International Journal of Recent Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJRAET)

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Effect of Vertical Ground Acceleration on Buildings

1
R. S. Patil, 2H.N. Rajakumara
1,2
Department of Civil Engineering, RR Institute of Technology,Bengaluru-560090

action and for the downward excitation as the building is

Abstract— One of the main reasons behind those extensive
damages to steel and RCC structures, designed by recent
codes, has been claimed to be the effect of vertical ground
acceleration on the behaviour of columns and other main
load bearing elements, which has not been considered
adequately in the corresponding design codes. In this project
by considering a simple SDOF system, its seismic response
has been identified in terms of response spectra plot.
Number of previously occurred earthquake data is collected
and using MATLAB analysis, each earthquake is
individually applied to the model for analysis using linear
analysis method and response of building is plotted in terms
of spectral displacement vs. angular frequency for all three
directions. From each response plot peak value is collected
and response spectra plot is drawn showing the response in
all three directions. Finally conclusion is given for the effect
of vertical ground acceleration on response of building
comparing with the guidelines provided on available seismic
design code of India and other countries.
Keywords—vertical ground acceleration; earthquake;
linear analysis method; response; peak value; MATLAB;
seismic response.
already designed for “g”, this will not demand further
strengthening in either cases the building will be on safer
side.
However in some special cases like, if considerable mass
concentrated at the top of the structure, like huge water
tanks, heavy decks in bridges etc. can produce unexpected
rate dependent responses, which will cause damages to
the lower part of the structure. In such cases vertical
component should not be neglected during design of
important buildings and other structures which are
valuable to community in terms of cost and life safety. But
in 1893 (part 1):2002 which provides the guidelines for
seismic designing don’t have enough provisions for
vertical component. So focus of the study is to develop a
building model which is to be subjected to vertical ground
acceleration as well as horizontal ground acceleration and
plot the response for the same. From each response plot
peak acceleration value will be collected and finally
response spectra will be plotted. This spectra is very
essential for designing the buildings.

I. INTRODUCTION II. OBJECTIVES

India is one of the most disaster prone countries,
vulnerable to almost all natural and manmade disasters.
About 85% area is vulnerable to one or multiple disasters
and about 57% area is in high seismic zone including the
capital of the country. Earthquake resisting design of
building includes consideration of the effect of vertical
and horizontal components of earthquake during design
so as to make the structure seismic resistant. However
very little consideration is given for the effect of vertical
ground acceleration(VGA) in the codes like is 1893 (part
1): 2002 and is 13920: 1993. codes are more concentrated
on the effect of horizontal component of earthquake on
building and enough guidelines are provided for the
design of buildings considering horizontal component.
Generally the peak horizontal acceleration will be in the
range of 0.3g to 0.6g; where “g” is the acceleration due to
gravity and in most of the cases the vertical component of
a ground shaking will be in the range of 1/3rd to 2/3rd of the
peak horizontal component, for the case of upward
vertical excitation, the force will be acted against the
gravity and there by a net reduction in the downward
Several analytical studies on the effect of horizontal
acceleration on buildings have been performed by various
researchers using different models and assumptions. Also,
many seismic design codes for designing of earthquake
resistant buildings were developed throughout the world.
But these codes do not have sufficient consideration to the
effect of vertical ground acceleration. Some codes have
proposed relation between horizontal and vertical
acceleration [for example, vertical acceleration is
considered as 2/3rd of the horizontal acceleration in IS
1893 (Part 1) : 2002]. It has been experienced in some
cases that structure has failed even after designing the
building considering all the criteria given in codes.
Negligence of vertical ground acceleration may be one of
the reason.
The objectives of this study is to evaluate the effect of
vertical ground acceleration on seismic performance of
building using a realistic model in MATLAB, and
propose protective methods to improve their seismic
performance. The performance and its improvement will

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 International Journal of Recent Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJRAET)
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be evaluated through the response spectra plot in all three
major directions.
The main objectives of the present study are:
 Development of the equation of motion for linear
elastic SDOF system.
 Development of accurate and efficient analytical
procedures to obtain the seismic response of the
system.
 Perform MATLAB analysis to examine the effect
of individual earthquake on building.
 Development of response spectra for all three
direction components.
III. STRONG GROUND MOTION
A.CONCEPT OF GROUND MOTION
Earthquakes are the result of slippage along a fault plane
often well below the surface of the earth. The presence of
a fault indicates the possibility of an earthquake, though
determination of its likelihood and size is still a very
uncertain science.
Slippage along a fault line deep in the earth's surface may
eventually result in "surface faulting," the crack or split on
the earth's surface that provides the layman's vision of
earthquakes. Surface faulting may result in large earth
movements - perhaps several yards - and a building
located across a surface fault is almost certain to suffer
very severe damage however well it is designed.
However, the probability of a building location straddling
a line of surface rupture is relatively low compared to the
probability of a building location that will be affected by
ground motion caused by fault slippage. The epicentre is
the point on the earth's surface directly above where the
faulting and energy release first begins. Since the faulting
plane is not necessarily exactly vertical, and since the fault
may rupture along a considerable distance, shaking at the
epicentre may not be the most intense, although it will
almost certainly be among the more heavily shaken areas
in a given earthquake.
Ground motion is the movement of the earth's surface
from earthquakes or explosions. Ground motion is
produced by waves that are generated by sudden slip on a
fault or sudden pressure at the explosive source and travel
through the earth and along its surface.
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Fig.1 A plot of recorded ground motion data
The ground motion that is transmitted through the base of
a building, then, has a random form, but sometimes an
emphatic direction. The motion originates in four clearly
defined types of waves created by a fault rupture. These
are the primary, or P wave, which is the fastest, traveling
at about 8km/s, or 18,000 mph, and arrives first. It has the
form of a sound wave that, as it spreads out, alternately
pushes and pulls at the ground material. The second type
of wave is the secondary or S wave; this shears the rock
sideways at right angles to the direction of travel. The
third type is a surface wave called the Love wave, which is
similar to a secondary (S) wave with no vertical
displacement; it moves the ground from side to side
horizontally parallel to the earth's surface, at right angles
to the direction of propagation, and produces horizontal
shaking. The fourth type of wave, also a surface wave, is
known as the Rayleigh wave; in this the disturbed material
moves both vertically and horizontally in a vertical plane
pointing in the direction in which the waves are traveling.
Of the two surface waves, Love waves generally travel
faster than Rayleigh.
The nature of the ground motion that affects the building
can be summarized in a conceptual way as follows. The
waves that create motion emanate from the line of fault
rupture, and so approach the building from a given
direction. The nature of the waves and their interactions is
such that actual movement at the ground will be random:
predominantly horizontal, often with some directional
emphasis, and sometimes with a considerable vertical
component. The actual horizontal ground displacement is
small, generally measured in fractions of an inch, except
in the immediate area of the fault rupture where
displacements of several feet may occur.
Determination of peak value of the ground motion is very
important for the seismic design of the building so as to
give the maximum resistance to the building against
possible ground acceleration during an earthquake.
Although, many earthquake design codes are available
throughout the world, all these codes have given the
primary consideration to the horizontal acceleration of
ground. The reason being, generally horizontal
acceleration has more effect on structure compared to the
vertical acceleration. But this was just an assumption
made by the researchers based on the analysis of
previously occurred earthquakes and their effect on
structure. But there is no clear logic behind that, that the
vertical acceleration will always be lower than the
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horizontal acceleration. So in this chapter the effect of
vertical ground acceleration on building and comparison
of the effect of horizontal and vertical acceleration in
terms of response spectra plot is discussed. From the
response spectra plot it is very easy and understandable to
conclude weather the statement given in all the codes for
vertical acceleration applicable for all the cases or any
further improvement need to be done in clause given for
vertical acceleration.
B. PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION
Peak ground acceleration (PGA) is a measure
of earthquake acceleration on the ground and an
important input parameter for earthquake engineering,
also known as the Design Basis Earthquake Ground
Motion (DBEGM).It is the maximum amplitude of the
ground acceleration time-history. In terms of structural
response, it corresponds to the peak value of the absolute
acceleration of a single degree of freedom (SDOF) system
with infinite stiffness, that is, with a natural period of
vibration equal to zero. This parameter does not
necessarily provide a complete representation of the
severity of the earthquake, in terms of its potential to
induce structural damage. Other parameters such as the
Effective Peak Ground Acceleration (EPGA) and the
Effective Peak Ground Velocity (EPGV) have been
proposed as alternatives to quantify the severity of the
ground motion. Several definitions and different physical
interpretations have been proposed for these parameters,
which have been employed to define design ground
motions for use in model building codes. They were
introduced in the Applied Technology Council (1978)
seismic provisions as convenient normalizing factors for
construction of design response spectra for ground
motions of normal duration. The EPGA was defined as
proportional to the spectral ordinates corresponding to
periods within the range of 0.1 to 0.5 sec, while the EPGV
was defined as proportional to the spectral ordinate
corresponding to a period of about 1 sec. The constant of
proportionality (for a 5 percent damping spectrum) was
set at a standard value of 2.5 in both cases. The EPGA and
EPGV are related to peak ground acceleration and peak
ground velocity but are not necessarily the same as or
directly proportional to peak acceleration and velocity.
When high frequencies are present in the ground motion,
the EPGA may be significantly less than the peak ground
acceleration. In general, if one examines the ratio between
the spectral ordinate at period 0.2 sec and the
corresponding PGA value at individual locations in the
national probabilistic hazard maps, the value of the ratio
is variable and generally less than 2.5. Newmark and Hall
(1982) characterized the effective peak acceleration as the
acceleration value that is most closely related to structural
response and to damage potential of an earthquake. That
is, this concept of effective peak acceleration is intended
to reflect the actual damage potential of the seismic
excitation, which cannot be accurately described only by
the peak value of the ground acceleration. The definition
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of the effective peak acceleration therefore must take into
account not only the amplitude of the excitation, but also
its frequency content and the type and characteristics of
the general structural system under consideration.
Unlike the Richter and moment magnitude scales, it is not
a measure of the total energy (magnitude, or size) of an
earthquake, but rather of how hard the earth shakes in a
given geographic area (the intensity). The Mercalli
intensity scale uses personal reports and observations to
measure earthquake intensity but PGA is measured by
instruments, such as accelerographs, and it generally
correlates well with the Mercalli scale.
Peak ground acceleration of earthquake includes two
parameters namely Peak Horizontal Acceleration (PHA)
and Peak Vertical Acceleration (PVA).
(i) Peak Horizontal Acceleration
The peak horizontal acceleration (PHA) is the most
commonly used type of ground acceleration in
engineering applications, and is used to set building
codes and design hazard risks. In an earthquake, damage
to buildings and infrastructure is related more closely to
ground motion, rather than the magnitude of the
earthquake. For moderate earthquakes, PGA is the best
determinate of damage; in severe earthquakes, damage is
more often correlated with peak ground velocity.
IS code and all other similar seismic design code has
given enough guidelines for designing of structure
considering horizontal acceleration of earthquake. So in
this study we will not discuss horizontal acceleration
further as our interest is on the vertical acceleration and its
effect on building.
(ii) Peak Vertical Acceleration
It is a well Known fact that the civil engineering structures
are subjected to the three dimensional earthquake ground
motions. But it is only the horizontal motion which has
been extensively studied and considered in the design
Process whereas the vertical component of the ground
motion has generally been neglected in design and hardly
studied from hazard point of view. Also most of the
Prevailing building codes including NBC 105, IS 1893,
UBC 97 and many other codes worldwide assume the
vertical component of the ground motion to be 1/2 to 2/3
of the horizontal component. However, in recent
destructive earthquakes such as the 1989 Loma Prieta,
1994 Northridge, 1995 Kobe and 1999 Chi-Chi, it was
found that vertical ground motion may equal or even
significantly exceed the local horizontal ground motion.
In such situations, most existing code specifications must
be considered un-conservative. In recent years many
authors has highlighted this fact and done significant
researches to identify and quantify the damaging potential
of the vertical component of ground motion. Many studies
 International Journal of Recent Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJRAET)
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reported data showing that the vertical peak acceleration
may be even higher than the horizontal value. Others have
attributed the observed failure on the Reinforced concrete
structures to the reduction of shear strength caused by
vertical ground motion effects. As recently shown by
Kunnath et al. (2008), vertical motion may magnify and
potentially create reversal of bending moment in
longitudinal bridge girders. Widespread phenomenon of
bearing failure and deck unseating, as observed during the
recent earthquakes, was partially attributed to the
destructive impact of vertical motions. However effects
on vertical acceleration on response of the long span cable
stayed bridge and its steel tower was found to be slight
(Shrestha, 2009; Abdel raheem, Hayashikawa and Aly,
2002). Based on a large body of available studies, it is
possible to conclude that vertical shaking may escalate the
axial column force, cause an increase in the moment and
shear demand, and amplify plastic deformation, extend
plastic hinge formation and finally diminish the ductility
capacity of structural component.
This part of the thesis concerns the importance of vertical
ground motion in the near field of large earthquakes.
Recently there has been an increase in interest about
vertical ground motions because buildings have become
more architecturally unique and more structurally
complicated, base isolation systems are being
increasingly employed which may become unstable if
there is uplift at any of the isolation elements and also
sensitive equipment mounted on floors may be adversely
affected by amplified vertical ground motions. In this
thesis SDOF models, which include the effect of vertical
excitation, are studied.
The vertical component of earthquake ground motion is
associated with the arrival of vertically propagating
P-waves, while the horizontal component is more of a
manifestation of S-waves. As the wavelength of P-waves
is shorter than that of S-waves, the vertical component of
ground motion has much higher frequency content than
the horizontal component. Although the energy content
over the frequency range of the vertical ground motion is
lower than that of the horizontal motion, the energy tends
to be concentrated in a narrow, high frequency band. Such
high frequency content leads to large amplifications in the
short period range, which often coincide with the vertical
period of RC structures. Thus, significant response
amplifications are caused, especially with regard to forces
as opposed to displacements (Elnashai and Papazoglou,
1997). The significance of the vertical component of
ground motion is often characterized by the V/H peak
ground acceleration ratio. Many design codes suggest
scaling of a single spectral shape, originally derived for
the horizontal component, using an average V/H ratio of
2/3. This procedure was originally proposed by Newmark
in 1973. As a result, all components of motion have the
same frequency content. However, the frequency content
Next step is to plot the response spectra for each
is demonstrably different, as discussed above. earthquake for all the three directions. Response plot
Furthermore, the 2/3 rule for V/H is unconservative in the
gives the spectral displacement vs. frequency curve. From
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near field and over conservative at large fault distances.
Studies such as Abrahamson and Litehiser (1989),
Ambraseys and Simpson (1996), Elgamal and He (2004),
and Bozorgnia and Campbell (2004), among others,
provided evidence to confirm the lack of conservatism of
the 2/3 scaling factor. Alongside the V/H ratio, it is
prudent to study the relationship between the timing of
peak response in the horizontal and vertical components
of ground motion. The early arrival of the vertical motion
may cause shakedown of the structure prior to the arrival
of horizontal motion, thus, significantly affecting the
structural response. On the other hand, the coincidence of
vertical and horizontal peaks would cause high levels of
distress in structural members. Many records show that
significant vertical ground motion occurs earlier than
horizontal motion, while others exhibit near coincidence
in time. This characteristic of vertical motion is dependent
on magnitude, source distance, site conditions, travel
path, and type and depth of source. Collier and Elnashai
(2001) investigated the time interval by using records
from the Imperial Valley (1979) and Morgan Hill (1984)
earthquakes. Thirty-two records at various distances but
with similar site conditions were considered. The study
concluded that the time interval increases with distance
from source and should be taken as zero for a distance of 5
km or less from the source. The records are selected with
source distances less than 50 km, relatively large
interplate earthquakes (Mw ≥ 6) and with peak
acceleration of 0.1 g or more. The distribution of V/H
ratios indicates that the assumption of a V/H ratio of 2/3
seriously underestimates actions on structures near the
source and overestimates the actions at large distances. It
is also observed that the V/H ratios for 97% of the ground
motions is no higher than 2.0.
IV. MODELING AND ANALYSIS
A. EARTHQUAKE DATA COLLECTION
In the seismic design of any structure it is necessary to
consider the earthquake load along with the dead load and
live load of the structure. For a structure to be constructed
as earthquake resistant structure earthquake load need to
be determined from the previously occurred earthquake
by averaging large number of earthquake with different
magnitude and frequency. So during seismic design
primary step is to collect the information of as large
number as possible the previously occurred earthquake
from different regions. In this study we have collected
earthquake data for 10 different regions occurred in
between 1986 to 2001. After collecting the earthquake
data it is necessary to convert all the data’s to the vector
form using MATLAB command.
B. Plotting of Response of Building
 International Journal of Recent Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJRAET)
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the plot it is very easy to determine the displacement of

structure for varying angular frequency.

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Response spectra plot is prepared in MATLAB which

gives displacement vs angular frequency graph. From the
plot, ratio of horizontal and vertical acceleration is
determined and compare with the guidelines of 2/3rd rules
given in clause 6.4.5 of IS 1893:2002.
Fig. 4 Response Spectra
i. Response spectra for Bhuj Earthquake
In fig.4 both the ratio is more than 2/3 initially and in no
case the ratio is less than 1 which means IS code
guidelines is not applicable here.

iv. Response spectra for India-Burma Border

Earthquake (NE INDIA)-3

Fig. 2 Response Spectra

In fig.2 it can be seen that response in Y and Z direction
co-insides with each other. So the ratio of vertical to
horizontal acceleration for Z and Y direction is 1 which is
more than the provision given in IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002.
So it does not follow the IS code guidelines. On the other
hand ratio of Z and X direction is 4/6.4= 0.625 when
angular frequency is close to zero and as angular
frequency increases ratio becomes higher. So we can
conclude that from over all consideration, IS code
guidelines is not applicable in this case.
ii. Response spectra for India-Burma Border
Earthquake (NE INDIA)-1
Fig 5 Response Spectra
In fig.5 ratio of spectral displacement for Z to Y direction
is almost equal to 2/3 when angular frequency is nearer to
zero and as frequency increases ratio also increases and
after a certain angular frequency ratio becomes more than
1. Similarly ratio of Z to X direction is very much higher
than 2/3rd when angular frequency is nearer to zero and
with the increasing angular frequency ratio goes on
reducing but in no case the ratio becomes less than 1
which means IS code guidelines is not applicable here.

v. Response spectra for India-Burma border

earthquake (NE INDIA)-4

Fig 3 Response Spectra

In fig.3 both the ratio is more than 2/3 initially and in no
case the ratio is less than 1 which means IS code
guidelines is not applicable here.
iii. Response spectra for India-Burma Border
Earthquake (NE INDIA)-2
Fig 6 Response Spectra
In the fig.6 it can be seen that both the ratio is more than
2/3 which means IS code guidelines is not applicable in
this case.

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vi. Response spectra for Chamoli Earthquake (NE In fig.9 it can be seen that the ratio is more than 2/3 in both
INDIA)-1 the cases which means IS code guidelines is not
applicable in this case.

ix. Response spectra for India-Bangladesh border

earthquake

Fig 7 Response Spectra

From fig.7 it can be seen that ratio for Z to X direction is
almost equal to 0.5 when angular frequency is close to
zero and as frequency increases ratio goes on increasing Fig. 10 Response Spectra
and after a certain value of angular frequency ratio In fig.10 it can be seen that in no case the ratio is less than
becomes 1. Similarly for Z to Y direction the ratio is 1 which means IS code guidelines is not applicable in this
0.005/0.006=0.83 when angular frequency is zero and as case.
frequency increases ratio goes on increasing and after a
certain value of angular frequency ratio becomes 1 which x. Mean response spectra for all the Earthquakes
is more than 2/3 which means IS code guidelines is not
applicable in this case.
vii. Response spectra for Chamoli earthquake (NE
INDIA)-2

Fig. 11 Mean Response Spectra

Mean response spectra plot is drawn by taking peak value
of all the individual response spectra plot. In this plot it
Fig 8 Response Spectra can be seen that maximum value of spectral displacement
In fig.8 it can be seen that the ratio is more than 2/3 in both in Z- direction is about 0.092 when the angular frequency
the cases which means IS code guidelines is not is close to zero and as angular frequency increases
applicable in this case. spectral displacement goes on reducing. Similarly
spectral displacement in Y- direction is about 0.042 and
viii. Response spectra for Uttarkashi Earthquake with the increasing angular frequency the value goes on
reducing sharply up to a certain value of angular
frequency and beyond that spectral displacement reduces
slightly with the increasing angular frequency and follows
almost a horizontal path. Similarly spectral displacement
in X- direction is about 0.02 when angular frequency is
closed to zero and with the increasing angular frequency
up to a certain angular frequency and beyond that spectral
displacement reduces with the increase in angular
frequency. So from the plot it can be seen that maximum
ratio of spectral displacement in Z to X direction is
0.092/0.02=4.6 and as angular frequency increases ratio
Fig. 9 Response Spectra decreases but nowhere the ratio is less than 1 which means
this ratio is more than 2/3rd provisions given in IS code.
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Similarly maximum ratio of spectral displacement in Z to
Y direction is 0.092/0.042=2.19 and as angular frequency
increases ratio decreases but nowhere the ratio is less than
1 which means this ratio is more than 2/3rd provisions
given in IS code. So from the study it can be concluded
that guidelines provided in IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002 is not
applicable in this case.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Results show that the effect of vertical component of
ground motion is very extensive in many cases and can
lead to serious uplift problem. Since we have used small
number of earthquake data in this study so it is not
possible to reach on the result that the guidelines provided
on IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002 and similar other seismic
design codes are not correct for giving satisfactory result
all the times. But we have seen that for the cases
considered in the study, the ratio of vertical to horizontal
acceleration do not match with the guidelines of IS 1893
(Part 1) : 2002 clause 6.4.5. So it can be concluded that as
safety is more important rather than cost, it is important to
concentrate towards vertical ground acceleration and
present code should be revised thoroughly to get final
conclusion on this.
The analysis carried out in the study is linear dynamic
analysis without consideration to ductility in the members
and nonlinear behaviour of the elements and building as a
whole. To arrive at a proper conclusion an extensive study
considering nonlinear analysis need to be carried out over
a large amount of data. Moreover the effects of such
vertical ground acceleration and its effects on a building
need to be considered separately by considering floor
response spectra obtained using the similar procedure
adopted in the present study.
Nevertheless this study gives a fair idea about the need for
such an extensive study and also establishes a step by step
procedure which can be followed coupled with extensive
numeric and experimental analysis to arrive at a firm
conclusion.
C. Authors and Affiliations
R.S. Patil is presently working as an Assistant Professor in
Department of Civil Engineering, RR Institute of
Technology, Bangalore. Guided Several M. Tech
Projects. Thought Structural Dynamics, Earthquake
resistant structure, Advanced RCC, Construction Project
Management, Pre-stressed Concrete in post graduate
level.
Dr. H. N. Rajakumara is presently Professor & Head in
Department of Civil Engineering, RR Institute of
Technology, Bangalore. 17 years of Teaching and
Research Experience, guided BE, M.Tech and PhDs. [11] “Characteristics of free-field vertical ground
With effective class room management skills and
Mentoring Skills. Authored 2 Books and recognized PhD
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Guide/Supervisor for Anna University, Tamil Nadu and
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Karnataka.
REFERENCES
[1] IS 1893: 2002 “Criteria for Earthquake Resistant
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[3] “Getting Started with MATLAB” by RudraPratap.
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Bozorgnia, M. Niazi and K. W. Campbell, byHyerin Lee, Pardeep Kumar, SelimGunay,

Earthquake Spectra23, 515-525 (1995). Khalid Mosalam, Sashi K. Kunnath, 2012.

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[13] “Effect of Vertical Ground Motions on Shear

Demand and Capacity in Bridge Columns”

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