; Bavata` (ta`), kÖva|ta` (ta`), jagata` (ta`) 461;
mahta` (ta`), sairta` (ta`) 462; sauÊd` (d`), Êd` (d`), xauZa` (Za`) 463; oaioana` (na`), Baaivana`` (}na`) 464; Aatmana` (na`),
kma|na` (na`) 465; gaupa` (pa`), LaBa` (Ba`) 466; car` (r`), vaar` (r`) igar` (r`) 467; idva` (va`), naoa` (oa`), ivaoa` (oa`) 468;
idoa` (oa`), icakIPa|` (Pa`), ZanauPa` (Pa`) 469; AaioaPa` (Pa`), ca>dRmasa` (sa`) 470; OaReyasa` (sa`), payasa` (sa`) 471; garIyasa` (sa`),
pau>sa` (sa`) 472, mauh` (h`), qpaanah` (h`) 473.
(iii) Declensions of Pronouns 474
Asmad`, yauPmad`, tad` (asmad, yus<mad, tad) 474; yad`, (yad) 475; ]tad`, }dma` (etad, idam) 476,
Adsa`, sava| (adas, sarva) 477; ikma` (kim) 478; kiocata` (kas{c{it) 479.
(iv) Declensions of Numerical Adjectives 480
]ktar, ]ktama (ekatara, ekatama) 482
(v) Dictionary of 2000 Verbs Zaatauoabdkaeoa: 484
(vi) Which verb to use? 570
(vii) Charts of Verb Declensions 577
þAd`, þAca|, þAsa` 577; þAasa`, þ} 578; þ}Pa`, þ/cC` 579; þ]Za`, þkYa`, þkma` 580; þ×, þÛya`, þÛID`, þixa
581; þxauBa`, þgaNa` 582; þgad`, þgama`, þgaRh` 583; þzaRa 584; þcaLa`, þicanta`, þcaur` 585; þjana`, þija þXaa 586; DI,
þtana`, þtapa` 587; þtaud`, þtauPa`, þtyaja`, þ%aE 588; þdd`, þdh` 589; þda 590; þidva`, þdIpa`, þdU, þ±oa` 591; þZaa
592; þZa\, þZaava` 593; þZva>sa` 594; þnand`, þnaoa`, þnaI 595; þpaca` 596; þpad` 597; þpaa, þpauPa` 598; þpaUja`, þbauZa`
599; þpaRcC`, þbaRU 600; þBaxa`, þBaja` 601; þBaa, þBaI 602; þBauja` 603; þBaU, þBa\, þBaRma` 604; þBaR>sa` 605; þmana`,
þimaLa` 606; þmauØca` 607; þma\, þma\oa`, þmLaE, þyaja` 608; þyaa 609; þyauja`, þrxa` 610; þrma` 611; þwca`, þwd` 612;
þwZa`, þLaa, þiLaSa` 613; þpad`, þivaja` 614; þivad` 615; þivaoa`, þva\ 617; þva\ta` 618; þvaRja`, þvah` 619; þoauca`, þoauBa`
620; þoauPa`, þÃu 621; þsad`, þsau, þsaU, þsa\ja` 622; þsYaa 623; þsnaa, þÄ>sa`, þhna` 624; þhsa`, þha 625; þih>sa`,
þhu, þÊ 626; þÊPa`, þÉI 627, þÌe 628.

(viii) Chart of Participles ×dnta> 629

(ix) Breakdown, Transliteration and Meaning of the Verses 630
(x) Answers to the Exercises qTaraiNa 647
References inade|oa: 653

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 LESSON 1
Prathamah< abhya@sah< paRYama: AByaasa:_

THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET

sam~skr<ta-varn<ama@la@ sa>s˜tavaNa|maaLaa_

Vowels (svara@h< svara:)

A Aa } }| q Q / ¿ La\ La¾ ] ]e Aae AaE A> A:
a a@ i & u u@ r< r<{ l> l<} e ai o au m[ h<:

Consonants (vyan~jana@ni vyaØjanaaina)

k Sa ga za G 1 - the Gutterals
ka kha ga gha n[a

ca C ja Ja Øa 2 - the Palatals
c{a c{ha ja jha n~a

@ # D $ Na 3 - the Cerebrals

t>a t>ha d<a d<ha n<a

ta Ya d Za na 4 - the Dentals
ta tha da dha na

pa f ba Ba ma 5 - the Labials
pa pha ba bha ma

ya r La va oa Pa sa h
ya ra la va s{a s<a sa ha
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NOTES
** In these lessons, the pronounciation of Sanskrit character ‘ch’ is transliterated as c{ in order to
distinguish it from the common English character c (which = k).
eg\ The car moves. karyaana> caLaita ca@rya@nam[ c{alati (ca@rya@nam[ calati).

PRONOUNCIATIONS

(1) GUTTURALS : The consonants from k-class (k, kh, g, gh, n[) are pronounced by touching the hind
part of the tongue to the THROAT (Gutter).

(2) PALATALS : The consonants from c{-class (c{, c{h, j, jh, n~) are pronounced by touching the middle
part of the tongue to the middle roof of the mouth i.e. the PALATE.

(3) CEREBRALS : The consonants from t>-class (t>, t>h, d<, d<h, n<) are pronounced by momentarily
touching tip of the tongue against roof of the mouth i.e. the CEREBRUM.

(4) DENTALS : The consonants from t-class (t, th, d, dh, n) are pronounced by touching tip of the
tongue against the base of the TEETH.

(5) LABIALS : The consonants from p-class (p, ph, b, bh, m) are pronounced by touchning the LIPS
together.

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 LESSON 2
dvit&yah< abhya@sah< iVtaIya: AByaasa:_
Pronouncing Sanskrit Characters

(1) Guttural kN#¹ (kan<t<hya) = with throat

(2) Palatal taaLavya (ta@lavya) = with palate
(3) Cerebral maUZa|nya (mu@rdhanya) = with cerebrum
(4) Dental dntya (dantya) = with teeth
(5) Labial AaeP#¹ (os<t>hya) = with lips
(6) Nasal Anaunaaisak (anuna@sik) = with nose

(1) THE VOWELS :

Vowel Stands for Sounds like As in Pronounciation
a (A) A American Guttural
a@ (Aa) a car Guttural
i (}) I India Palatal
& (}|) ee peel Palatal
u (q) u put Labial
u@ (Q) oo moon Labial
Vowel Stands for Sounds like As in Pronounciation
r< (/) ri, ru ring, crucial Cerebral
r<{ (¿) r&, ru@ Cerebral
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lr< (La\) lri, lru Dental
lr<{ (La¾) lr&, lru@ Dental
e (]) e grey Guttural+Palatal
ai (]e) ai aisle Guttural+Palatal
o (Aae) o go Guttural+Labial
au (AaE) au gauge Guttural+Labial

(2) THE SEMIVOWELS :

m{ (A>) a~ nasal
h<: (A:) half-h breath

(3) THE CONSONANTS :

Vowel Stands for Sounds like As in Pronounciation
k (k‘) k kit Guttural
kh (Sa`) kh khyber Guttural
g (ga`) g god Guttural
gh (za`) gh ghost Guttural
n[ (G`) n ring Guttural
c{, c (ca`) ch rich Palatal
c{h (C`) chh c{ with breath Palatal
j (ja`) j jug Palatal
jh (Ja`) dgeh hedgehop Palatal
n~ (Øa`) n hinge Palatal

Vowel Stands for Sounds like As in Pronounciation

t> (@`) t cut> Cerebral
t>h (#`) th t> with breath Cerebral
d< (D`) d red Cerebral
d<h ($`) dh adhere Cerebral

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n< (Na`) n band Cerebral
t (ta`) t (soft t) Dental
th (Ya`) th thunder Dental
d (d`) th other Dental
dh (Za`) dh buddha Dental
n (na`) n no Dental
p (pa`) p cup Labial
ph (f‘) ph, f photo Labial
b (ba`) b rub Labial
bh (Ba`) bh abhore Labial
m (ma`) m mug Labial
y (ya`) y yes Palatal
r (r`) r rub Cerebral
l (l`, La`) l love Dental
v (va`) v, w wave Dental + Labial
s{ (oa`) sh shoot Palatal
s< (Pa`) sh should Cerebral
s (sa`) s sun Dental
h (h`) h hug Guttural
l< (Ù`) soft l Cerebral

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 LESSON 3
tr<t&yah< abhya@sah< ta\taIya: AByaasa:_

THE SANSKRIT CHARACTERS

sam~skr<ta-varn<a@h< sa>s˜tavaNaa|:_
The character (varn<ah< vaNa|:) that can be pronounced independently is called a VOWEL (svarah< svar:).
eg\ A, }, q (a, i, u) ...etc.
The characters that can NOT be pronounced independently (without the help of a vowel), are called the
CONSONANTS (vyan~jana@ni vyaØjanaaina). yaePaa> vaNaa|naama` qccaarNa> svata>%a> na Bavaita tae vyaØjanaaina kYyantae **_
eg\ k‘, Sa`, ga` (k, kh, g) ...etc. Therefore,
k‘ + A = k; Sa`, + A = Sa k + a = ka; kh + a = kha ...etc.

3.1
THE VOWELS
svara@h< svara:_

In Sanskrit, the vowels are of three types. sa>s˜tasvara: i%aivaZaa: sainta_

(A) The SHORT vowels (hrasva@h< svara@h< Ésvaa: svara:) are those which take one unit of time to pronounce
them. A, }, q, /, La\ (a, i, u, r<, lr<) are the five basic short vowels.
(B) The LONG vowels (d&rgha@h< svara@h< dIzaa|: svara:) are those which take two units of time to pronounce
them. Aa, }|, Q, ¿, ], ]e, Aae, AaE, La¾ (a@, &, q@, r<{, e, ai, o, au, lr<{) are the nine long vowels. Each long
vowel is made up of two or more short vowels.
The Short vowels A, }, q, /, La\ (a, i, u, r< and lr<) and the Long vowels Aa, }|, Q, ¿ and La¾ (a@, &, u@, r<
and lr<{) are together called SIMPLE vowels (AimaOaRsvara:)
The four Long vowels ], ]e, Aae AaE (e, ai, o, au) composed of two dis-similar vowels, are called
DIPTHONGS (imaOaRsvara:)

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EXAMPLES : Long Vowels
(1) Long vowel Aa = short vowel A + short vowel A
(2) Long vowel }| = short vowel } + short vowel }
(3) Long vowel Q = short vowel q + short vowel q
(4) Long vowel ] = short vowel A + short vowel }
(5) Long vowel Aae = short vowel A + short vowel q

(C) The PLUTA vowels (pluta@h< svara@h< pLautaa: svara:) are those that take at least three units of time to
pronounce them. The long expressions such as vowel Aa (a@) in the word ra~~~ma, form the pluta vowels.

TABLE : VOWELS (What we learned so far)

1.Short vowels A, }, q, /, La\ a, i, u, r<, lr<
2.Long vowels Aa, }|, Q, ¿, ], ]e, Aae, AaE, La¾ a@, &, q@, r<{, e, ai, o, au, lr<{
3.Simple vowels A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, /, ¿, La\, La¾ a, a@, i, &, u, u@, r<, r<{, lr<, lr<{
4.Dipthongs ], ]e, Aae AaE e, ai, o, au
5.Pluta vowels ~

EXERCISE 1 : A. Read the following characters:

(1) A, q, }, / (2) }, /, A (3) q, }, A
(4) Q, Aa, }| (5) AaE, ], Aae (6) ], ]e, Q, Aa

B. Fill in the blanks:

(1) A + A = -------- (2) A + q = -------- (3) A + } = --------

3.2
THE CONSONANTS
In Sanskrit there are 25 class consonants (varga-vyan~jana@ni vaga|vyaØjanaaina) and there are nine non-class
(avarga Avaga|-) consonants. sa>s˜tae paØcaiva>oaita: vaga|vyaØjanaaina nava ca Avaga|vyaØjanaaina sainta_
(1) The 25 Class Consonants from k‘ to ma` are grouped phonetically into five classes (varga@h< vagaa|:)
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 consisting of five consonants each. These 25 consonants from k to m are also called ‘Contactuals’
(spars{a-vyan~jana@h< spaoa|-vyaØjanaa: kadyaa: maavasaanaa: spaoaa|:)
1. Class k (k) k‘Sa` ga` za` G` k kh g gh n[ 2. Class c{ (ca) ca` C` ja` Ja` Øa` c{ c{h j jh n~
3. Class t< (@) @` #` D` $` Na` t> t>h d< d<h n< 4. Class t (ta) ta` ya` d` Za` na` t th d dh n
5. Class p (pa) pa` f‘ ba` Ba` ma` p ph b bh m
(2). The next 4 characters ya`, r`, La`, va` are semi-consonsnts or semi-vowels (antastha@h< yarLavaa: A>tasYaa:)
(3). Remaining four characters oa`, Pa`, sa`, h` are the ‘warm breath characters’ (us<ma@n<ah< qPmaaNa: oaPasaha:
qPmaaNa:) of which the first three oa`, Pa`, sa` are called ‘sibilants’ and the last one h` is an aspirate.

THE PRONOUNCIATIONS
(1) GUTTURALS are A, Aa, : k‘, Sa`, ga`, za`, G`, h` a, a@, h<, k, kh, g, gh, n[, h.
They are pronounced from the throat
(2) PALATALS are }, }|, ca`, C`, ja`, Ja`, Øa`, ya`, oa` (i, &) c{, c{h, j, jh, n~, y, s{.
They are pronounced from the palate
(3) CEREBRALS are /, ¿, @`, #`, D`, $`, Na`, r`, Pa` r<, r<{, t>, t>h, d<, d<h, n<, r, s<.
They are pronounced from the roof of the mouth
(4) DENTALS are La\, La¾, ta`, Ya`, d`, Za`, na`, La`, sa` lr<, lr<{, t, th, d, dh, n, l, s.
They are pronounced from the teeth
(5) LABIALS are q, Q, pa`, f‘, ba`, Ba`, ma` u, u@, p, ph, b, bh, m, v.
They are pronounced from the lips. Character va v is dental-labial; ], ]e e, ai are guttural-palatal
and ], ]e e, ai are guttural-palatal.
(6) THE HARD CONSONANTS
The first two consonants from each class (k‘, Sa`; ca`, C`; @`, #`; ta`, Ya`; pa`, f‘ k, kh, c{, c{h, t>, t>h, t, th, p, ph)
and three sibilants (oa`, Pa`, sa` s{, s<, s) are Hard Consonants (kat>hora-vyan~jana@ni k#aer-vyaØjanaaina)
(7) THE SOFT CONSONANTS
The rest of the consonants, namely, the last three consonants from each class (ga`, za`, G`; ja`, ja`, Øa`; D`,
$`, Na`; d`, Za`, na`; ba`, Ba`, ma` g, gh, np, j, jh, n~, d<, d<h, n<, d, dh, n, b, bh, m) the semi-vowels (ya`, r`, La`, va` y, r,
l,v) and the aspirate (h` h) are Soft Consonants (mr<du-vyan~jana@ni ma\duvyaØjanaaina)
(8) THE NASAL CONSONANTS
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 The last character from each of the five classes (G`, Øa`, Na`, na`, ma`), are the Nasal Consonants
(anuna@sika@ni Anaunaaisakaina)
(9) THE ANUSV‡RA AND THE VISARGA
Anusva@ra ( > ) and visarga (:) are two more sounds in Sanskrit. The anuswa@ra (Anausvaar:) is the
modification of nasal consonants G`, Øa`, Na`, na` and ma`; where as the visarga (ivasaga|:) is the modified
form of consonant sa` or r`_ So the anusva@ra and visarga are counted among the consonants, even
though they are not counted as separate characters, but they are sometimes treated as semi-vowels.
Together they are called ‡yogava@ha/ (a@yogava@hau AayaaegavaahaE)

3.5
THE WORD ENDINGS
oabdantaa:_

Below is how consonants and vowels are joined to form words. The last character of a word shows
how the word ends. eg\ in the word rama (r` + A + A + ma` + A) the last letter is A, therefore, the
word rama is Akaranta (aka@ra@nta = ending in character A)

(A) Ajanta (ending in Aca` , ending in a vowel)

(1) rama = r` + Aa + ma` + A Akaranta
(2) vana = va` + A + na` + A Akaranta
(3) maaLaa = ma` + Aa + La` + Aa Aakaranta
(4) kiva = k‘ + A + va` + } }karanta
(5) vaair = va` + Aa + r` + } }karanta
(6) maita = ma` + A + ta` + } }karanta
(7) nadI = na` + A + d` + }| }|karanta
(8) Baanau = Ba` + Aa + na` + q qkaranta
(9) maZau = ma` + A + Za` + q qkaranta

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(10) Zaenau = Za` + ] + na` + q qkaranta
(11) vaZaU = va` + A + Za` + Q Qkaranta
(12) ipata\ = pa` + } + ta` + / /karanta
(13) Zaata\ = Za` + Aa + ta` + / /karanta
(14) maata\ = ma` + Aa + ta` + / /karanta

(B) hLanta (ending in a consonant)

(15) vaaca` = va` + Aa + ca` cakaranta
(16) raja` = r` + Aa + ja` jakaranta
(17) mawta` = ma` + A + r` + q + ta` takaranta
(18) jagata` = ja` + A + ga` + A + ta` takaranta
(19) sauÊd` = sa` + q + h` + / + d` dkaranta
(20) oaioana` = oa` + A + oa` + } + na` nakaranta
(21) Aatmana` = Aa + ta` + ma` + A + na` nakaranta
(22) kma|na` = k‘ + A + r` + ma` + A + na` nakaranta
(23) idoa` = d` + } + oa` oakaranta
(24) ca>dRmasa` = ca` + A + na` + d` +r` + A + ma` + A + sa` sakaranta
(25) payasa` = pa` + A + ya` + A + sa` sakaranta

EXERCISE 2 : A. Fill in the blanks

(1) rama = ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ _
(2) saItaa = ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ _
(3) pauPpa = ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ _
(4) ˜PNa = ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ _
(5) sa>s˜ta = ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ _
(6) manasa` = ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ _
(7) Baanau = ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ _
(8) vaZaU = ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ _

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(9) vaed = ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ _
(10) vaE^ = ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ _
(11) baRMa = ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ + ------ _

LESSON 4
c{aturthah< abhya@sah< catauYa|: AByaasa:_

WRITING SANSKRIT WORDS

PRACTICING SIMPLE CONSONANTS
asam~yukta-varn<a@na@m abhya@sah< Asa>yauFvaNaa|naama` AByaasa:_

Study the order of the Sanskrit consonants given in Lesson 1, and do the following exercises. Uniquely
in this book, the characters are grouped according to their shapes, and not according to their usual
aplhabetical order. For, we have observed that with this novel method it is easy for a new learner to co-
relate and remember the Hind& characters.

4.1
Letters : va va (wa), ba ba, k ka

v va b ba v va k
v (w) # va (wa) b # ba v # va # ka

EXERCISE 3 : Only on what we have learned so far

Write the following in Sanskrit :
1. ka, ba, ka 2. ba, va, ba 3. va, ka, ba
4. ba, va, ka 5. ka, va, ba 6. va, ba, ka
7. k, ba, va 8. kk, kba, kva 9. baba, bak, bava
10 vava, vak, vaba 11 kkk, kbava, kvaba 12 vabak, bakva

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 4.2
Letters : pa pa, Pa s<a, f pha (fa), Na n<a

p pa P Pa p pa f N Na
p # pa s< # s<a p # pa # pha, fa n< # n<a

EXERCISE 4 : Only on what we have learned so far

Write the following in Sanskrit :
1. pa, pha 2. pha, ba 3. va, pa, ka 4. pa, s<a, n<a 5. pha, s<a, pa 6. ba, pa, pha
7. Pa, pa, f 8. k, Na, f, va 9. ba, Na 10. kNa, baba, kpa, fNa, bava, kba, NaNa, PaNa, Papa, baf, kf, paPa,
bak, vak, pak, baf, vaf, paba, vaNa, baPa, NaPa, pava, kva

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 4.3
Letters : ta ta, na na, ga ga, ma ma, Ba bha

t ta n na g ga m ma B Ba
t # ta n # na g # ga m # ma bh # bha

EXERCISE 5 : Only on what we have learned so far

Write the following in Sanskrit :
(A) 1. ma, bha 2. bha, ga 3. ma, na 4. ka, ta, ga 5. va, s<a 6. pa, na
(B) 1. ta, na, Ba 2. ma, Ba, na, ta 3. ga, ta, k, ba 4. tana (body) , mana (mind), naga (mountain), kNa
(particle), vana (forest), Bagata (devotee), tama (darkness), bak (stork), mata (opinion), gagana (sky), patana
(downfall)

4.4
Letters : ca c{a, ja ja, Øa n~a, La or l la

c ca j ja Ø Øa L La
c{ (ch)# c{a (cha) j # ja n~ # n~a l # la

EXERCISE 6 : Only on what we have learned so far

Write the following characters in Sanskrit
1. ka, c{a, n<a, pa 2. la, ma, ja, ta 3. bha, pha, s<a 4. mana, manana 5. kan<a, vana
6. labha, c{ala
7 ja, ca, Øa 8. La, ja, ca 9. l, La 10. jaLaja, capaLa 11. jaLa, caLa 10. LavaNa
(mana mind, manana meditation, kNa particle, vana forest, LaBa get, caLa moving, jalja water-born, capal quick, jal water,
lvaNa salt)

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 4.5
Letters : r ra, sa sa, Sa kha, oa s{a

r s sa S Sa o oa
ra s # sa kh # kha s{ # s{a

EXERCISE 7: Only on what we have learned so far

Read and write the following in Sanskrit :
1. c{a, ja, la 2 n~a, ja, c{a 3. la, c{a, ja 4. sa, kha, ra 5. sa, s{a, kha 6. ra, sa, s{a
7. ca, ja, Øa, La 8. r, sa, Sa, oa 9. caLa, jaLa, jaga 10. kLaoa, carNa, rsa, oar, rsa, sama, fLa,
kmaLa, sarLa, Barta 11. caNak, carma, samar, tana, mana, kNa, parma, capal, pata, nar 12. naBa, nark, jaLa, SaLa,
oar, par, sama, caLa, oarNa, sabaLa_

4.6
Letters : za gha, Za dha, C c{ha

z za Z Za C
gh # gha dh # dha c{ha

EXERCISE 8 : Only on what we have learned so far

Read and witer in Sanskrit :
1. c{a, ga, c{ha 2. na, c{a, ma, c{ha 3. bha, c{a, gha
4. za, Za, na, ga 5. C, ca, Ba, ta 6. ma, C, Ba, ca
7. naga, zana, Zana 8. tana, manana, gata 9. mama, vacana, knak
10. CLa, vaZa, ZavaLa, marNa, vamana, Sar, baLa, paLa, fl, maLa_
(for meanings of the words, see Answers in Appendix 10)

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 4.7
Letters : ya ya, Ya tha; xa ks<a, Xa jn~a

y ya Y Ya x xa X Xa
y # ya th # tha ks< # ks<a jn~ # jn~a

EXERCISE 9 : Only on what we have learned so far. Write the following in Sanskrit :
(A) 1. c{ha, gha, dha 2. dha, gha 3. ya, tha 4. ks<a, jn~a 5. gha, jn~a, ya, tha 6. jn~a, dha, tha, gha. (B) 1.
za, Za, C 2. ya, Ya 3. xa, Xa 4. xaya, oar, yaxa 5. yaXa, rYa, Zana 6. zana, yama, xar 7. tana maya Zana, vaZa,
jaya, lya, yajana, CLa, saZana, zana, sama, oarNa; 8. Baya, oayana, rNa, rxaNa, kxa, xaNa, paxa, lBa, tarLa, sarLa, garLa;
9. caLa, mata, yaXa, BaxaNa, kr, var, Zar, Bar, Sar, car, nar, hr, oar; 10. Baxa, yaxa, rxa, taxak, taXa, kxa, yama, oama,
xaNa, rxaNa, saXa, yaXa, kxa, paxa, Baxa, Laxa, vaxa, rxak, Baxak, sayaXa_ (for the meanings, see Answers in Appendix
10)

4.8
Letters : t>a, t>ha, d<a, n[a, d<ha, da, Jha, ha
@, #, D, G, $, d, Ja, h

@ # $ d D G Ja h
t>a t>ha d<ha da d<a n[a jha ha

EXERCISE 10 : On what we have learned. Write the following characters in Sanskrit

1. t>ha, t>a, d<a, ha 2. d<a, t>a, t>ha 3. n[a, d<a, t>ha 4. d>ha, da, jha 5. da, d<ha, jha 6. t>a, t>ha, d<a, d<ha
7. @, #, $, d, D, G, Ja, h, Ja, dLa, dma, LaBa, janana_ 8. Dyana, rma, bak, JaPa, hta, kr, tamasa, taLa, dma,
oama, pavana, hr_ 9. JaPa, var, nar, mad, pa@, pa@La, pad, baLa, vana, satata, Saga, caLa_ 10. Bava, mana, bak, Baja, vaoa,
Laxa, LaxaNa, zana, Zana, varNa, hya_

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 LESSON 5
pan~c{amah< abhya@sah< paØcama: AByaasa:_
STUDY OF SANSKRIT VOWELS
sam~skr<ta-svara@n<a@m abhya@sah< sa>s˜tasvaraByaasa:_

5.1
Letters : A a, Aa a@, Aae o, AaE au

A a Aa A ae Aae A aE AaE
a # a@ a # o a # au

EXERCISE 11 : Only on what we have learned so far. Write the Sanskrit characters :
1. A, Aa, Aae, AaE 2. Aa, A, AaE 3. Aae, AaE, Œ
4. Axa Aagama Aagaar 5. Aaeza Aaeja 6. AaEdk AaExa
(for meanings, see Answers in Appendix 10)

5.2
Letters : } i, }| &,

} }|
i &

EXERCISE 12 : Only on what we have learned so far. Write the following in Sanskrit :
1. a, a@ 2. i, & 3. a@, a@ 4. a, & 5. a@, &, i 6. a@, &
7. }, }|, }|rNa, }h, }|D, }|oa: }|xak, }tar, }xava, }|xaNa, }va_
(for meanings, see Answers in Appendix 10)

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 5.3
Letters : q u, Q u@, / r<, ¿ r@<, La\ lr<, La¾ lr<{

q Q / ¿ La\
u u@ r< r<{ lr<

EXERCISE 13 : Only on what we have learned so far

Write the following Sanskrit characters and words :
1. q, Q, q, /, ¿ 2. qxaNa, qdr 3. qpa, qpaga, ˜paa
4. qpapad, Avakr 5. qpamaana, qpaLa 6. Qta, QPak

5.4
Letters : ] e, ]e ai

] ]e
e ai

EXERCISE 14 : Only on what we have learned so far

(A) Write the following Sanskrit words :
1. ], ]e 2. ]k, ]ktar 3. ]PaNa, ]exava
4. ]eravata, ]eLa 5. ]tad`, ]kadoa 6. ]eravaNa, ]eoa

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 LESSON 6
s<as<t>hah< abhya@sah< PaP#: AByaasa:_

THE SANSKRIT VOWEL-SIGNS

SANSKRIT VOWEL-SIGNS
Vowels : A Aa } }| q Q / ¿ ] ]e Aae AaE
signs : a i I u U \ ¾ e E ae aE
sound: a a@ i & u u@ r> r<{ e ai o au
aa ee oo ri r&

a i I u U \ ¾ e E ae a
a@ i & u u@ r< r<{ e ai o au
eg\ pa paa ipa paI pau paU pa\ pa¾ pae paE paae paaE
p pa@ pi p& pu pu@ pr< pr<{ pe pai po pau

pau paU kÖ k” w W C½ × ta\ Ê ± Oa\ ta¾

pu pu@ ku ku@ ru ru@ c{hru kr< tr< hr< dr< s{r< tr<{

EXERCISE 15 : On what we have learned. Read and write the following in Sanskrit :
1. jayaI, jayaita, ijagaIPaa 2. ijagaIPau, kita 3. Oa\Nau, ˜paa 4. dIpa, Êdya, paUta, paUita 5. paUjak, paUjana 6. ±ita,
±$ 7. XaanaI, maha, sauSa, du:Sa, ±oa`, dUPaNa, va\Yaa, pa\Yaa, pa\iYavaI 8. Xaanayaaega, mahaBaartaIya, sa>oaya, naILa, paaEraiNak,
iBaxau, ipata¾Naama, gauw, Wpa, taw, tawNa, kwNa_

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 CHART OF
VOWEL-SIGNS APPLICATION

A Aa } }| q Q / ¿ ] ]e Aae AaE
a i I u U \ ¾ e E ae aE
a@ i & u u@ r< r<{ e ai o au
k ka ik kI kÖ k” × k¾ k’ k“ kae kaE
xa xaa ixa xaI xau xaU xa\ xa¾ xae xaE xaae xaaE
Sa Saa iSa SaI Sau SaU Sa\ Sa¾ Sae SaE Saae SaaE
ga gaa iga gaI gau gaU ga\ ga¾ gae gaE gaae gaaE
za zaa iza zaI zau zaU za\ za¾ zae zaE zaae zaaE
G Ga iG GI Gu GU Ge GE Gae GaE
ca caa ica caI cau caU ca\ ca¾ cae caE caae caaE
C Ca iC CI Cu CU C\ C¾ Ce CE Cae CaE
ja jaa ija jaI jau jaU ja\ ja¾ jae jaE jaae jaaE
Xa Xaa iXa XaI Xau XaU Xae XaE Xaae XaaE
Ja Jaa iJa JaI Jau JaU Ja\ Ja¾ Jae JaE Jaae JaaE
Øa Øaa iØa ØaI Øau ØaU Øae ØaE Øaae ØaaE
@ @a i@ @I @u @U @\ @¾ @e @E @ae @aE
# #a i# #I #u #U #\ #¾ #e #E #ae #aE
D Da iD DI Du DU D\ De DE Dae DaE
$ $a i$ $I $u $U $\ $e $E $ae $aE
Na Naa iNa NaI Nau NaU Na\ Nae NaE Naae NaaE
ta taa ita taI tau taU ta\ ta¾ tae taE taae taaE
Ya Yaa iYa YaI Yau YaU Ya\ Ya¾ Yae YaE Yaae YaaE
d da id dI du dU ± d¾ de dE dae daE
Za Zaa iZa ZaI Zau ZaU Za\ Za¾ Zae ZaE Zaae ZaaE
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na naa ina naI nau naU na\ na¾ nae naE naae naaE
pa paa ipa paI pau paU pa\ pa¾ pae paE paae paaE
f fa if fI fÖ f” f\ f’ f“ fae faE
ba baa iba baI bau baU ba\ ba¾ bae baE baae baaE
Ba Baa iBa BaI Bau BaU Ba\ Ba¾ Bae BaE Baae BaaE
ma maa ima maI mau maU ma\ ma¾ mae maE maae maaE
ya yaa iya yaI yau yaU ya\ yae yaE yaae yaaE
r ra ir rI w W re rE rae raE
La Laa iLa LaI Lau LaU La\ La¾ Lae LaE Laae LaaE
va vaa iva vaI vau vaU va\ va¾ vae vaE vaae vaaE
oa oaa ioa oaI oau oaU oa\ oa¾ oae oaE oaae oaaE
Pa Paa iPa PaI Pau PaU Pa\ Pae PaE Paae PaaE
sa saa isa saI sau saU sa\ sa¾ sae saE saae saaE
h ha ih hI hu hU Ê he hE hae haE

ANUSWARA AND AVAGRAHA

A> m[, A: h<

pa> pam[ pa: pah<

EXERCISE 16 : On what we have learned so far. Read and write the following words.
1. Ama`, A:, ANDja: (born from egg), va>oa: (linage), pa>kja> (lotus), r>ga: (colour), dND: (punishment), Ba>ga: (breaking),
ga>Za: (smell), 2. sa>ga: (attachment), sa>oaya: (doubt), h>sa: (swan), käsa: (a glass), svata: (oneself), käpana> (shaking), Sa>ja:
(bald), Baya>kr: (terrible), ca>dna> (sandlewood), kädr> (cave) 3. kä#: (throat), pata>ga: (moth), Ba>jana> (breakage), ga>Zak:
(sulphur), tar>ga: (wave), vadna> (mouth), va>dna> (salute), oa>Sa: (conch-shell), sa>kLana> (weaving), saØcaya: (assembly), sa>pada
(wealth), maØca: (a stage) 4. PaD>ga> (of six organs), A>ba (mother), ma>jana> (rubbing compound), A>bar> (sky), oa>kr: (Shiva),
sacaya: (gathering), r>jana> (entertainment), balva>ta: (powerful), Bagava>ta: (god), sa>jaya (Sanjaya), sa>gar: (battle), sa>za:
(group), saØca: (gathering), sa>ta: (saint) , ma>d (slow), Ana>tar> (after) 5. C>d: (meter), d>Ba: (pretending), r>k: (poor),
sa>gama: (meeting), sa>kr: (admixture).

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 RULES FOR PROPER TRANSLITERATION OF
SANSKRIT CHARACTERS INTO ENGLISH
with diacritical signs

m~ (A>), m[, m (ma`); ma (ma), n[ (G`), n~ (Øa`), n< (Na`), n (na`), na (na)

Character m~ (A>) or m[ (ma`) is the nasal dot (Anausvaar:) placed over any chacter in a word :
(i) m[ Within a sentence, when character m (ma`) comes at the end of any word that is followed by a word
that begins with any consonant, only that nasal dot means m[ (ma`)
eg\ aham kim kromi = aham[ kim[ kromi Ahma` ikma` kraeima = Ah> ikä kraeima_
(ii) m Within a sentence, when m (ma`) comes at the end of the sentence, it stays as ma` (m).
eg\ kim kromi aham = kim[ kromi aham ikma` kraeima Ahma` = ikä kraeima Ahma`_
(iii) m[ Within a word, when the nasal dot is followed by any consonant from p-class (p ph b bh m pa f
ba Ba ma), then that nasal dot means half character ma` (m).
eg\ sam[pada@ sa>pada = sama`pada = sampada_ gum[phana gau>fna = gauma`fna = gaumfna, am[bara A>bar = Ama`bar =
Ambar_ dam[bha d>Ba = dma`Ba = dmBa_ sam[mati sa>maita = sama`maita = sammaita_
(iv) m~ Within a word, when the nasal dot is followed by any non-class consonant (y r l v s{ s< s h ya r l va
oa Pa sa h), that nasal dot means m~ A> (just a nasal sound, even though it is generally inaccurately
transliterated as m[). eg\ sa>s×ta> pa# = sam~skr<tam[ pat>ha NOT sam[skr>tam[ pat>ha sams×ta> pa# or
sanskr<tam pat>ha sans×ta> pa# (NOTE: the nasal dots in sams sa>sa` and in kr<tam ×ta> both have
different pronounciations, and thus must be transliterated differently (as m~ and m[), but NOT both
as m[)
Similarly, sa>yama = sam~yama, not sama`yama sam[yama; sa>rxaNa = sam~raks<an<a, not sama`rxaNa sam[raks<an<a; sa>Lagna
= sam~lagna, not sama`Lagna sam[lagna; sa>vaad = sam~va@da, not sama`vaad sam[vada; va>oa = vam~s{a, not vama`oa
vam[s{a; käsa = kam~sa, not kma`sa kam[sa; sa>har = sam~hara, not sama`har sam[ha@ra ...etc.
(v) m The half character m ma` may come (1) at the end of any word that is followed by any word that is
starting with a vowel, eg\ bho Ra@ma ma@m[ tvam uddhara! Baae rama maa> tvama` q&r! or (2) it may come at
the end of a sentence. eg\ bho Ra@ma ma@m[ uddhara tvam! Baae rama maama` q&r tvama`! Baae rama maamau&r tvama`!

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(vi) The full character ma ma (ma` + A = ma m + a = ma) may come anywhere in a sentence. eg\ bho Ra@ma
ma@m[ tvam uddhara! Baae rama maa> tvama` q&r! Baae rama maa> tvamau&r! Baae rama maama` q&r tvama`! Baae rama maamau&r
tvama`! Baae ramaae&r tva> maama`_ Baae rama tvamau&r maama`_

AGAIN REMEMBER
Anuswara = n[ (G`), n~ (Øa`), n< (Na`), n (na`), m[ (ma`), m~ (A>)
For transliterating the nasal dot (anusva@rah< Anausvaar:) within a word, into English,
following six rules apply.

(1) When the nasal dot is followed by any character from k-class (k‘, Sa`, ga`, za` k, kh, g, gh), that
nasal dot is transliterated as # n[ (G`)
(2) When the nasal dot is followed by any character from c{-class (ca`, C`, ja`, Ja` c{, c{h, j, jh), that nasal
dot is transliterated as # n~ (Øa`)
(3) When the nasal dot is followed by any character from t>-class (@`, #`, D`, $` t>, t>h, d<, d<h), that nasal
dot is transliterated as # n< (Na`)
(4) When the nasal dot is followed by any character from t-class (ta`, Ya`, d`, Za` t, th, d, dh), that nasal
dot is transliterated as # n (na`)
(5) When the nasal dot is followed by any character from p-class (pa`, f‘, ba`, Ba` p, ph, b, bh), that nasal
dot is transliterated as # m (ma`)
(6) When the nasal dot is followed by any non-class character (ya` r` La` va oa` Pa` sa h`` y, r, l, v, s{, s<, s),
that nasal dot is transliterated as # m~ (A>)

EXERCISE 17 : What we learned so far. Read and write the following words
(answers are on the next page)

(1) Ahma` Aavaama` vayama` maama` mayaa mae mama na: maiya tava sa: tama` taena tae saa taama` ya: yaaE yae yama` yaana` yaena yaa yaa: yaama` yayaa
]Pa: ]tae ]tama` ]taana` ]taena ]taE: ]taePau ]Paa ]taa: ]taama` ]tayaa ]taasau ]tata` ]tad` ]taaina k: kaE k’ kma` k’na k’Pau ka
ka: kyaa kaiBa: ikma` kaina Ayama` }mae }mama` Anaena ]Paama` ]Pau }dma` }maaina AsaaE rama: vanama` maaLaa kiva: vaair maita:
nadI maZau Zaenau: vaZaU ipataa Zaata\ maataa vaak‘ ra@` jagata` oaioana` idk‘ paya: BaU Asa` Ad` taud` tana`_
(2) Ahma` kraeima_ AZaunaa oaItama` AnauBavaaima_

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(3) ]tata` kdaipa na kraeima_ sa: k:? sa: mama banZau:_
(4) Baaejanae LavaNa> kYa> na Bavaita?
(5) ]tata` Ah> na jaanaaima_ maatar> namaaima_
(6) mama ga\he ]k: oauk: AasaIta`_ saItaa ]ka cataura baaiLaka_
(7) sa: Avadta` mama LaeSanaI na iLaSaita }ita_
(8) ˜payaa tasmaE inajaLaeSanaI> deih_ Ahma` }danaIma` qpaivaoaaina ikma`?
(9) sada mahaBaarta> ca ramaayaNa> ca pa#_
(10) tava vaEvaaihkjaIvana> sauSamaya> BaUyaata`!
(11) mayaa sah Baaejana> caayapaana> ca kÖw_
(12) maU$vata` va\Yaa maa vad_ ga>gaa paavanaa nadI_
(13) baIjama` Ah> BaUtaanaa> sanaatanama` }ita k’oava: qvaaca_
(14) paRyaaNakaLae manasaa AcaLaena yaaegabaLaena ca par> pauwPama` qpaEita_
(15) ramae vanae gatae tae sakLaa: Aipa wwdu:_
(16) taata! k: Ayama`? Aya> yaacak:_ yaacak: ikä kraeita?
(17) kaiLadasa: mahakiva: AasaIta`_
(18) paura imaiYaLaayaa> janak: naama mahana` rajaa baBaUva_

ANSWERS TO THE PREVIOUS EXERCISE

(1) aham a@va@m vayam ma@m maya@ me mama nah< mayi tava sah< tam tena te sa@ ta@m yah< yau ye yam ya@n
yena ya@ ya@h< ya@m yaya@ es<ah< ete etam eta@n etena etaih< etes<u es<a@ eta@h< eta@m etaya@ eta@su etat etad eta@ni
kah< kau ke kam kena kes<u ka@ ka@h< kaya@ ka@bhih< kim ka@ni ayam ime imam anena es<a@m es<u idam ima@ni
asau ra@mah< vanam ma@la@ kavih< va@ri matih< nad& madhu dhenuh< vadhu@ pita@ dha@tr< ma@ta@ va@k ra@t> jagat
s{as{in dik payah< bhu@ as ad tud tan.
(2) aham[ karomi. adhuna@ s{&tam anubhava@mi.
(3) etat kada@pi na karomi. sah< kah<? sah< mama bandhuh<
(4) bhojane lavan<am kahtam[ na bhavati?
(5) etat aham[ na ja@na@mi. ma@taram[ nama@mi.
(6) mama gr<he ekah< s{ukah< a@s&t. s&ta@ eka@ c{atura@ ba@lika@>

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(7) sah< avadat mama lekhan& na likhati.
(8) kr<paya@ tasmai nijalekhan&m[ deh&. aham ida@n&m upavis{a@ni kim?
(9) sada@ maha@bha@ratam[ c{a ra@ma@yan<am[ c{a pat>ha.
(10) tava vaiva@hika-j&vanam[ sukhamayam[ bhu@ya@t!
(11) maya@ saha bhojanam[ c{a@ya-pa@nam[ c{a kuru!
(12) mu@d<havat vr<tha@ ma@ vada. gan[ga@ pa@vana@ nad&.
(13) b&jam aham[ bhu@ta@na@m[ sana@tanam iti kes{avah< uva@c{a.
(14) praya@n<a-ka@le manasa@ ac{alena yoga-balena c{a param[ purus<am upaiti.
(15) ra@me vane gate sakala@h< ruruduh<.
(16) ta@t! kah< ayam? ayam[ ya@c{akah<. ya@c{akah< kim[ karoti?
(17) ka@lida@sah< maha@kavih< a@s&t.
(18) pura@ mithila@ya@m[ janakah< na@ma maha@n ra@ja@ babhu@va.

LESSON 7
saptamah< abhya@sah< saptama: AByaasa:_

COMPOUND CONSONANTS
sam~yukta-vyan~jana@na@m abhya@sah< sa>yauFvyaØjanaanaama` AByaasa:_

Very well, now that you have studied the chart of simple consonants and vowels, let us study
compounding of the consonants and application of vowel-signs, through proper examples.
THE HALF CONSONANTS : (halanta@h< hLantaa:) - The Chart shown in Lesson 1 containes the full
consonants i.e. each base consonant with vowel a (A) added to it. Let us now see the consonants without
this vowel (A) a. These consonants are called Half-consonants (halanta@h< hLantaa:) and they are either
written by attaching a small slant at the bottom of the character or by writing their half-letter shapes.
A half-consonant can not be pronounced by itself, unless a vowel is added to it. A vowel can be
pronounced by itself. A consonant can be added to another consonant or consonants, and, at least one
vowel must be added to it, to make it a complete compound character that can be pronounced.
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 7.1

The Sanskrit Half-Consonants

EXERCISE 18 : Write the following
Half Consonants (pure consonants without a vowel)

k‘ K Sa` S ga` g za z G`
k kh g gh n[

ca` c C` ja` j Ja` J Øa` Ø

c{ c{h j jh, z n~

@` #` D` $` Na` N
t> t>h d< d<h n<

ta` t Ya` Y d` Za` Z na` n

t th d dh n

pa` p f‘ Ý ba` b Ba` B ma` m

p ph, f b bh m

ya` y r` La` L va` v

y r l v, w

oa` o Pa` P sa` s h` Æ

s{ s< s h

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 7.2
COMMON COMPOUND CHARACTERS

With the use of half characters such as:

k‘ k, Sa` kh, ga` g, za` gh, G` n[, ca` c{, C` c{h, ja` j, Øa` n~, @` t>, #` t>h, D` d<, Na` n<,
ta` t, Ya` th, Za` dh, na` n, pa` p, f‘ ph, ba` b, Ba` bh, ma` m,
ya` y, r` r, La` l, va` v, oa` s{, Pa` s<, sa` s, h` h

EXERCISE 19 : Read, study and write the following groups of Sanskrit Compound characters.
Compare each of them with the corresponding full-character.
(1) Character k (k‘ K )
paKva, pak‘va (pakva ripened), KlIbama`, k‘LaIbama`, (kl&bam weakness) KLaed: k‘led: (kledah<
K k wettness), vaaKyama`, vaak‘yama` (va@kyam speech), rKtama`, rk‘tama` (raktam blood), wiKmaNaI,
wk‘imaNaI (rukmin<&), Kvaicata`, k‘vaicata` (kvac{it sometimes)
(2) Character kh (Sa` S )
Syaaita: Sa`yaaita: (khya@tih< fame), AaSyaa AaSa`yaa (a@khya@ saying), saSyama` saSa`yama` (sakhyam
S kh
friendship)
(3) Characters g and gh (ga` g ; za` z )
gLaaina: ga`Laaina: (gla@nih< downfall), Aigna: Aga`ina: (agnih< fire), Baagyama` Baaga`yama`
g g; z gh (bha@gyam fortune), Bagna Baga`na (bhagnam broken), ivaznama` ivaza`nama` (vighnam
obstacle)
(4) Characters n[ (G`)

G` n[ GÍ n[ka GÎ n[kta GÏ n[kha GÐ n[ga

GÑ n[gha GÒ n[ma GÓ n[la GÕ n[ks<a Gß n[ks<va

LaGÍa LaG`ka (lan[ka@ Sri Lanka), paiGÎ: paG`iKta: paG`k‘ita: (pan[ktih< line, row), oaGÏ: oaG`Sa: (s{an[khah<
conchshell), rGÐ: rG`ga: (ran[gah< colour), saGÑ: saG`za: (san[ghah< group), vaaGÒyama` vaaG`mayama` (va@n[mayam
literature), AaGÓ AaG`La (a@n[la English), kaGÕa kaG`xaa (ka@n[ks<a@ desire), BauGß (bhun[ks<va please enjoy)

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(5) Characters c{ and c{h (ca` c ; C`)
Acyauta: Aca`yauta: (ac{yutah< Krishna), Avaacya Avaaca`ya (ava@c{yah< unspeakable),
c c{ ; C` c{h sauvaacya sauvaaca`ya (suva@c{ya well said), qcCÔasa: qca`Cvaasa: (uc{c{hava@sah< breath)
(6) Characters j and n~ (ja` j ; Øa` Ø )
rajyama` raja`yama` (ra@jyam kingdom), sajja saja`ja (sajja ready), qjjvaLa qja`ja`val
j j; Ø n~
(ujjvala bright), jyaaeita: ja`yaaeita: (jyotih< light) paØca paØa`ca (pan~c{a five)
(7) Characters t>, t>h (@`, #` )
pa£k: pa@`@k: (pat>t>akah< plate), pa£nama` pa@`@nama` (pat>t>anam town), kN#¹ kNa`#`ya
@` t> ; #` t>h
(kan<t>hya guttural)
(8) Character d<, d<h (D`, $`)
q¥yanama` q¥yanama` (ud<d<ayanam flight), qi¥ta (ud<d<ita flown), ca×$Ôe (c{akr<d<hve
D` d< ; $` d<h
you all had done)
(9) Character n< (Na`, N )
paaNDva: paaNa`Dva: (pa@n>d<vah<), kN#: kNa`#: (kan<t>hah< throat), kN@k: kNa`@k: (kan<t>akah<
N n<
thorn), PaNmaasa: PaNa`maasa: (s<an<ma@sah< six-months)

(10) Characters t, th and dh (ta` t ; Ya` Y ; Za` Z )

satkar: sata`kar: (satka@rah< honour), dugZama` duga`Zama` (dughdam milk), rtnaakr:
t t; Y th ; Z dh
rta`naakr: (ratna@karah< ocean), qtpaata: qta`paata: (utpa@tah< rise), Aatmaa Aata`maa
(a@tma@ soul), satyama` sata`yama` (satyam truth), tyaaga: ta`yaaga: (tya@gah< sacrifice), tvara ta`vara (tvara@ rush);
taYyama` taYa`yama` (tathyam reality); baaZya baaZa`ya (ba@dhya binding)
(11) Character n (na`, n )
Aanand: Aanana`d: (a@nandah< joy), A²ma` Ana`nama` (annam food), janma jana`ma (janma birth), Anya
n n
Ana`ya (anya other), Anvaya: Ana`vaya: (anvayah< relation), iBa² iBana`na (bhinna different),
vandnama` vana`dnama` (vandanam salute), banZanama` bana`Zanama` (bandhanam bondage)
(12) Characters p, ph (pa` p ; f‘ Ý )
samaapta samaapa`ta (sama@pta ended), Apsara Apa`sara (apsara@ celestial maid), svapnama`
p p; Ý ph
sa`vapa`nama` (svapnam dream), paapmana` paapa`mana` (pa@pman sin), wpyakma` wpa`yakma`

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(rupyakam Rupee).
(13) Characters b, bh and m (ba` b ; Ba` B ; ma` m )
oabd: oaba`d: (s{abdah< word), oaEbya: oaEba`ya: (s{aibyah<), saBya saBa`ya (sabhya
b b; B bh ; m m
gentle), sampada sama`pada (sampada@ wealth), samyak` sama`yak‘ (samyak right),
Za\P@ Za`/Pa`@ (dhr<s<t>a courageous), Aml Ama`l (amla sour)
(14) Characters y and l (ya` y ; La` L )
oayyaa! oaya`yaa! (s{ayya@ bed), qLka ql`ka (ulka@ meteor), qLLaeSa: qLa`LaeSa: (ullekhah<
y y; L l
reference), ALpa Al`pa (alpah<, short), kLyaaNama` kl`yaaNama` (kalya@n<am benefit)
vaLganaa val`ganaa (valgana@ chatter)
(15) Character v (va` v )
vyaya: va`yaya: (vyayah< expense), vyaayaama: va`yaayaama: (vya@ya@mah< exercise), vyaaema va`yaaema (vyoma
v v
sky), vyaU$ va`yaU$ (vyu@d<ha, arranged), vyaGÐma` va`ya>gama` (vyangam deformity), vyavasaaya:
va`yavasaaya: (vyavasa@yah< business)
(16) Chararacter s{ (oa` o O )
ivaOvaasa: ivaovaasa: ivaoa`vaasa: (vis{va@sah< trust), inaOcaya: inaocaya: inaoa`caya:` (nis<c{ayah< firm
o O s{
resolution), paOcaata` paocaata` paoa`caata` (pas{c{a@t after), kaomaIr: kaoa`maIr: (ka@s{m&rah<),
Avaoyama` Avaoa`yama` (avas{yam certainly), Aomak: Aoa`mak: (as{makah< stone), ivaolePaNama` ivaoa`lePaNama`
(vis{les<an<am analysis)
(17) Character s< (Pa` P )
AP@ APa`@ (as<t>a eight), }P@ }Pa`@ (is<t>a desired), kP@ma` kPa`@ma` (kas<t>am trouble), AaivaPkar:
P s<
AaivaPa`kar: (a@vis<ka@rah< discovery), manauPya: manauPa`ya: (manus<yah<, man), pauPpama` pauPa`pama` (pus<pam
flower), qPmaa qPa`maa (us<ma@ heat), AaeP#: AaePa`#: (os<t>hah< lip), qPNa: qPa`Na: (us<n<ah< hot), ˜PNa: ×Pa`Na:
(kr<s<n<ah<), baaPpama` baaPa`pama` (ba@s<pam vapour), BaivaPyama` BaivaPa`yama` (bhavis<yam future)
(18) Character s (sa` s )
taskr: (taskarah< thief), Astau Asa`tau (astu let it be), isYaita: sa`iYaita: (sthitih< state), sfi@k:
s s
sa`fi@k: (sphat>ikah< crystal), snaayau: sa`naayau: (sna@yuh, muscle), spaP@ sa`paPa`@` (spas<t>a clear),
Asya Asa`ya (asya of this), hasyama` (ha@syam laughter), ismatama` (smitam a smile), svata: sa`vata: (svatah<
oneself), svadeoa: sa`vadeoa: (svades{ah< motherland), svaagatama` (sva@gatam welcome), sknd: sa`kna`d:

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(skandah<), sma\ita: sa`ma\ita: (smr<tih< memory, rememberance)
(19) Character h (h` Æ )

Æ h Ê hr< Ç hn<a È hna H hya

M hma É hra Ë hla Ì hva

Êdyama` h`/dyama` (hr<dayam heart), baaH baah`ya (ba@hya external), baRM ba`rh`ma (brahma Brahma), AaËad:
Aah`Laad: (a@hla@dah joy<), ga\Çaita ga\h`Naaita (gr<hn<a@ti he takes), Ésva h`rsa`va (hrasvah< short) icaÈma` icah`nama`
(c{ihnam sign), vaiÈ: (vahnih< fire), ijaÌa ivaÌa (jihva@ toung)

LESSON 8
as<t>amah< abhya@sah< AP@ma: AByaasa:_

8.1
STUDY OF SPECIAL COMPOUND CHARACTERS

Characters k‘ + ta can be written as Kta (kta), but there is a special single character F for this purpose.
eg\ rKtama` rFma` (raktam blood), BaiKta: BaiF: (bhaktih< devotion), vaKtaa vaFa (vakta@ speaker), yauKta: yauF:
(yuktah< equipped)

Kta F kta
Character da (d`) has following common compounds
1. d + da = dda û d` + d = ª (qªeoa: uddes{ah< objective, taªanama` tadda@nam that charity)
2. d + dha = ddha # d` + Za = & (yau&ma` yuddham war, baui&: buddhih< thinking)
3. d + ga = dga # d` + ga = § (q§ma: udgamah< rise, Bagava§Itaa bhagavadg&ta@)
4. d + bha = dbha # d` + Ba = ® (sa®ava: sadbha@vah< goodness; q®va: udbhavah< rise)
5. d + ya = dya written as : d` + ya = ^ (Aa^: a@dyah< first; ^Utama` dyu@tam, gambling)
6. d + ma = dma written as : d` + ma = ¯ (pa¯ma` padmam lotus, C¯I c{hadm& cunning)
7. d + va = dva written as : d` + va = V (V>V: dvandvah< duality, ivaVana` vidva@n learned)

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 ª dda © dgha & ddha § dga
® dbha ^ dya ¯ dma Vdva
Letter ra (r) forms following two groups of compounds:
(A) When full-consonant r (ra) comes after any half-consonant, it is written as a slanted line ( R)
attached to that half-consonant.
1. k + ra (k‘ + r = Û) caÛma` c{akram wheel, Ûainta: kra@ntih< revolution, ÛaeZa: krodhah< anger, iÛyaa
kriya@ deed, Û”r: kru@rah< cruel, Û’taa kreta@ buyer
2. g + ra (ga` + r = gaR) AgaRma` agram tip, AgaResar: agresarah< leader, gaRamama` gra@mam village, gaRIvaa gr&va@
neck
3. d + ra (d` + r = dR) BadR: bhadrah< gentle, sauBadRa subhadra@, dRivaD dravid<a, dRaeNa: dron<ah<, dRaeh:
drohah< treachery, dRuma: drumah< tree
4. s{ + ra (oa` + r = Oa` + r = Ã) Ã&a s{raddha@ faith, ivaÃa>ita: vis{ra@ntih< rest, ÃI s{r& divine, ÃeP#:
s{res<t>hah< superior, Ãaetaa s{rota@ listner, Ãutama` s{rutam heard
5 t + ra (ta` + r = %a) ya>%ama` yantram machine, rai%a: ra@trih< night, pa%ama` patram leaf, %aetaa treta@ saviour,
i%aZaa tridha@ in three ways, %aeZaa tredha@ in three ways.

Û kra gaR gra à s{ar %a tra

6. t> or d< + ra (@¼, D¼) : qP@¼: qPa`@`r: us<t>rah< camel, raP@¼: raPa`@`r: ra@s<t>rah< country, paaEND¼: paaENa`D`r:
paun<d<rah<
7. s + ra (sa` + r = Ä) sahÄma` sahsa`rma` sahasram thousand, Äaeta: sa`raeta: srotah< flown, Äava: sa`rava:
sra@vah < a flow
8. s+ t + ra (sa`+ta`+r = Å) ÅI sa`ta`rI str& woman, AÅma` Asa`ta`rma` astram weapon, vaÅma` vasa`ta`rma` vastram
cloth

@¼ tra Ä sra Å stra

(B) When half-consonant r` (r) comes before any consonant, it is written as ( | )

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9. r` + pa = (pa|); Ak–: Ar`k: arkah< sun, saga|: sar`ga: sargah< the creation, Aca|naa Ar`canaa arc{ana@
worship, vaataa| vaar`taa va@rta@ news, sapa|: sar`pa: sarpah< snake, kma| kr`ma karma deed, kaya|ma` kar`yama`
ka@ryam duty

k– rka pa| rpa

Character ta (ta`) makes following common compounds
1. t + ta = tta (ta`+ta = Ta, tta) qTamama` uttamam best, saTaa satta@ jurisdiction, saTvama` sattavam truth. 2.
n + na = nna (na`+na = ²) iSa² khinn sad
3. h + ma = hma (h`+ma = M) baRMa brahma@ the Creator, baRMaNDma` brahman<d<am universe
4. h + ya = hya (h`+ya = H) baaH: ba@hyah<, external, gauHma` guhyam, secret

T tta Tva ttva ² nna

EXERCISE 20 : What we learned so far. Read and write the following Sanskrit words
1. Ûma: (order), ˜PNa (black), ÛÖ&: (angry), ˜paNa: (miser)
2. caØcal: (quick), oaUcya: (pure), paUjya: (holy), jyaaetsnaa (moonlight), ZanaØjaya: (Arjun)
3. svapnama` (dream), paRona: (question), paRaZaanyama` (priority), paRsa²ma` (pleased), Za\P@^umna: (Draupad&’s
brother), A²ma` (food)
4. vyaazaR: (tiger), vajaRma` (thunderbolt), ABaRma` (cloud), i%alaek: (three worlds), ta\pta: (satisfied), ZaRuva:
(steady), Za\ita: (courage), paRtyaek (each), baRM (God), taIvaRma` (strong)
5. ±iP@: (vision), va\iP@: (rain), sa\iP@: (creation), pa\YvaI (earth), ma\taatmaa (dead person), pa\P#ma` (surface)
6. va\Tama` (news), Za\taraP@¼: (a king’s name), na\pa: (king), Ûa>ita: (revolution)
7. ÅI (woman), iÅya: (women), staae%ama` (praise), AjaÄma` (huge), sa\janama` (creation); pa¯naaBa: (Vis{nu< ),
pa¯a (Laks<m&), pa^ma` (poetry), ga^ma` (prose)
8. sYaanama` (place), vayask: (old), sma\ita: (memory), snaanama` (bath), isnagZama` (viscous)
9. dRaEpadI, d`raEpadI, duyaae|Zana:, dur`yaaeZana:, Baaga|va: Baar`gava: (proper nouns)
10. gava|: (pride), sava|: (all), paUva|ma` (earlier), svaga|: (heaven), Aca|naa (worship), tak–: (guess), dpa|Na:
(mirror)

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 8.2

SANSKRIT COMPOUND CHARACTERS

(WITH EXAMPLES)

soda@haran<a@h< sam~yukta-varn<a@h< saaedahrNaa: sa>yauFvaNaa|:_

A Reading and Writing Exercise :

k‘ ™, Kk (vau™ita, vauKkita vauk‘kita vukkati, he barks), KSa (kKSaita kakkhati he laughs,
kKSa@ kakkhat>a hard), Kca (tvaKcaEva tvakc{aiva skin also), F (qF ukta said), Ktya
(BaKtyaa bhaktya@ with devotion), K%a (vaK%ama` vaktram, mouth), Ktva (qKtvaa uktva@ having said), ³
(oa³aeima s{aknomi, I am able), Kpa (pa\YaKpa\Yak‘ pr<thak-pr<thak separately), Kma (wiKmaNaI rukmin<&), Kya
(vaaKyama` va@kyam speech), Û (Ûma: kramah< order), kÓ (KLaa>ta kla@nta tired), KLa\ (KLa\ipta: klr<ptih<
invention), š (Kvaicata` kvac{it sometimes), Koa (paRaKoarIrivamaaexaNama` pra@k-s{ar&ra-vimoks<an<am before
death), xa (xamaa ks<ama@, forgiveness), Ksa (/Ksaama r>k-sa@ma Rigveda and Sa@mveda)
xmya (saaExmyama` sauks<myam minuteness), xya (samaIxya sam&ks<ya having seen), xva (Iks<va@ku
xa`
}xvaakÖ:)

Sa` Sya (saa>Sya: sa@n[khyah<)

gd (vaagdevaI va@g-dev& Sarasvat&), gZa (dgZa: dagdhah< burnt), ´ (Ai´: agnih< fire), gpa
ga` (vaagpa@u: va@gpat>uh< elouquent), gBa (pa\YagBaava: pr<thag-bha@vah> different nature), gBya
(iLagByaama` lignhya@m for two writers), jagmau: (jagmuh< they went), gya (Baagyama` bha@gyam luck), gaR (gaRsanama`
grasanam eating), gLa (gLaaina: gla@nih< downfall), gva (pa\YaigvaZaa pr<thagvidha@ differently), gvya
(samyagvyavaisYata samyag-vyavasthita properly established)
zna (ivazna> vighnam obstacle), znya (Aznya: aghnyah< not to be killed), zya (Azya| arghya
za`
holy), zaR (zaRaNa> ghra@n<am nose), zva (LazvaaoaI laghva@s{& moderate eater)

G` GÍ (AGÍ: an[kah< body), GÎ (BauGÎe bhun[kte he eats), G`KYa (BauG`KYa bhun[gtha you all enjoy),
GÏ (oaGÏ: s{an[khah< conch-shell), GÐ (gaGÐa gan[ga@), GÐ (saGÐItama` san[g&tam music), GÑ (saGÑ:
san[ghah< attachment<), G`Zva (BauG`Zvae bhun[gdhve you all enjoy), GÒ (vaaGÒyama` va@n[gmayam literature), GÕ
(kaGÕaima ka@n[ks<a@mi I desire), G`Bya (paRaG`Byaama` pra@n[gbhya@m for two Easterners)

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 ca` cca (qccaE: uc{c{aih<, loudly), cC (}cCa ic{c{ha@, desire), cC\ (qcC\GÏLa uc{c{hr<n[khala un-
restrained), yau&acC¼eya: (yuddha@c{c{hreyah< better than war), cya (Acyauta: ac{yutah< Krishna),
qcyatae uc{yate it is called), icva (c{vi existance of non-existant)

C` C¹ (C¹vatae c{hyavate he approaches), C¼ (yacC¼eya: yac{c{hreyah that which is better),

qicC¼ta (uc{c{hrita raised), qcCÔasa: uc{c{hva@sah< exhalation)

ja` jja (sajja sajja ready), jjya (tajjyaaeita: tajjyotih that light<), jXa (tajXaatvaa tajjn~a@tva@
knowing that), jya (rajyama` ra@jyam kingdom), jaR (vajaRma` vajram thunderboalt), jva (jvaaLaa
jwa@la@ flame)

Øa` Øca (paØca pan~c{a five), ØC (vaaØCa van~c{ha@ desire), Øja (saØjaya: san~jayah<), Øjya
(yauØjyaa^aegama` yun~ja@dyogam should practice yoga), ØJa (qØJaita un~jhati he lets it go), Øjma
(BauØjma bhun~jma we all enjoy), Øjva (BauØjva bhun~jva we both enjoy), ØÃ (paoyaØÃuNvana` pas{yan~-s{run<van
while seeing and hearing), Øova (svapaØovasana` svapan~s{vasan sleeping and breething)

@` £ (pai£ka pat>t>ika@, plate), P@¼ (raP@¼ma` ra@s<tram country), P@Ô (±P@Ôa drs<t>va@, seeing)

D` ¥ (q¥yatae ud<d<ayate he flies), D`Bya (raD`Byaama` ra@d<bhya@m for two kings), D¹ (}|D¹ &dya
glorified)

$` $¹ (Aa$¹ a@d<d<hya< wealthy)

Na` N@ (kN@k: kan>t>akah< thorn), N# (vaEkÖN#ma` vaikun<t>ham heaven), ND (paaNDvaa: pa@n<d<ava@h<),

N$ (PaN$ s<an<d<ha impotant), ND¼ (paaEND¼: paun<d<rah<), NNa (ivaPaNNa vs<an<n<a dejected), Nma
(PaNmaasaa: s<an<-ma@sah< six-months), Nya (kapa|Nyama` ka@rpan<yam pity)

ta` tk (tatkaLa: tatka@lah<, that time), t˜ (AiBaBavaat˜PNa abhibhava@t-kr<s<n<a! O Krishna! from

the rise of), tÛ (kamaatÛaeZa: ka@ma@tkrodhah< anger from desire), txa (Anyatxai%ayasya anyat-
ks<atriyasya anything else for a warrior), tca (Bayaatca bhaya@tc{a and from the fear), Ta (saTaa satta@
power), Tya (BayaaTyajaeta` bhaya@t-tyajet let go out of fear), t%a (tat%ayama` tat-trayam those three), Tva (taTvama`
tattvam principle), tYa (AovatYaamaa as{vattha@ma@), tna (rtnaakr: ratna@karah< ocean), tpa (tatparma` tatparam
that supreme), taatpaya|> (ta@tparyam morale), tpaR (tatpaRapya tatpra@pya having attained that), tma (Aatmaa
a@tma@ soul), tmya (mahatmyama` maha@tmyam greatness), tya (tyaKtvaa tyaktva@ having renounced), %a (Zama|xae%ama`
dharmaks<etram righteous place), %ya (ra%yaagamae ra@trya@game at night), tva (tvama` tvam you), tsa (qtsaah:
utsa@hah encouragement), tsYa (paoyaitsYataana` pas{yatsthita@n he saw the standing ones), tsna (˜tsnama`

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kr<tsnam all), tsma (sammaaehatsma\itaivaBaRma: sammoha@tsmr<ti-vibhramah< loss of thinking as a result of
delusion) tsya (paRitayaaetsyaaima pratiyotsya@mi I will defend) tsva (parZamaa|tsvanauiP#taata` para-dharma@t-
svanus<t>hita@t than performed others’ duty)

Ya` maYnaaita (mathna@ti he churns), Yya (taYyama` tathyam truth); imaYyaa mithya@ false)

d` § (q§ar: udga@rah< exclamation), ¨ (Asa¨ah: asadgra@hah< misunderstanding), © (q©a@nama`

udgha@t>anam inauguration), ª (qªeoa: uddes{ah< objective), ª¹ (mahª¹uitakr: mahad-
dyutikarah<, sun), ªR (AnyaªRP@uimacCisa anyad-dras<t>um-ic{c{hasi whatever else you wish to see), & (yau&ma`
yuddham war), &¹ (yau&¹sva yuddhyasva please fight), &Ô (bau&Ôa buddhva@ having known) «
(sma\itaBaR>oaa«ui&naaoa: smr<ti-bhram~s{a@d-buddhi-na@s{ah< misunderstanding due to confusion), ¬ (tasmaa¬MiNa
tasma@d-brahman<i therefore in the brahma), ® (sa®ava: sad-bha@vah< righteousness), ®¹ (Bagava®¹ama`
bhagavadbhya@m for two gods), ¯ (pa¯ma` padmam, lotus), ^ (pa^ma` padyam song), dR (dRupad:
drupadah<), V (V>V>, VnVma`ma` dvandvam duality), V¹ (AvyaFaV¹Fya: avyakta@d-vyaktayah<, the manifest
emerged from the unmanifest)

Za` Zna (baZnaaita badhna@ti it binds), Zma (dZmaaE dadhmau he blew), Zya (Zyaanama` dhya@nam
meditation), ZaR (ZaRuva dhruva unmoving), Zva (Zvaja: dhvajah< flag)

na` nk (samavaetaankÖWna` samaveta@n-kuru@n to the assembled Kuru/), nga (AonangacCna` as{nan-

gac{c{han eating and going), nta (Anta: antah< the end), ntya (vyaYayantyaetae vyathayantyete
these do bother), n%ya (vAaman%ya a@mantrya having invited), nYa (manYanama` manthanam churning), n%a
(yan%ama` yantram machine), ntva (saantvanaa sa@ntvana@ consolation), ntsya (Bantsyaita bhantsyati he will tie),
nd (Aanand: a@nandah< joy), ndR (}indRyama` indriyam organ), nV (VnVma` dvandvam duality), n& (wn&ama`
runddha@m he should resist), Awn&Ôma` (arunddhvam you all had resisted), n&¹ (wn&¹ataama`
runddhya@ta@m may they stop), nZa (AnZa andha blind), AwnZmaih (arundhmahi we all had resisted),
ivanZyanta: (vindhyantah> lacking), AwnZvaih (arundhvahi we two had resisted), ² (A²ma` annam food),
npa (isYataanpaaYa|: sthita@n-pa@rthah< Arjuna to the seated ones), npaR (paRaNaanpaRaNaePau pra@n<a@n-pra@n<es<u breath in
the breaths), nba (savaa|nbanZaUna` sarva@n-bandhu@n to all brothers), nbaR (taanbaRvaIima ta@n-brav&mi I tell about
them), nBa (BavaainBaPma: bhava@n-bh&s<mah< you Bh&shma), nBya (SanByaama` khanbhya@m for two lame men),
nBaR (maatauLaanBaRata¾na` ma@tula@n-bhratr<{n to uncles and brothers), nma (janma janma birth), nya (Anya: anyah<,
other), nr (AismanrNae asmin-ran<e on this battlefield), nva (Anvaya: anvayah< following), nvya (BagavanvyaiFma`

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bhagavan-vyaktim O Lord! Your personifiction), nsa (taansamaIxya ta@n-sam&ks<ya having seen them), nsya
(baui&maansyaata` buddhima@n-sya@t he will be wise), nsva (Zaata|raP@¼ansvabaanZavaana` dha@rtara@s<t>ra@n-sva-ba@ndha-
va@n, to our brother Kauravas), nh (saØjanayanhPa|ma` san~janayan-hars<am, while increasing the joy)

pa` pta (payaa|ptama` parya@ptam limited), ptva (LaaeLauptvama` loluptvam eagerness), ¶ (svapnama`
svapnam sleep, dream), pma (paapmaanama` pa@pma@nam to the wicked), pya (Avaapya ava@pya
having obtained), paR (paRita prati towards), pLa (sa>pLautaaedkä samplutodakam full of water), psa (Apsau
apsu in the water), psya (Avaapsyaisa ava@psyasi you will attain)

ba` bd (oabd: s{abdah< sound), bZa (LabZa labdha attained), bZva (LabZvaa labdhva@ having), bBya
(gaubByaama` gubbhya@m for tow defenders), bya (oaEbya: s{aibyah<), baR (baRM brahma)

Ba` Bya (AByaasa: abhya@sah< study), BaR (BaRma: bhramah< delusion), Bvaaid (bhva@di bhu@ etc.)

ma` · (Za\P@^umna: dhr<s<t>adyumnah<), mpa (ivakmpa: vikampah< trembling), mf (gauimfta gumphita

intertwined), mba (Ambaa anba@ mother), mBa (AmBaisa ambhasi in the water), mBya (paumByaama`
pumbhya@m for two persons), mma (sammaana: samma@nah< respect), mya (rmya ramya enchanting), maR (imaRyatae
mriyate it dies)

ya` yya (tvayyaupapa^tae tvayyupapadyate it befits you)

r` k– (Ak–: arkah< sun), xya| (saUixya|Pyaita su@rks<is<yati he will disrespect), Sa| (maUSa| mu@rkha
foolish) ga| (vaga|: vargah< class), gBya| (QgByaa|ma` u@rgbhya@m with two languages), gya| (Asvagya|
asvargya un-heavenly), zya| (Azya|ma` arghyam offering) ca| (Aca|naa arc{ana@ worship), cya| (AByaca|:
abhyarc{ah< salute), cC| (maUcC|ita mu@rc{c{hati it coagulates), ja| (BaImaajau|naaE bh&ma@rjunau of Bhima and
Arjuna), jya| (vajya| varjya without), jva| (vadnaEjva|Lai®: vadanairjvaladbih< with balzing mouths), Ja|
(JaJa|ra jharjhara@ prostitute), Na| (vaNa|: varn<ah< a class), Nya| (AakNya| a@karn<ya, hearing), ta| (Zaata|raP@¼:
dha@rtara@s<t<rah< Kaurava), Ta| (AaTa| a@rtta afflicted) tma| (vatma|ina vartmani on the path), tya| (matya| martya
dying), Ya| (AYa|: arthah< meaning), d| (janaad|na: jana@rdanah< Kr<s<n<a), Za| (AZa| ardha half), Zna| (maUiZna|
mu@rdhni in the head), Znya| (maUiZnyaa|Zaayaatmana: mu@rdhnya@dha@ya@tmanah< having fixed in one’s head), ZaR|
(ma\tyauZaR|uvama` mr<tyurdhruvam death is certain), Zva| (QZva| u@rdhva up), na| (inaraoaIina|ma|ma: nira@s&rnirmamah<
indifferent and selfless), pa| (sapa|: sarpah< snake), ba| (dubau|i&: dur-buddhih<, wicked), baR| (hivabaR|MagnaaE
havirbrhma@gnau offering in the fire of brahma), Ba| (dBa|: darbhah< grass), ma| (kma| karma deed), mya|
(Zamyaa|ta` dharmya@t than the righteous), ya| (oaaEya|ma` s{auryam bravery), La| (icakIPau|Laae|ksa>gaRhma` c{ik&rs<ur-

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lokasan[graham desirous of people), va| (sava| sarva all), vya| (baui&vya|itatairPyaita buddhirvyatitaris<yati
mind will transcend), oa| (spaoa|: spars{ah< contact), Pa| (hPa|: hars<ah< joy), PNa| (vaaPNae|ya: va@rs<n<eyah<
Krishna), h| (Ah|: ahrah< worthy), Xa| (paR˜taeXaa|navaanaipa pr<kr<terjn~a@nava@napi the wise also - with his own
nature)

La` Lk (vaLkLama` valkalam bark), Lga (vaLganaa valgana@ chatter), Lpa (ALpa alpa short), qLbaena
(ulbena with umblical cord), paRgaLBa (pragalbha proud), Lma (kLmaPama` kalmas<am sin), Lya
(oaLya: s{alyah< thorn), LLa (Ã&avaaãLLaBatae s{raddha@va@m~l-labhate the faithful person attains), Lva (ibaLvama`
bilvam the Bel tree)

va` vya (vyaazaR: vya@ghrah< tiger), vaR (vaRta> vratam austerity)

oa` [a (Aaocaya|ma` a@s{c{aryam wonder), oC (BaRP@ioC²ma` bhras<t>s{c{hinnam broken and spoiled),

ona (Aonaaima as{na@mi I eat), oma (komaLama` kas{malam delusion), oya (paoya pas{ya see), Ã
(ÃI s{r& divine), {a (Aova: as{vah> horse), oLa (AoLaIl as{l&la obscene)

Pa` Pk (inaPkama: nis<ka@mah< without desire), P˜ (inaP˜ita: nis<kr<tih< fruitless act), P@ (AP@ as<t>a
eight), P@¹ (VeP@¹kÖoaLama` dves<t>ya-kus{alam he hates non-pleasent), P@¼ (raP@¼ma` ra@s<t>ram
country), P@Ô (±P@Ôa dr<s<t>va@ seeing), P# (pa\P#ma` pr<s>t>ham surface), PNa (˜PNa: kr<s<n<ah< black), Ppa (pauPpama`
pus<pam flower), PpaR (duPpaRapa: dus<pra@pah< difficult to attain), PNya (AaEPNyama` aus<n<yam warmth), Pma (BaIPma:
bh&s<mah<), Pya (manauPya: manus<yah< man), Pva (kÖwPva kurus<vah< do)

sa` sk (skäd: skandah< chapter), sSa (sSaLaita skhalati it falls), sja` (BaRsja` bhrasj to roast), sta
(Astama` astam setting), stya (paRaNaanstyaKtvaa pra@n<a@nstyaktva@ having renounced their lives),
Ä (Ä>satae sram~sate it falls), Äaeta: (srotah< flow), Å (ÅI str& woman), stva (kÖtastvaa kutastva@ from
where did you?), sYa (sYaanama` stha@nam place), sna (snaanama` sna@nam bath), spa (spaoa|: spars{ah< contact),
sf (ivasfae@: visphot>ah< explosion), sma (tasmaata` tasma@t therefore), smya (igaramasmyaekmaxarma` gira@m-
asmyekam-aks<aram among the syllables I am the syllable of Om), sya (Asya asya its), Ä (sahÄma`
sahasram thousand), sva (svata: svatah< oneself), ssa (ihnaisa hinassi you kill)

h` Ê (Êdyama` hr<dayam heart), ÊPyaita (hrs<yati he enjoys), Ç (ga\Çaita grhn<a@ti he takes), È (vaiÈ:
vahni fire), M (baRMa brahma@), H (dHtae dahyate it burns), É (ijaÉeita jihreti she blushes),
Ë (paRËad: prahla@dah<), Ì (jauÌita juhvati he performs offering)

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 LESSON 9
navamah< abhya@sah< navama: AByaasa:_

RAPID READING

9.1
THE SANSKRIT LANGUAGE
sam~skr<ta-bha@s<a@ sa>s×taBaaPaa_

saursa-saubaaeZaa ivaovamanaaeXaa LaiLataa Ê^a rmaNaIyaa_

Ama\tavaaNaI sa>s˜taBaaPaa naEva iKLaP@a na ca ki#naa__1__
Surasa-subodha@ vis{va-manojn~a@ lalita@ hr<dya@ raman<&ya@,
Amr<ta-va@n<& sam~skr<ta-bha@s<a@ naiva klis<t<a@ na c{a kat>hina@.
(for meaning of Sanskrit verses, please see Appendix 9)

EXERCISE 21: ONLY FOR READING PRACTICE on what we have learned so far in the previous
pages. I assume that you have understood all previous lessons, before proceeding to the following
eight exercises.
Following eight exercises are ONLY FOR A PRACTICE IN READING simpler sentences containing
easy-to-read Sanskrit compound words. Please read the exercises several times, skip the meaning at this
stage, until you finish the book up to lesson 30. Attain a comfortable Sanskrit-reading skill, so that you
may be able to tackle the subsequent difficult exercises.

sa>saare Anaeka: BaaPaa: sainta_ (sam~sa@re aneka@h< bha@s<ah

@ < santi) taasau savaa|sau sa>s˜ta-BaaPaa savaae|Tamaa ca
ÃeP#a ca Aista_ (ta@su sarva@su sam~skr<ta-bha@sa< @ sarvottama@ c{a s{res<th
> a@ c{a asti) ]Paa Ama\ta-vaaNaI
gaIvaa|Na-vaaNaI gaIvaa|NaBaartaI deva-vaaNaI }tyaaidiBa: naamaiBa: Xaayatae_ (es<a@ amr<ta-va@n&< , g&rva@na< -va@n&< ,
g&rva@na< -bha@rat& deva-va@n&< itya@dibhih< na@mabhih< jn~ay@ ate) ]Paa na k’vaLa> BaartaIyaanaa> BaaPaaNaa>

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jananaI Aista (es<a@ na kevalam[ bha@rat&ya@nam[ bha@sa< n
@ a< m
@ [ janan& asti) Aipatau vaEdeioakanaa> BaaPaanaama`
Aipa jananaI Aista_ (apitu vaides{ika@na@m[ bha@sa< n
@ a@m api janan& asti) /Paya: samaaiZama` AasYaaya ]naa>
saaxaata` ˜tavanta: (r<sa< yah< sama@dhim a@stha@ya ena@m[ sa@ks<at@ kr<tavantah<) Ata ]va ]Paa BaaPaa
daeParihtaa ivakaroaUnyaa sa>skar-sa>pa²a ca Aista_ (ata eva es<a@ bha@sa< @ dos<a-rahita@, vika@ra-s{un
@ ya@,
sam~ska@ra-sampanna@ c{a asti)
Asyaa: vyaakrNama` A®utama` Aista_ (asya@h< vya@karan<am adbhutam asti) sa>s×ta> vaEXaainak>
savaa|GÐpaUNa|> ca Aista_ (sam~skr<tam[ vaijn~an
@ ikam[ sarva@ng
[ a-pu@rn<am[ c{a asti) Asyaa: oabdrcanaa
ABaUtapaUvaa| Aista_ (asya@h< s{abda-racana@ abhu@ta-pu@rva@ asti) Asyaa: ca oabdkaePa: sauivaoaaLa: Aista_
(asya@h< c{a s{abda-kos<ah< suvis{a@lah< asti) saaihtya> ca sauLaiLatama` Aista_ (sa@hityam[ c{a sulalitam
asti) vaaLmaIik: vyaasa: kaiLadasapaRBa\taya: mahakvaya: ivaovasaaihtyae duLa|Baa: sainta_ (va@lm&kih<, vya@sah<,
ka@lida@saprabhr<tayah< maha@-kavayah< vis{va-sa@hitye durlabha@h< santi)
sa>s˜taBaaPaayaama` AnaekivaZaXaanama` iva^tae_ (sam~skr<ta-bha@sa< y@ a@m aneka-vidha-jn~an
@ am[ vidyate)
Asyaa> BaaPaayaa> gaiNatasya jyaaeitaPasya Aayauvae|dsya AZyaatmasya ca saUxma-ivavaecanama` qpaLaByatae_ (asya@m[
bha@s<am
@ [ gan<itasya, jyotis<asya, a@yurvedasya adhya@tmasya c{a su@ks<ma-vivec{anam
upalabhyate) sa>s˜ta> BaartaIya-sa>s˜tae: maULama` Aista_ (sam~skr<tam[ bha@rat&ya-sam~skr<teh< mu@lam
asti)
9.2

Ra@ma@yan<am
ramaayaNama`_

kivakaeikLa-vaaLmaIik-ivaricataa ramaayaNa-rmaNaIyakYaa_
AtaIva sarLaa maZaura maØjauLaa naEva iKLaP@a na ca ki#naa__2__
Kavi-kokila-va@lm&ki-virac{ita@, ra@ma@yan<a-raman<&ya-katha@,
At&va sarala@ madhura@ man~jula@, naiva klis<t<a@ na c{a kat<hina@.

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EXERCISE 22 : ONLY A READING EXERCISE.
rama> samauidtaE: gauNaE: yauF> samaIxya doarYa: tasya yaaEvarajyama` Amanyata`_ (Ra@mam[ samuditaih< gun<aih< yuktam[
sam&ks<ya das{arathah< tasya yauvara@jyam amanyat) ivaivaZaana` naagairkana` naanaa jaanapadana` Aipa savaa|> saBaama` Aaman%ya
doarYa: qvaaca_ (Vividha@n na@garika@n na@na@ ja@napada@n api sarva@m[ sabha@m a@mantrya das{arathah< uva@c{a) ÃeP#:
]va mama pau%a: rama: savaE|: gauNaE: yauF: Aista_ Ata: yaaEvarajyae tama` inayaaejayaaima tasmaata` Anaumanyataama`_ (S}res<th
< ah< eva mama
putrah< ra@mah< sarvaih< gun<aih< yuktah< asti. Atah< yauvara@jye tam[ niyojaya@mi tasma@t anumanyata@m)
tae Aipa doarYama` Qcau: (te api das{aratham u@c{uh<) na\patae! (Nr<pate!) ÃIrama: Zama|Xa: satyasanZa: oaILavaana` AnasaUyak:
(S}r&ra@mah< dharmajn~ah< satyasandhah< s{&lava@n anasu@yakah<) tasmaata` sava|oa%audmanama` }mama` ÃIrama> yaaEvarajyae vayama` Aipa
dRP@uma` }cCama: (Tasma@t sarvas{atrudamanam imam[ s{r&ra@mam[ yauvara@jye vayam api dras<t<um ic{c{ha@mah<)

EXERCISE 23: Fill in the blanks.

(1) rama> samauidtaE: gauNaE: ------------- samaIxya_ (2) savaa|> saBaama` Aaman%ya ------------- qvaaca_
(3) mama pau%a: ------------- savaE|: gauNaE: yauF: Aista_ (4) yaaEvarajyae ------------- inayaaeFa Aisma_
(5) tae Aipa ------------- qcau:_ (6) ÃIrama> yaaEvarajyae ------------- Aipa dRP@uma` }cCama:_

9.3

A Devotional Song
bhakti-g&tam BaiFgaItama`_

EXERCISE 24 :
Only a Reading and Writing exercise. Read the paragrapha and write them in Sanskrit. If you want, the
meaning of the verses is given in Appendix 9 at the end.

S}r&kr>s<n<a govinda hare mura@re, He na@tha na@ra@yan<a va@sudeva,

Jihve! pibasva@mr>tametadeva, Govinda da@modara ma@dhaveti.
Jihve! sadaiva bhaja sundara@n<i, Na@ma@ni kr<s<n<asya manohara@n<i,
Samasta bhakta@rtivina@s{ana@ni, Govinda da@modara ma@dhaveti.
S}r&kr<s<n<a ra@dha@vara gokules{a, Gopa@la govardhana na@tha vis<n<o,

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Jihve! pibasva@mr>tametadeva, Govinda da@modara ma@dhaveti.

EXERCISE 25 :
Fill in the blanks with the Sanskrit words used in above English transliterated verses.

(1) ijaÌe sadEva ------------------- saundraiNa _ (2) ------------------- ˜PNasya manaaehraiNa_

(3) ------------------- BaFaita|ivanaaoanaaina_ (4) ÃI˜PNa raZaavar ------------------- _
(5) gaaepaaLa gaaevaZa|na ------------------- ivaPNaae_ (6) ------------------- damaaedr maaZavaeita _

9.4
Maha@bha@ratam
mahaBaartama`_
vyaasaivaricataa gaNaeoaiLaiSataa mahaBaartae idvyakYaa_
kaErvapaaNDva-saGÐr-maiYataa naEva iKLaP@a na ca ki#naa__6__
Vya@sa-virac{ita@ gan<es<a-likhita@, maha@bha@rate divya-katha@,
Kaurava-pa@n<d<ava-san[gara-mathita@, naiva klis<t<a@ na c{a kat<hina@.
(for meaning of Sanskrit verses, please see Appendix 9)

EXERCISE 26 : READING EXERCISE. This is only a reading exercise. Read the following Sanskrit
paragraphs. Write them for practice.

vaEoampaayana: AbaRvaIta` (Vais{ampa@yanah< abrav&t)

tae paaNDvaa: vaIra: ba&SaDÐa: ba&k’oapaaoaa: kaiLandI> nadIma` AiBamauSama` ˜tvaa jagmau: (te pa@nd< a< va@h< v&ra@h<
baddha-khad<ga@h< baddha-kes{a-pa@s{ah< ka@lindim[ nad&m abhimukham[ kr<tva@ jagmuh<) tata: tae dixaNa>
taIr> paadaByaama` ]va AnvagacCna`_ (tatah< te daks<in<am[ t&ram[ pada@bhya@m eva anvagac{c{han) tada tae
paaNDvaa: (tada@ te pa@nd< a< va@h)< inava\Tavanavaasaa: (nivr<tta-vana-va@sah<) svaraP@¼> paRepsava: (sva-ra@st< r< am[
prepsavah<) igairdugae|Pau vanadugae|Pau ZanauPmanta: (giri-durges<u vana-durges<u dhanus<mantah<) tae mahaZanauZaa|irNa:
mahabaLaa: (te maha@-dhanurdha@rin<ah< maha@-bala@h)< vanaePau ma\gasamaUhana` oarE: ivanZyanta: (vanes<u
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mr<gasamu@ha@n s{araih< vindhyantah<) qTareNa doaaNa| deoaana` (uttaren<a das<ar@ n<a des{a@n) taYaa dixaNaena
paaØcaaLaana` deoaana` (tatha@ daks<in<ena pa@nc~ {al@ a@n des{a@n) AntareNa ca (antaren<a c{a) ya˜LLaaemaana` oaUrsaenaana`
˜tvaa (yakr<lloma@n s{u@rasena@n kr<tva@) matsyasya ivaPaya> deoa> paRivaP@a: (matsyasya vis<ayam[ des{am[
pravis<ta< h
@ )<
tata: matsyasya nagar> paRapya (tatah< matsyasya nagaram[ pra@pya) Zama|rajaana> dRaEpadI qvaaca_
(dharmara@ja@nam[ draupad& uva@c{a) paoya! ]kpa^: ±oyantae_ (pas{ya! ekapadyah< dr<s{yante) Ata: Anaena
icaÈena vyaFä Bavaita (atah< anena c{ihnena vyaktam[ bhavati) yata` ivara@sya rajanagarI }ta: dUre ]va BaivaPyaita_
(yat vira@ta> sya ra@janagar& itah< du@re eva bhavis<yati)

EXERCISE 27 : Fill in the blanks :

(1) tae ------------- vaIra: ba&SaDÐa:_ (2) tae ------------- taIr> padaByaama` ]va AnvagacCna`_
(3) ivara@sya rajanagarI }ta: ------------- ]va BaivaPyaita_

9.5
The G&ta@ gaItaa_

kÖwxae%a-samara>GÐNa-gaItaa, ivaovavaindtaa Bagava§Itaa_

Ama\tamaZaura kma|dIipaka, naEva iKLaP@a na ca ki#naa__7__
Kuruks<etra-samara@n[gan<a-g&ta@vis{va-vandita@ bhagavadg&ta@,
Amr<ta-madhura@ karma-d&pika@ naiva klis<t>a@ na c{a kat<hina.

EXERCISE 28 : READING EXERCISE

saØjaya: qvaaca_ ta> taYaa ˜payaa AaivaP@ma` AÃupaUNaa|k•lexaNama` ivaPaIdna` tama` }d> vaaKyama` qvaaca maZausaUdna:_ k•ta: tvaa
komalma` }dma` ivaPamae samaupaisYatama`_ Anaaya|jauP@ma` Asvagya|ma` AkIita|krma` Ajau|na! KlEbya> maa sma gama: paaYa|! na ]tata` tvaiya
qpapa^tae_ xaudRma` Êdya-daEba|Lya> tyaKtvaa qiTaP# par>tapa!
San~jayah< uva@c{a. Tam[ tatha@ kr<paya@ a@vis<t>am as{ru-pu@rn<ak@ uleks<an<am[ vis<&dan tam idam[ va@kyam uva@c{a
madhusu@danah<. Kutah< tva@ kas{malam idam[ vis<ame sam-upasthitam. Ana@rya-jus<ta> m asvargyam
ak&rtikaram arjuna! Klaibyam[ ma@ sma gamah< pa@rtha! na etat tvayi upapadyate. Ks<udram[ hr<daya-
daurbalyam[ tyaktva@ uttis<th
> a parantapa!

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EXERCISE 29 : Fill in the blanks
(1) ivaPaIdna` tama` }d> vaaKyama` qvaaca ------------- _
(2) k•ta: tvaa komalma` }dma` ------------- samaupaisYatama`?
(3) xaudRma` Êdya-daEba|Lyama` ------------- qiTaP# par>tapa!

9.6
I am S{iva
s{ivo]ham ioavaae~hma`_

EXERCISE 30: Reade and write the verses as you see them. For meaning see Appendix 9.

Na me dves<a-ra@gau na me lobha-mohau, Mado naiva me naiva ma@tsarya-bha@vah<,

Na dharmo na c{a@rtho na ka@mo na moks<ah<, C}ida@nandaru@pah< s{ivo]ham[ s{ivo]ham.
na mae VeParagaaE na mae LaaeBamaaehaE_ madae naEva mae naEva maatsaya|Baava:_
na Zamaae| na caaYaae| na kamaae na maaexa:_ icadanandWpa: ioavaae~h> ioavaae~hma`__8__
Na pun<yam[ na pa@pam[ na saukhyam[ na duh<kham, Na mantro na t&rtham[ na veda@ na yajn~ah
@ ,<
Aham[ bhojanam[ naiva bhojyam[ na bhokta@, C}ida@nandaru@pah< s{ivo]ham[ s{ivo]ham.
na pauNya> na paapa> na saaESya> na du:Sama`_ na ma>%aae na taIYa|> na vaeda na yaXaa:_
Ah> Baaejana> naEva Baaejya> na BaaeFa_ icadanandWpa: ioavaae~h> ioavaae~hma`__9__
Na me mr<tyu-s{an[ka@ na me ja@ti-bhedah<, Pita naiva me naiva ma@ta@ na janma,
Na bandhurna mitram[ gururnaiva s{is<yah<, C}ida@nandaru@pah< s{ivo]ham[ s{ivo]ham.
na mae ma\tyauoaGÍa na mae jaaitaBaed:_ ipataa naEva mae naEva maataa na janma_
na banZauna| ima%a> gauwnaE|va ioaPya:_ icadanandWpa: ioavaae~h> ioavaae~hma`__10__
Aham[ nirvikalpo nira@ka@ra-ru@pah<, Vibhurvya@pyasarvatra sarvendriya@n<a@m,
Sada@ me samatvam[ na muktirna bandhah<, C}ida@nandaru@pah< s{ivo]ham[ s{ivo]ham.
Ah> inaiva|kLpaae inarakarWpa:_ ivaBauvyaa|pyasava|%a savae|indRyaaNaama`_
sada mae samatva> na mauiFna| banZa:_ icadanandWpa: ioavaae~h> ioavaae~hma`__11__

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 PART 9.7
OBEISANCE TO THE MOTHERLAND
Vande Ma@taram vande maatarma`_

EXERCISE 31: Read this beautiful prayer from Bankim Chandra Chaterji's poetry.

vande maatarma`_ saujaLaa> saufLaa> maLayaja-oaItaLaama`_

oasyaoyaamaLaa> maatarma`_ vande maatarma`__12__
Vande ma@taram, Sujala@m[ suphala@m[ malayaja-s{&tala@m,
S}asya-s{ya@mala@m[ ma@taram, vande ma@taram.

oauBaR-jyaaetsnaa> pauLaikta-yaaimanaIma`_ sauhaisanaI> saumaZaur-BaaiPaNaIma`_

sauSada> varda> maatarma`_ vande maatarma`__13__
S}ubhra-jyotsna@m[ pulakita-ya@min&m, Suha@sin&m[ su-madhura-bha@s<in<&m,
sukhada@m[ varada@m[ ma@taram, vande ma@taram.

iva^adaiyaina namaaima tvaama`_ namaaima kmaLaama` AmaLaama` AtauLaama`_

saujaLaa> saufLaa> maatarma`_ vande maatarma`__14__
Vidya@-da@yini! nama@mi tva@m, Nama@mi kamala@m amala@m atula@m,
Sujala@m[ suphala@m[ ma@taram, vande ma@taram.

oyaamaLaa> sarLaama`_ sauismataa> BaUiPataama`_

ZarNaI> BarNaI> maatarma`_ vande maatarma`__15__
S}ya@mala@m[ sarala@m, Susmita@m[ bhu@s<ita@m,
Dharan<im[ bharan<im[ ma@taram, vande ma@taram.

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 9.8
THE VEDAS

The Ga@yatr& Chant gaaya%aI-ma>%a:_

gaItaa gaGÐa caò gaaóyaó%aI gaaeivandeita Êòidó isYòatae_ catauga|karòsa>óyauóF’ paunaja|nma naò ivaó^òtae__16__
G&ta@ gan[ga@ c{a ga@yatr& govindeti hr<di sthite, c{aturgaka@rasam~yukte punarjanma na vidyate.
Loftiest among all Sanskrit writings is the divine Ga@yatr& Mantra.

EXERCISE 32: Read, write and compare the Sanskrit and English characters.
1. ΠBaUBau|va: sva:_ tatsaivatauva|reNya> Bagaae| devasya ZaImaih_ iZayaae yaae na: paRcaaedyaata`__17__
Om[ bhu@rbhuvah< svah<, tatsaviturvaren<yam[ bhargo devasya dh&mahi, dhiyo yo nah< prac{odaya@t.
2. Œ ]kdntaaya iva¯he_ vaÛtauNDaya ZaImaih_ ta²ae dntaI paRcaaedyaata`__18__
Om[ ekadanta@ya vidmahe, vakratun<da< y@ a dh&mahi, tanno dant& prac{odaya@t.
3. Œ tatpauwPaaya iva¯he_ mahadevaaya ZaImaih_ ta²ae wdR: paRcaaedyaata`__19__
Om[ tatpurus<ay@ a vidmahe, maha@deva@ya dh&mahi, tanno rudrah< prac{odaya@t.
4. Œ naarayaNaaya iva¯he_ vaasaudevaaya ZaImaih_ ta²ae ivaPNau: paRcaaedyaata`__20__
Om[ na@ra@yan<ay@ a vidmahe, va@sudeva@ya dh&mahi, tanno vis<n<uh< prac{odaya@t.
5. Œ devyaE baRMaNyaE iva¯he_ mahaoaKtyaE ca ZaImaih_ ta²ae devaI paRcaaedyaata`__21__
Om[ devyai brahma@ny< ai vidmahe, maha@s{aktyai c{a dh&mahi, tanno dev& prac{odaya@t.
6. Œ mahaLaxmyaE ca iva¯he_ ivaPNaupatnyaE ca ZaImaih_ ta²ae LaxmaI paRcaaedyaata`__22__
Om[ maha@laks<myai c{a vidmahe, vis<nu< patnyai c{a dh&mahi, tanno laks<m& prac{odaya@t.
7. Œ Baaskraya iva¯he_ mahª¹uitakraya ZaImaih_ ta²ae Aaidtya: paRcaaedyaata`__23__
Om[ bha@skara@ya vidmahe, mahaddyutikara@ya dh&mahi, tanno a@dityah< prac{odaya@t.
8. gaaya%yaastau par²aista oaaeZana> paapakma|Naama`_ gaaya>ta> %aayatae yasmaa§aya%aI saa tata: sma\taa__24__
Ga@yatrya@stu paranna@sti s{odhanam[ pa@pakarman<a@m, Ga@yantam[ trya@te yasma@t ga@yatr& sa@ tatah< smr<ta@.

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