Q#2 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF A CHILD (0 - 4 MONTHS)

INTRODUCTION :-
From the birth till death changes occur in human body . At the time of birth internal systems of
human infants such as breathing , excretory , circulatory and digestive systems are developed.
Infants grow physically from head to toe . At time of birth they are not able to hold their
head because of the neck muscles are not strong enough to provide support . As they
grow older different abilities they get.

Children in early childhood are physically growing at a rapid pace. If you want to have fun with a child at
the beginning of the period, ask them to take their left hand and use it to go over their head to touch
their right ear. They cannot do it. Their body proportions are such that they are still built very much like
an infant with a very large head and short appendages. By the time the child is five years old though,
their arms will have stretched, and they head is becoming smaller in proportion to the rest of their
growing bodies. They can accomplish the task easily because of these physical changes.

Changes are rapid but no one can exactly say that at what age all infants should be able to grasp
objects or hold up their heads without support .

GROWTH IN (0-24 MONTHS):-

Children between the ages of 2 and 6 years tend to grow about 3 inches in height each year and gain
about 4 to 5 pounds in weight each year. The average 6-year-old weighs about 46 pounds and is about
46 inches in height. The 3-year-old is very similar to a toddler with a large head, large stomach, short
arms, and short legs. During early childhood, children start to lose some of their baby fat, making them
less like a baby, and more like a child as they progress through this stage.

On average, young children can expect to grow 2 to 3 inches in height per year. Children's healthy
growth is supported by healthy lifestyles. Children should get plenty of exercise and sleep, and eat a
balanced diet in order to continue to develop strong muscles and bones and to maintain a healthy
weight. Proper nutrition, sleep, and activity guidelines will be covered in the adjoining article on
Parenting Skills for Caregivers of Young Children.

LIST OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENTS (0-24 MONTHS)

The chart below out lines information about what infants and toddlers are likely to experiencing
and learning during different period of growth.
2 MONTHS :-

 Holds head up with support.

 Begins to push up when lying on tummy.
 Makes smoother with arms and legs.

4 MONTHS :-

 Hold head steady without support.

 Pushes down on legs when feet are on a hard surface.
 Rolls over from tummy to back .
 Holds and shakes toys, swings at dangling toys.
 Brings hand to mouth.
 Pushes up to elbow when lying on tummy.

6 MONTHS :-

 Begins to sit with support .

 Rolls over both from stomach to back and from back to stomach.
 Supports weight on legs when standing and might bounce.
 Rocks back and forth, sometimes crawls backwards before moving forward.

9 MONTHS :-

 Crawls.
 Sits without support.
 Moves into sitting position with support.
 Pulls to stand.

12 MONTHS :-

 Moves into sitting position without support.

 Pulls up to stands and walks alone while holding on to furniture.
  Takes few steps without support of adult or furniture.
 Stands alone.

18 MONTHS :-

 Walks alone.
 Runs.
 Pulls toys while walking.
 Helps undress self
 Drinks from a cup.
 Eats with a spoon.

24 MONTHS :-

 Begins to run.
 Climbs on to and down from furniture without support.
 Walks up and down starts while holding on for support.
 Throws ball over hand.
 Draws or copies straight lines and circles.
 Stands on tiptoes.
 Kicks a ball.

Keep in mind that the milestones above are simply the average ages which specific development
is observed . So many different factors may create a difference on a child growth throughout this
period.
 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF HEARING IMPAIRED CHILD

INTRODUCTION :-
Social development consists of the skills children develop to interact with other. Psychologist Erick
Erickson believed that personality develops in a series of eight stages over a life time. In each
stage the individual must overcome a psychological conflict which helps from their own identity.

EFFECTS OF HEARING IMPAIRMENT:-

Hearing impairment effects the social development of a child. If the problem has identified earlier and
intervention begun the less series the ultimate impact.

MAJOR WAYS:-
There are four major ways in which hearing loss affects children.

 It causes delay in the development of receptive and expressive communication skills

(Speech & language) .
 The language deficit causes learning problems that result in reduced academic
achievement.
 Communication difficulties often lead to social isolation and poor self-concept.
 It may have an impact on vocational choices.

SPECIFIC EFFECTS (POINTS) :-

Vocabulary:
 Vocabulary develops more slowly in children who have hearing impairment.
 The gap between the vocabulary of children with normal hearing and those with hearing
impairment widens with age . Children with hearing impairment do not catch-up without
intervention.
Sentence Structure:
 Children with hearing impairment comprehend and produce shorter sentences then
children with normal hearing.
 They have difficulty understanding writing complex sentences. For example Passive voice “The
ball was thrown by Saad.”
 They often can’t hear word endings. Such as “s or end”. This leads to misunderstanding.

Academic Achievements:
 Children with hearing impairment have difficulty with all areas of academic achievement
especially reading and mathematical concept.
 The level of achievement is related to parental involvement and the quantity ,quality and
timing of the support services children receive.
 • Children with a severe to profound hearing loss usually achieve skills no higher than the third-
or fourth-grade level, unless appropriate educational intervention occurs early.

Social Functioning:
 Children with severe to profound hearing impairment often report feeling isolated without
friends and unhappy in school, particularly when their socialization with other children with
hearing impairment is limited.
 These social problems appear to be more frequent in children with a mild or moderate
hearing impairments than in those with a severe to profound loss.

Speaking:
 Children with a hearing loss often cannot hear quiet speech sounds such as “s,” “she,” “f,” “t,”
and “k” and therefore do not include them in their speech. Thus speech may be difficult to
understand voice when they speak.
 . They may speak too loudly or not loud enough. They may have a speaking pitch that is too
high. They may sound like they are mumbling because of poor stress, poor inflection, or poor
rate of Speaking.

WHAT YOU CAN DO:-

Recent research indicates that children identified with a hearing loss who begin services early may be
able to develop language (spoken and/or signed) on a par with their hearing friends. If a hearing loss is
detected in your child, early family-centered intervention is recommended to promote language (speech
and/or signed depending on family choices) and cognitive development. An audiologist, as part of an
interdisciplinary team of professionals, will evaluate your child and suggest the most appropriate audio
logic intervention program. A to speech-language pathologist will help you learn how best work with
your child to develop speech, language, and communication skills.
REFFERENCES

1. Physical Development in Early Childhood. www.lemenlearning.com

2. Effects of Hearing Loss on Development. www.asha.org