FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT

(MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN MECHANICAL)

KKKM 6043 – ADVANCE INSTRUMENTATION

LAB 1 REPORT
SIGNAL DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS OF AN ACOUSTIC GUITAR

NAME
MUHAMAD ZULFITRI BIN MOHD RAZALI (P106735)

Lecturer
PROF MADYA. DR MOHD ZAKI BIN NUAWI

SUBMISSION DATE:
22nd JANUARY 2021
 Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 3

2.0 Problem Statement............................................................................................................ 4

3.0 Objective ............................................................................................................................ 4

4.0 Literature Review ............................................................................................................. 4

4.1 Guitar String Theory ....................................................................................................... 4

4.2 Global Signal Statistical Analysis ................................................................................... 5

4.3 The Fourier Transform Analysis ..................................................................................... 6
4.4 I − kaz𝑇𝑀 parameter ...................................................................................................... 7

5.0 Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 8

6.0 Result and Discussion ..................................................................................................... 13

6.1 Statistical Parameter Comparison ................................................................................. 13

6.2 Time Domain................................................................................................................. 15

6.3 Frequency Domain ........................................................................................................ 18

6.4 I − kaz𝑇𝑀 parameter .................................................................................................... 23

7.0 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 28

8.0 References ........................................................................................................................ 29

9.0 Appendix .......................................................................................................................... 29

2
1.0 Introduction

Music is a form of entertainment that has been with civilization for centuries up until now.
Integration of various individual sounds that comes from manmade instruments or natural
instruments combines into a melody or a song, generating emotions for the person listening to
it. The acoustic guitar is one of the most often played musical instruments in the industry. This
wooden sound box conveys sound through vibration of strings on a resonant body that projects
the sound wave through the air. In standard tuning, the acoustic guitar has six strings which is
tuned to „EADGBE‟ from low to high. Each string may generate different harmonics as we
press different locations of the string across the fret board. As we climb higher through the fret
board the harmonics also goes higher. Combining different notes on the frets with different
strings may form a whole new sound which is termed as „chords‟. In defining fundamentals of
these combinations of acoustic guitar playing, data analytics methods were used. These
methods of data analysis consists of global statistical analytics, Fast Fourier Transform and
Integrated Kurtosis-based Algorithm for Z-notch filter(I − kaz𝑇𝑀 ).

The research consists of two sections which is data collection and data analyzing. Data
from acoustic guitar are first recorded by using Matlab® software using a microphone as a
sensing element and digitized later, saved as a file in the software. The data is collected for a
duration of 3 seconds. These sets of data will vary by string thickness, location at the fret board
and combination of notes. Collected sets of data will then be analyzed further by plotting
different type of graph domains.

Results obtained from experimenting the acoustic guitar hopefully can be used as a
reference in the future for instrument crafters or artists in producing more dynamic new kinds
of sounds for creation of new music and musical technology.

3
2.0 Problem Statement

1. String thickness, length of string and note combination affects the harmonics generated
from the acoustic guitar. These conditions will be plotted into a digital signal by Matlab® to
present the difference of each combination.

2. Sound variations are often described subjectively. Plotted patterns from acoustic guitar
will be decrypted using methods of data analysis.

3.0 Objective

1. To analyse the signal pattern by describing the relationship between signal and condition
of acoustic guitar with global statistical analytics.

2. To clearly represent the difference of signal pattern by plotting and data analysing of
time-domain graph, frequency-domain graph and I − kaz𝑇𝑀 display.

4.0 Literature Review

4.1 Guitar String Theory

Mode of vibration of a string can be shown by the fundamental or the first mode, which a
string of length, L can have a standing wave with wavelength twice the length of string
(𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕, 𝜆 = 2𝐿). Frequency of a wave is the ratio of the speed of the wave to
wavelength, 𝑓 = 𝑣/𝜆. Substitute wavelength with length, L, and where wavelength is shorter
in a fixed length L, we could write it as 2L/n, where n is number of harmonics. So, the 𝑛𝑡𝑕
harmonic has the frequency, 𝑓𝑛 = 𝑣/𝜆𝑛 = 𝑛𝑣/2𝐿 = 𝑛𝑓1 .The pitch of a note are affected by
thickness of the string, tension in the string, length of string and changing the mode of
vibration. The vibration of string of length L, mass M and string tension F, resulting frequency
can be expressed by 𝑓𝑛 = (𝑛/2𝐿)(𝐹𝐿 𝑀)1/2 = (𝑛/2)(𝐹 𝐿𝑀)1/2

4
 Figure 1 – Idealized modes of vibration (University of New South Wales,2005)

From the study of P. Perov (2015) on predicting the standing waves of a guitar string plucked
at a particular location by using Fourier analysis, as the string is plucked at position increasing
in the fret board, the ratio of 𝑛𝑡𝑕 harmonic amplitude over fundamental harmonic amplitude
𝐵𝑛
decreases. As reported by Nuawi et. al 2014, based on the research of signal analysis
𝐵1

through statistical parameters of I − kaz𝑇𝑀 and M-Z-N of 3 different traditional Malay

musical instruments, an individually different result of I − kaz𝑇𝑀 parameter taken by each
musical instrument playing the same note. This indicates that the amplitude scattering of the
same note played by different instrument differs, which may cause by difference in the timbre
from each instrument.

4.2 Global Signal Statistical Analysis

Signal data may be defined by means of global signal statistics. Common equations
perform in global signal statistical analysis are mean, standard deviation, root-mean-square
(r.m.s), skewness, crest factor calculation and kurtosis. In a n, number of data points in a
sampled sequence the formula is given as:

1 n
Mean, X=  xj
n j 1
(2.1.1)

1/ 2
1 n 2
Standard Deviation, SD=    xj  x   (2.1.2.1)
 n j 1 

5
 1/ 2
 1 n 
Standard Deviation, SD=   xj  x 2  ;data less than 30 samples (2.1.2.2)
 n  1 j 1 

1/ 2
1 n 
R.M.S=   xj 2  (2.1.3)
 n j 1 

n 3

 xj  x
1
Skewness, S= (2.1.4)
n(r.m.s)3 j 1

n 4

 xj  x
1
Kurtosis, K= (2.1.5)
n(r.m.s) 4 j 1

x j max
Crest Facktor, CF= (2.1.6)
r.m.s

4.3 The Fourier Transform Analysis

Frequency analysis performed to change the time domain signal into frequency domain.
Product of frequency analysis presented by graphing the frequency on x-axis respect to
amplitude on y-axis. Fourier transform used to split the time history into its respective
sinusoidal components, defined by

1 
X ( ) 
2 

x (t )e it dt (2.2.1)

where X () is the amplitude of Fourier transform in frequency distribution,  is the

angular frequency and i   1

Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is a form of Fourier transformation. This algorithm

transforms a time-domain sample sequence into a frequency-domain sequence which
describes the spectral content of the signal and defined as

1 N 1 i ( 2kt / N )
Xk   x je
N t 0
j, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, … , (N-1) (2.2.2)

DFT can be reverted into the time domain using Inverse Discrete Fourier Transformation
(IDFT) defined as

6
 N 1
x j   X k ei ( 2kt / N ) k = 0, 1, 2, 3, … , (N-1) (2.2.3)
k 0

Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm was introduced to have faster DFT calculation of the
time series. FFT produced the N frequency spectra corresponding to the N data points of a time
domain signal which is calculated using the log format or log2N.

4.4 𝐈 − 𝐤𝐚𝐳 𝑻𝑴 parameter

The Integrated kurtosis-based algorithm for Z-filter ( I − kaz𝑇𝑀 ) technique, which is a

statistical analysis method, was introduced in order to assist the signal analysis interpretation
task. The main idea of the I − kaz𝑇𝑀 development is related to a dynamic signal which is
decomposed into three frequency ranges, i.e.:

(i) x-axis : low frequency (LF) range of 0-0.25 fmax

(ii) y-axis : high frequency (HF) range of 0.25 fmax – 0.5 fmax

(iii) z-axis : very high frequency (VF) range of 0.5 fmax

This decomposition process produces three dimensional graphical representations which

permits the reduction in dimension. The numerical descriptor of this method is the I-kaz
coefficient, or notated as Z∞. The coefficient indicates the degree of data scattering with
respect to the data centroid. The Z∞ is mathematically defined as:

 x   x   x 
N N N
L 4 H 4 V 4
i
 L i
 H i
 V
i 1 i 1 i 1
Z∞    (2.3.1)
n2 n2 n2

Since the standard deviation and the kurtosis functions were already developed in Matlab®
function, the the I-kaz coefficient has been simplified for both statistical parameters, i.e.
1
Z∞  K L sL4  K H sH
4
 KV sV4 (2.3.2)
n

where n is the number of data, sL , sH, sV are the standard deviation values and KL, KH, KV
are the kurtosis values of a signal in LF, HF and VF ranges respectively.

7
5.0 Methodology

The Techno TCF 6020 Semi Acoustic Guitar used as the musical instrument for the
experiment played by fingerpicking. Guitar body and neck made up of rosewood which is
common material for construction that produces strong sound resonance. Tuned in standard
EADGBE using standard digital tuner and the string used is D‟Addario‟s EXP16, which
material constructed from coated plain steel and phosphor bronze with string gauge from .012
to .053. The signal collected varies with different string thickness, length, and combination.
The experimental setup is shown in Figure 2. Signal recorded using microphone from KZ ZSN
Pro earphones.

Acoustic Guitar

Personal Computer

Microphone

Figure 2 – Experimental Setup

Statistical analytics and plotting of signal will require an accurate and precise set of data
recorded. Figure 3 shows the flow chart of the experiment.

8
 Figure 3 – Experimental Setup

Signal recorded and analyzed by using Matlab® software. Coding input for the experiment
can be defined as;

a) Recording and storing signal

Acoustic signal of the guitar recorded for each combination and the data stored to the
computer storage.

9
Data recorded defined as guitarnote=(string/fret position)E0, E3, E7, E12, ECHORD, A0, A3,
A7, A12, ACHORD, D0, D3, D7, D12, DCHORD, G0, G3, G7, G12 & GCHORD

b) Data Analysis

i. Data from disk read from .wav file change to variable. Then cropped data delay by
finger picking, for all data changing data to start from 16001 and end at 48000.

ii. Average of strings E, A, D and G are taken. Graph plotted for each string recordings
and string average.

%averaging data E string

EstringAvg = (E0+E3+E7+E12)/4;

10
%averaging data A
AstringAvg = (A0+A3+A7+A12)/4;

%averaging data D
DstringAvg = (D0+D3+D7+D12)/4;

%averaging data G
GstringAvg = (G0+G3+G7+G12)/4;

EstringAvg
AstringAvg
DstringAvg
GstringAvg

iii. Calculate FFT for each signal and plot in frequency-domain.

guitarnote=E0, E3, E7, E12, ECHORD, A0, A3, A7, A12, ACHORD, D0, D3, D7, D12,
DCHORD, G0, G3, G7, G12 & GCHORD

11
 iv. Calculate I − kaz𝑇𝑀 coefficient for each signal.

guitarnote=E0, E3, E7, E12, ECHORD, A0, A3, A7, A12, ACHORD, D0, D3, D7, D12,
DCHORD, G0, G3, G7, G12 & GCHORD

% A programme for I-kaz method and statistical parameter

figure(1);
dataguitarnote= guitarnote;
L=0.5*Fs;
fclow = 0.25*L;
fchigh = 0.5*L;
[BbL,AaL] = butter(4,fclow/L, 'low');
data_L=filter(BbL,AaL,dataguitarnote);
[BbH,AaH] = butter(4,[(fclow/L),(fchigh/L)], 'bandpass');
data_H=filter(BbH,AaH,dataguitarnote);
[BbV,AaV] = butter(4,fchigh/L, 'high');
data_V=filter(BbV,AaV,dataguitarnote);
N=length(dataguitarnote);
sL=std(data_L)^4;
sH=std(data_H)^4;
sV=std(data_V)^4;
Ikazcoefficient_x=real(sqrt(sL*kurtosis(data_L)+sH*kurtosis(data_H)
+sV*kurtosis(data_V))/N)
subplot(1,1,1);
scatter3(data_L,data_H,data_V);
title('I-kaz (guitarnote)');
xlabel('L');
ylabel('H');
zlabel('V');
ylabel('H');
zlabel('V');

12
 v. Calculate statistical parameters for each signal.

% Statistical Parameter guitarnote

mean_guitarnotedata= mean(guitarnote)
minimum_guitarnotedata= min(guitarnote)
maximum_guitarnotedata= max(guitarnote)
rms_guitarnotedata= rms(guitarnote)
stddeviation_guitarnotedata= std(guitarnote)
variance_guitarnotedata=var(guitarnote)
skewness_guitarnotedata= skewness(guitarnote)
kurtosis_guitarnotedata= kurtosis(guitarnote)

6.0 Result and Discussion

6.1 Statistical Parameter Comparison

Table 1 shows the comparison of statistical value between each signal.

Variables E0 E3 E7 E12 ECHORD

Parameters
Mean -5.7449e-06 -1.4423e-05 -8.9750e-06 -2.1793e-05 -2.1591e-06
Minimum -0.0279 -0.0227 -0.0450 -0.0608 -0.0476
Maximum 0.0275 0.0299 0.0411 0.0948 0.0456
RMS 0.0099 0.0062 0.0091 0.0194 0.0082
Std Deviation 0.0099 0.0062 0.0091 0.0194 0.0082
Variance 9.7405e-05 3.8620e-05 8.3360e-05 3.7670e-04 6.7230e-05
Skewness 0.0155 0.6945 -0.4071 0.5563 0.2781
Kurtosis 2.3732 4.8156 8.0973 5.2520 5.0263

13
 Variables A0 A3 A7 A12 ACHORD

Parameters
Mean 6.6977e-06 -3.2520e-05 7.1030e-06 -6.0472e-06 -1.3174e-05
Minimum -0.0552 -0.0378 -0.0167 -0.1830 -0.0645
Maximum 0.0487 0.0814 0.0161 0.1557 0.0710
RMS 0.0108 0.0162 0.0056 0.0372 0.0128
Std Deviation 0.0108 0.0162 0.0056 0.0372 0.0128
Variance 1.1620e-04 2.6171e-04 3.1258e-05 0.0014 1.6400e-04
Skewness -0.5761 1.1540 -0.0586 0.0259 0.1673
Kurtosis 8.2875 6.7173 3.3597 7.6862 7.1203

Variables D0 D3 D7 D12 DCHORD

Parameters
Mean 1.5129e-05 7.6885e-06 1.9801e-05 1.5945e-06 -1.7366e-06
Minimum -0.0363 -0.0636 -0.1315 -0.0244 -0.0563
Maximum 0.0315 0.0475 0.1275 0.0247 0.0436
RMS 0.0113 0.0126 0.0319 0.0063 0.0089
Std Deviation 0.0113 0.0126 0.0319 0.0063 0.0089
Variance 1.2824e-04 1.5994e-04 0.0010 3.9431e-05 7.9802e-05
Skewness -0.3535 -0.0560 0.0205 0.0249 -0.2865
Kurtosis 3.1757 5.2073 6.5348 4.4399 6.1667

14
 Variables G0 G3 G7 G12 GCHORD

Parameters
Mean -4.5366e-06 7.9947e-06 1.0118e-05 3.1567e-06 1.2991e-05
Minimum -0.0269 -0.0351 -0.0782 -0.0681 -0.0253
Maximum 0.0423 0.0443 0.0881 0.0638 0.0239
RMS 0.0056 0.0092 0.0157 0.0215 0.0043
Std Deviation 0.0056 0.0092 0.0157 0.0215 0.0043
Variance 3.1582e-05 8.5451e-05 2.4733e-04 4.6156e-04 1.8832e-05
Skewness 0.9961 0.7681 0.5178 -0.0106 -0.0738
Kurtosis 10.5168 5.5973 7.1659 3.7246 6.2110

Table 1 – Statistical Parameter Comparisons

Recorded highest mean value from D7 signal with value of 1.98e-05 and lowest mean
value from A3 signal of -3.25e-05. Lowest minimum value reported from A12 signal with
value of -0.183. Highest maximum value from all acoustic signals set by A12 signal at 0.1557.
The standard deviation value recorded for all signals, equals to RMS value due to zero value of
mean from each acoustic signal. All strings are distributed non-symmetrically, both positive
and negative skewness value shown in the set of data. Highest skewness value recorded by
signal A3(1.154). Kurtosis value for all acoustic signal shows higher than 3.0 except for E0
signal of 2.3732 and peaking at signal G0, with value of 10.5168. Statistical pattern of data
distribution shows a non-linear trend for all parameters, respect to increasing fret position.
Non-linearity can be seen from statistical comparison of mean value of where the mean
amplitude does not increase or decrease proportional to increasing fret position. All acoustic
signals except for E0 signal, shows a kurtosis value of more than 3 which can be defined as
leptokurtic. Leptokurtic signals indicates extreme outliers in the data distribution that may
caused by error occurring in some point of the experiment.

6.2 Time Domain

Figure 4.1 to Figure 4.5 shows the acoustic signal plotted in time series.

15
Figure 4.1 – E string signals Time Domain

Figure 4.2 – A string signals Time Domain

16
Figure 4.3 – D string signals Time Domain

Figure 4.4 – G string signals Time Domain

17
 Figure 4.5 – Average EADG string signals Time Domain

Acoustic signal recorded shows an individually unique pattern for every different fret and
chord. The significant data distribution of signal in time-domain series explained in Statistical
Parameter Comparison. Acoustic signal pattern recorded for every signal shows a similar
behaviour in terms of amplitude depletion. The amplitudes reach a peak value right after the
string was plucked and fades gradually with decreasing amplitudes. Amplitude depletion have
been also reported by Nuawi et. al 2014 from playing string instrument “Gambus” by plucking,
in which differs from wind type instrument “Seruling” where the amplitudes decrease
drastically as the person stops blowing. Unique pattern shown from each acoustic signal in this
report shows how different frequencies co-exists in a single note as a complex signal and
generates their own type of timbre.

6.3 Frequency Domain

Figure 5.1 to Figure 5.4 shows frequency domain series by Fast Fourier Transform of
time-domain signal

18
Figure 5.1 – E string signals shown in Frequency Domain

19
Figure 5.2 – A string signals shown in Frequency Domain

20
Figure 5.3 – D string signals shown in Frequency Domain

21
Figure 5.4 – G string signals shown in Frequency Domain

22
Highest frequency recorded shown from signal G12 at 393.5Hz which shows the second
harmonic of the G string. The second harmonic can be calculated as 2 times the fundamental
frequency from the equation 𝑓𝑛 = 𝑣/𝜆𝑛 = 𝑛𝑣/2𝐿 = 𝑛𝑓1 . Spectrum analysis of all the
acoustic signals shows a trend in which the frequency increases proportionally with higher
frets. Multiple modes of vibrations demonstrated at signal E0, where the frequencies intensify
at two different phases, 81.5Hz (first mode) and 164Hz (second harmonic). Integration
between these modes of vibrations in a signal can be seen further from complex signals
generated by chords, where the mode of vibration exists a great deal more than from single
notes. The most significant frequency shown from a signal, which shows the highest peak
amplitude, is the loudest component in the harmonic mixtures. Development of the frequency
series by FFT function clearly represents the significant harmonic and frequency that
dominates a tone of a sound.

6.4 𝐈 − 𝐤𝐚𝐳 𝑻𝑴 parameter

Figure 6.1 to Figure 6.5 shows the comparison of I − kaz𝑇𝑀 parameter.

23
Figure 6.1 – I-kaz parameter of E string signal

24
Figure 6.2 – I-kaz parameter of A string signal

25
Figure 6.3 – I-kaz parameter of D string signal

26
Figure 6.4 – I-kaz parameter of G string signal

27
 Figure 6.5 – I-kaz parameter of Chord signal

Excluding A7 signal, all single note acoustic signal show low scattering where scatter occur
along the L axis. Dense scattering across the L axis can be shown for signals recorded at the
12th fret E12, A12, D12 & G12. Highest I-kaz coefficient recorded by A12 signal with value of
1.20e-07, respectively show a dense scattering across the L axis. Lowest I-kaz coefficient
record set by GCHORD signal with value of 1.45e-09.

7.0 Conclusion

The experiment shows that data acquisition and analysis of acoustic signal can be achieved by
using Matlab® software. Results were developed by statistical analysis, spectral analysis and
I − kaz𝑇𝑀 parameter analysis. Global statistical analysis of the data set show non-linearity of
amplitude in increasing fret position. Pattern from time-domain plot reveal a trend of reaching

28
peak amplitude after plucking and gradually decreasing amplitude afterwards. This is common
string resonance behaviour for acoustic guitars and excitation mechanism by plucking.
Spectral analysis concludes that the frequency increases proportionally with increasing fret
position. Multiple modes of vibrations showed clearly in the acoustic signal by FFT of
time-domain signal to frequency-domain. Methods of experimentation can be further
developed to limit errors occurring and affecting the results. Mechanical string triggering is
essential in generating a constant excitation mechanism for the acoustic signal recording.
Signal amplifying and filtering can help to achieve a more clarity to the data. Music
technology and creation has been an essential part of civilization, the research helps in
mapping the sounds visually for interpretation from another point of view.

8.0 References

[1] Nuawi, M.Z.; Abdullah, S.; Abdullah, S.; Haris, S.M.; Arifin, A. MATLAB: A
Comprehensive reference for engineers 2009.

[2] Joe Wolfe; Strings, Standing Waves and Harmonics. University of South Wales 2005

[3] “Scientific Pitch Notation,”n.d.

[4] Poliekt P.; Walter J.; Natalia PM.; The physics of guitar string vibration 2016

[5] Nuawi, M.Z.; Bahari A.R.; Kechot A.S.; Hamzah F.M.; Saad S.M.; Pemetaan dan
Pengelompokan Isyarat Akustik Alat Musik Tradisional Melayu Menggunakan Kaedah
Analisis Isyarat Statistik 2013

9.0 Appendix

29
Appendix A

Figure 7.1 - E string signals shown in Time Domain

 AO
0.04

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0.02
0
-0.02 1•tt

-0.04
0 0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
x104
0.1�-- - - - -
�- - - - - -
�- - - - - �
-- -A3
- -- �- - - - - -
- -�- - - - -
�- - - - - - �

11_.........___
O.M

0
-0.05 '-----------'---------'---------'--------'--------'--------'--------'
0 0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3 .5
x104
A7
0.02�-----�------�------�-------

0 WN��-�-Nl\-��JHA-
-0.02 ._________,________.______�------�------�
I I
0 0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
x104
A12
0.2�-----�------�------�------�------�------�-----�

0 l�-�1M��WAY�i�1AYAYAYINl,YliYIKM�llKIMl(t/l'MVA'/\W!l�lll)�!<;l\l\�W.W.V,w....,,..,,....,.__,....-•-----------·
.

-0.2 '-----------'---------'---------'--------'--------'--------'--------'
0 0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
x104
ACHORD
0.05

r,V.
1���1�,�--M�Wr/1iN11W��tlt/lf(l�'rt(�{fflr\�'�(f{r/(rli�1Wi'..:1�ft/'(1'1fillh�Will'fflf\'l'l�N�����
0

-0.05 '-'--'-'---------'---------'---------'--------'--------'--------'--------'
0 0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
x104

Figure 7.2 - A string signals shown in Time Domain

_::�1111 .....
DO

-0.04
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
x104
03
0.051.. 11,11,11,11111111., ..

0 �

-0.05 1 1 1"'
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
x104
07

0
I 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
x104
012

· 1�i�l /i1�/!ii1��1����-�1��1,�,1 1�r,-1•••·•--�-----.-�

1

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

x104
DC HORD
0.04
0.02
0
-0.02
-0.04 I 'I

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

x104

Figure 7.3 - D string signals shown in Time Domain

 GO
0.04
0.02

-0.0�..-.,��l�i-��-��,-..�
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
j
3.5
x104

00
G3

:����-
-0.05
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
x104

0.1
G7

-0.1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
x104

0.05
G12

-0.05

-0.1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
x104
GCHORD

::: 0 0.5 1 1.5

�
2 2.5 3
]
3.5
x104

Figure 7.4 - G string signals shown in Time Domain

 EstringAvg

0.02

0 ,iW��N11������M,1*��V1W(ll{1�M��Wl��,N���v�M��
-0.02
0 0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
x104
AstringAvg
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0 0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
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0
���
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.•�...:-ililMIWWIIWMIIMIJU1411HN*Hli..... HM••··· ...�... "1.. �A-.-,.-.�...

-0.05'--�����----'-������-'-������'--�����--'-������-'-�����----'�������
0 0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
x104
Figure 7.5 - Average EADG string signals shown in Time Domain
Appendix B
X164 I881 I

f
: �#:� 63
�
: :
Sing le-Sided Amplitu e Spect umofX( )-E3

'.
r

:
: : :
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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
f (Hz)

f
Sing le Side d Am plit u e f
Spe ct umoX( )

66 _,_I:
r E

......,,,__.._; ���_·:..............
:� 7___J- ______. _ _
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:
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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
:
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f(Hz)_ -

D
- - - - - _ _ - : :
X167 I
85 Sing e�ided Amplitud Spectrum ofX(t -E 12
00
1
o .O

f: :;
y

: : � :
: : :
1 ]
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
-
f(Hz)

0.01
Sing le-Side d Amplitud e Spe ctrumofX(t ) - CHORD
E
c
�0.005 Y 0.0033041
a..

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

f(Hz)

Figure 8.1 - E string signals shown in Frequency Domain

 x10-3 Single-Sided Amplitude Spectrum of X(t)-AO

f:mrro�s71: : : : : : :
O
x 130 .5
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
]
8000
r

0
Y 0.012906
f (Hz)
Single-Sided Amplitude Spectrum of X(t)-A3

f o o::t] I1 :
1000
:
2000

:
:
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: Amplitu�e Spectrum of X(:)�7 :

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11

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: Slngl:e·Slded Amplitud� Spectrum of X(t:·A 12 : :
0
O0
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1
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
f (Hz)

I
xrn-3 Single-Sided Amplitude Spectrum of X(t)-ACHORD
I I I I I I I

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0
I , 11
1000
I
2000
I
3000
I
4000
f (Hz)
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5000
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6000
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7000 8000

Figure 8.2 - A string signals shown in Frequency Domain

f
0

00 I�
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,

3 52
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:

2000
Sing le-Sided Amplitu e Spectrum of X( )-DO

3000
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4000
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1

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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
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Single-Sided Amplitud Spectrum of X(t ·D12

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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

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f (Hz)
I :' Single- ided Amplitude pecirum of X(t)-D HORD

f ! , :' , � �

IJ 1 : : I
0 1000 112000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
f (Hz)

Figure 8.3 - D string signals shown in Frequency Domain

 41x1_·
Single-Sided Amplitude Spectrum of X(t)-GO

g 1 v 0.0020868
L
2

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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
f(Hz)

f :�ILL , I , ,: , , , .:
xrn-3 Single-Sided Amplitud,e Spectrum of X(t)-GCHORD

0 1000 2000
:
3000 4000
: :
5000
:
6000
:
7000
J
8000
f(Hz)

Figure 8.4 - G string signals shown in Frequency Domain

Appendix C
1-kaz (EO) 1-kaz (E3)

x10-3 x10-3
4 -.. 5

2 0 I 0
> 0 >
0 o I
0
-2

J-
t
0 �'-'
0
-4 --l_ ' -5 0
5
0.04 0.04
0.02 �-
x10-3 0 x10-3
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H -0.04 H -5 -0.02
L L

1-kaz (E7) 1-kaz (E12)

0.01 0.02
I CD
0.005 J 0 0
> >
00
0 �o 0
1 0
:J 0
-0.005 � a'
\
0
0 0

-0.01 ..J -0.01

0.01 --.......... � 0.01
0.05 0.1
0
� -0.01
H -0.01 -0.05 H -0.1
L L

Figure 9.1 - I-kaz parameter of E string signal

 1-kaz (AO) 1-kaz (A3)

x10-3 I

0.01
2 0
0.005
1 0
1
0

> 0 > 0

-1
-0.005
-2
-0.01 J 0
0
2 5
0.05 � � 0.1
3 3
x 10- x 10-
-0.05 -5
H H -0.05
L L

1-kaz (A7) 1-kaz (A12)

x10- 3 I

0.05
0
0.5
,1
0
> 0 > OJ 0

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------- 0.02 �-0.2
0 U.UI 0
x 10- 3
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H -1 -0.02 H -0.05 -0.2

L L

Figure 9.2 - I-kaz parameter of A string signal

 1-kaz (DO) 1-kaz (03)

x10-3
O.Q 1 4
l
0.005
1
'
2
I 0

•
0

Jilllllllll
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t
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H -0.01 -0.04 H L

1-kaz (07) 1-kaz (012)

x10-3
0.04
5
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0
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.,,
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0
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o=� ""
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0 I

-0.04 --l___ -5
0
5
0

0.2
x10-3
-0.1 -5 -0.02
u
H H

Figure 9.3 - I-kaz parameter of D string signal

 1-kaz (GO) 1-kaz (G3)

x10-3 x10-3 I

5 ..., 5

�-- ,,.
0 0
I
0
0
> >
0
0
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-5 �
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0.02
x10-3 0 x10-3
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H L H L

1-kaz (G7) 1-kaz (G12)

x10-3
10 0.02
1 I I 0
0.01
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-5 �
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0 -0.02 cP
0.01 0.02
0.1

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H -0.01 -0.1 H -0.02 -0.1
L

Figure 9.4 - I-kaz parameter of G string signal

 1-kaz (ECHORD) 1-kaz (ACHORD)

x10-3 x10-3
5 I 2
1
I
1
0 0
0
0
>
> oj 0 0
1
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x10-3 0 x10-3
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H -5 -0.05 H
L L

1-kaz (DCHORD) 1-kaz (GCHORD)

x10-3
0.01 ,1 0 2
0
0.005 .j 1
> � >

l
0 0
1 -�
-0.005 - -1
�
-0.01
0 0
-2
i ' 0

0.01 2�
------- 0.05
0
�

x10-3
�
-0.01 -0.05 -2 -0.02
H L H

Figure 9.5 - I-kaz parameter of EADG Chords signal