Ece Lab Manual - Mite

MANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &
ENGINEERING
A Unit of Rajalaxmi Education Trust (R), Mangalore - 1
Badaga Mijar, Moodabidri – 574225, Karnataka
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ENERGY CONVERSION ENGINEERING

LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG
Name:
…………………………………………………………………………
Roll No: ………… Year: ……………..Section:

……………………………..
Class/Semester:
……………………………………………………………….
Subject: ……………………………………. Code:

…………………………
MANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &
ENGINEERING
A Unit of Rajalaxmi Education Trust (R), Mangalore - 1
Badaga Mijar, Moodabidri – 574225, Karnataka
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Miss/Mr………………………………………
has satisfactorily completed the Energy conversion Engineering
Lab prescribed by the VTU for B.E. 3rd semester for the period
………………………….
USN of candidate:
Lab. Assessment Marks:

25
Signature of the Faculty Head of the

Department
2
Date : Date :
SL. Marks
NO Date Name of the experiment Page No Max. Awarded
Expt No: Date:
3
1. PERFORMANCE TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER 4S
DIESEL ENGINE
AIM:
To conduct a load test on a single cylinder diesel engine to study its

performance under various loads.
DESCRIPTION:
A machine, which uses heat energy obtained from combustion of fuel and
converts it into mechanical energy, is known as a Heat Engine. They are classified as
External and Internal Combustion Engine. In an External Combustion Engine,
combustion takes place outside the cylinder and the heat generated from the
combustion of the fuel is transferred to the working fluid which is then expanded to
develop the power. An Internal Combustion Engine is one where combustion of the fuel
takes place inside the cylinder and converts heat energy into mechanical energy. IC
engines may be classified based on the working cycle, thermodynamic cycle, speed,
fuel, cooling, method of ignition, mounting of engine cylinder and application.
Diesel Engine is an internal combustion engine, which uses heavy oil or diesel
oil as a fuel and operates on two or four stroke. In a 4-stroke Diesel engine, the
working cycle takes place in two revolutions of the crankshaft or 4 strokes of the
piston. In this engine, pure air is sucked to the engine and the fuel is injected with the
combustion taking place at the end of the compression stroke. The power developed
and the performance of the engine depends on the condition of operation. So it is
necessary to test an engine for different conditions based on the requirement.
The test rig is built for loading mentioned below:
Mechanical Loading (Water cooled)
1. The equipment consists of a Brand new KIRLOSKAR make AV1 model Diesel
Engine (Crank started) of 5hp (3.7kW) capacity and is Water cooled. The
Engine is coupled to a Rope Brake Drum Dynamometer for Loading purposes.
Coupling is done by an extension shaft in a separate bearing house. The
dynamometer is connected to the spring load assembly for varying the load.
2. Thermocouples are provided at appropriate positions and are read by a digital
temperature indicator with channel selector to select the position.
3. Rota meters of range 15LPM & 10LPM are used for direct measurement of water
flow rate to the engine and calorimeter respectively.
4. Engine Speed and the load applied at various conditions is determined by a
Digital RPM Indicator and spring balance reading.
4
5. A separate air box with orifice assembly is provided for regularizing and
measuring the flow rate of air. The pressure difference at the orifice is
measured by means of an ACRYLIC Manometer.
6. A volumetric flask with a fuel distributor is provided for measurement and
directing the fuel to the engine respectively.
7. The testing arrangement is mounted on an aesthetically designed self sustained
sturdy frame made of MS channels with anti vibration mounts.
8. The test rig comes with a separate control panel made of NOVAPAN board that
houses all the indicators, accessories and necessary instrumentations at
appropriate positions.
NOTE:
1. Ensure oil level is maintained in the engine up to recommended level always.
Never run the engine with insufficient oil.
2. Never run the engine with insufficient engine cooling water and exhaust gas
calorimeter cooling water.
PROCEDURE:
1. Start the engine with no load condition.
2. Perform a no load test.
3. Note down the speed of the engine, time for 10cc of fuel consumption,
manometer readings.
4. Now load the engine and repeat the some procedure for different loads keeping speed
as constant.
5. Calculate the various performance parameters and tabulate the readings.
6. Draw the graph of TFC Vs of BP, SFC Vs BP, and Vs BP.
RESULT:
Result is tabulated as shown.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Four strokes, vertical, water cooled, cold start, compression Ignition, High speed
diesel Engine.
Make Kirloskar
Bore Diameter, D
Stroke length, L
Speed in RPM ,N 1500
B.H.P. 5 HP (single cylinder),
3.7 kW.
Compression ratio, r
Fuel Diesel.
Specific gravity 0.8275
Calorific Value ,C 44640 kJ/kg
Air tank orifice dia, do
Co-efficient of discharge Cd
5
TYPICAL GRAPH:
SFC
TFC BSFC
ISFC
BP
FP BP
BP
FULL LOAD CALCULATION:
BP =
=
Torque arm Radius, R = ---------m
Speed of the engine, N = 1500rpm.
Maximum load Wmax =
= ---------- N.
= ---------kg.
DATA TABLE:
6
Load Readings Time for Manometer reading
Speed
Sl. 10 cc of fuel
‘N’ h2
No. W in W in W in Consumption h1 hw=
RPM
% kg N ‘tf’ Sec (cm)
(cm) (m)
1 25
2 50
3 75
4 100
SPECIMEN CALCULATION:
Trail no:
1. Brake Power:
BP =
=---------- kW
2. Total Fuel Consumption:

TFC =
=----------kg/hr
3. From the graph, Frictional power FP = -------kW
4. Indicated Power
IP = BP+FP
=------kW
5. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption:

BSFC =
=-------kg/kW-hr
6. Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption:

ISFC =
=-------kg/kW-hr
7
7. Brake Mean Effective Pressure
BMEP =
=-----------kPa
Where A = area of bore in meter

L = stroke length in meter
N = speed
8. Mechanical efficiency
mech =
=------%
9. Indicated thermal efficiency

ith =
=-------%
10. Brake thermal efficiency

bth =
=-------%
11. Volumetric efficiency
vol =
-----%
Where Va =
=---------- m3/min
Here,
ha =
= -------m of air
hw = water manometer reading in m
= 1000 kg/m3
ao = orifice area in m2
= kg/m3
8
Vs =
= ----------------m3/min
Where, Vs = swept volume in m3
n = N for 2 stroke engine
n= for 4 stroke engine
RESULT TABLE:
Sl. BP TFC kg/hr BSFC FP IP kW ISFC BMEP mech bth ith vol %
No. kW kg/kW-hr kW kg/kW-hr kPa % % %
1
2
3
4
Expt No: Date:
9
2. PERFORMANCE TEST ON 4 CYLINDER, 4S PETROL ENGINE
AIM:
To conduct a load test on a four cylinder petrol engine to study its performance under
various loads.
Draw graph BP vs. BSFC, ISFC and BP vs. mech, ith, bth, vol.
DESCRIPTION:
The test rig is built for loading as mentioned below:

Hydraulic Dynamometer Loading
1. The equipment consists of a Brand new ISUZU (Ambassador) make
Carburetor Version Engine (Self started) of capacity 30kW at the charsy and
7.5kW at the crankshaft.
2. The Engine is coupled to a Hydraulic Dynamometer for loading purposes. The
coupling is done by a universal coupling in a bearing house.
temperature indicator with channel selector.
5. The Engine Speed and the load applied at various conditions is determined
by a Digital RPM Indicator and Load cell arrangement.
measuring the flow rate of air. The pressure difference is measured by means of
an ACRYLIC Manometer.
frame made of MS channels with A-Type anti vibration mounts.
9. The test rig comes with a separate control panel made of NOVAPAN board
that houses all the indicators, accessories and necessary instrumentations at
appropriate positions.
PROCEDURE:
1. Check the lubricating oil level.
2. Check the fuel level.
3. Check and Release the load on the dynamometer if loaded.
4. Check the necessary electrical connections and switch on the panel.
5. Provide the Battery Connections.
10
6. Allow cooling water to engine and calorimeter and set the flow to 6 & 3
LPM respectively.
7. Open the three-way cock so that fuel flows to the engine.
8. Start the engine using the starter key.
9. Set the speed of the engine. (Do not exceed 3000rpm)
10. Now slowly load the engine using the loading wheel of the dynamometer.
11. Set the engine speed to before rating.
12. Note the following readings.
a. Engine Speed.
b. Time taken for 10cc of petrol consumption
c. Rotameter readings.
d. Manometer readings, in ‘m’ of water &
e. Temperatures.
13. Repeat the experiment for other loadings.
14. After the completion release the load (while doing so release the
accelerator) and then switch of the engine
and the panel.
15. Allow the water to flow for few minutes and then turn it off.
16. Remove earthing connection of the battery and the starter key.
SPECIFICATION:
Four stroke, four cylinders, water cooled engine.
Make: HM ISUZU
Bore, D: 84mm
Capacity: 1500cc
RPM: 1500 rpm
B.H.P:10 H.P @ 1500 rpm = 7.5 kW
Fuel: Petrol
Specific gravity: 0.71
Calorific value, CV: 43120 kJ/kg
Orifice diameter, do: 20mm
Cd =0.62
Full load calculation:

Torque arm length = 0.2m
BP = where, N= speed
W = load in Newton
L = Torque arm length = 0.2 m
W = --------kg
DATA TABLE:
11
Speed
Sl. 10 cc of fuel
‘N’ h2
RPM
(cm) (m)
1 25
2 50
3 75
4 100
Trail no:
1. Brake power:
BP =
=---------- kW
2. Total fuel consumption:

TFC =
=----------kg/hr
3. From the MORSE TEST, Frictional power FP = -------kW
4. Indicated power
IP = BP+FP
=------kW
5. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption:

BSFC =
=-------kg/kW-hr
6. Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption:

ISFC =
=-------kg/kW-hr
12
7. Brake Mean Effective Pressure
BMEP =
=-----------kPa
Where A = area of bore in meter

L = stroke length in meter
N = speed
8. Mechanical efficiency
mech =
=------%
9. Indicated thermal efficiency

ith =
=-------%
10. Brake thermal efficiency

bth =
=-------%
11. Volumetric efficiency
vol =
-----%
Where Va =
=---------- m3/min
Here,
ha =
= -------m of air
= 1000 Kg/m3
= kg/m3
Vs =
Where, Vs = swept volume in m3
13
n = N for 2 stroke engine
n= for 4 stroke engine
= ----------------m3/min
RESULT TABLE:
Sl. BP TFC kg/hr BSFC FP IP kW ISFC BMEP mech bth ith vol %
No. kW kg/kW-hr kW kg/kW-hr kPa % % %
Expt No: Date:
3. PERFORMANCE TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER 2S PETROL

ENGINE
14
AIM:
To conduct a load test on a single cylinder 2 stroke petrol engine and study its
Draw graph BP vs. thermal efficiency and BP vs. TFC.
DESCRIPTION:
Electrical Dynamometer Loading (AC)
1. The equipment consists of a Brand new BAJAJ make 5 port model Petrol
Engine (Kick Start) of 3hp(2.2kW) capacity and is Air cooled The Engine is
coupled to a AC Alternator for Loading purposes. Coupling is done by an
extension shaft in a separate bearing house and is belt driven. The
dynamometer is provided with load controller switches for varying the load.
2. The engine is provided with modified head with cooling arrangement for
different compression ratio and also has an attachment for varying the spark
timing.
4. Engine Speed at various condition s is determined by a Digital RPM
Indicator.
5. Load on the engine is measured by means of Electrical Energy meter.
9. The test rig comes with a separate control panel made of NOVAPAN board which
houses all indicators, accessories and necessary instrumentations at appropriate
positions.
PROCEDURE:
1. Give the necessary electrical connections to the panel.

2. Check the lubricating oil level in the engine.
3. Check the fuel level in the tank.
15
4. Release the load if any on the dynamometer.
6. Set the accelerator to the minimum condition.
7. Start the engine by cranking.(KICK START)
8. Allow to attain the steady state.
9. Load the engine by switching on the Load controller switches provided.
(Each loading is incremental of 0.5kW)
10. Note the following readings for particular condition,
a. Engine Speed
b. Time taken for ____cc of petrol consumption
c. Water meter readings.
d. Manometer readings, in cm of water &
e. Temperatures at different locations.
11. Repeat the experiment for different loads and note down the above
readings.
12. After the completion release the load (while doing so
release the accelerator) and then switch of the engine by pressing the
ignition cut – off switch and then turnoff the panel.
OBSERVATIONS:
Sl. Speed Load Manometer Reading Time for Time for Temperature
No rpm Applied 10cc of 5 rev of °C
. ‘F’ kW fuel Energy
h1 h2 hw=(h1+h2) air Exhau
collected, meter,
cm cm /100 inlet st T2
t sec
m
T1
1
2
3
4
5
CALCULATIONS:
1. Mass of fuel consumed, mf
f= Xcc x Specific gravity of the fuel kg/sec

1000 x t
Where,
SG of Petrol is = 0.71
Xcc is the volume of fuel consumed = 10cc
t is time taken in seconds
16
2. Heat Input, HI
HI = mf x Calorific Value of Fuel kW

Where,
Calorific Value of Petrol = 43,120 kJ/kg
3. Output or Brake Power, BP
BP = n x3600 X Gr kW
K x 1.5 x T x m
Where,
n = No. of revolutions of energy meter (Say 5)
K = Energy meter constant = 750 revs/kW-hr
T = time for 5 rev. of energy meter in seconds
ηm = efficiency of belt transmission = 80%
Gr = gear ratio
1st gear = 14.47:1
2nd gear = 10.28:1
3rd gear = 7.31:1
4th gear = 5.36:1
4. Specific Fuel Consumption, SFC
SFC = mf x 3600 kg/kW – hr

BP
5. Brake Thermal Efficiency, ηbth%
ηbth = 3600 x 100 %

SFC x CV
6. Calculation of head of air, ha
ha =
= -------m of air
= 1000 kg/m3
= kg/m3
7. Volumetric efficiency, ηvol%
17
ηvol % = Qa
x 100
Qth
where,
Qa = Actual volume of air taken
Qa = Cd a √ (2gha)
Where,
Cd = Coefficient of discharge of orifice = 0.62
a = area at the orifice, = (∏(0.02)/4)
Ha = head in air column, m of air.
Qth = Theoretical volume of air taken

Qth = (∏/4) x D x L x Gr x 0.67N
60
Where,
D = Bore diameter of the engine = 0.057m
L = Length of the Stroke = 0.057m
N is speed of the engine in rpm.
Gr = gear ratio
1st gear = 14.47:1
2nd gear = 10.28:1
3rd gear = 7.31:1
4th gear = 5.36:1
TABULATION:
Sl. Input Output SFC Brake Thermal Volumetric

Power Power, BP Efficiency efficiency
1
2
3
4
5
RESULT:
Graphs to be plotted:
1) SFC v/s BP
2) ηbth v/s BP
3) ηvol v/s BP
PRECAUTIONS:
18
1. Do not run the engine if supply voltage is less than 180V
2. Do not run the engine without the supply of water.
3. Supply water free from dust to prevent blockage in rotameters, engine head and
calorimeter.
4. Note that the range for water supply provided is an approximate standard values,
however the user may select the operating range to his convenience not less than 3
& 2 LPM for engine and calorimeter respectively.
5. Always set the accelerator knob to the minimum condition and start the engine.
6. Switch off the ignition of AUXILLARY while doing in the engine arrangement.
7. Do not forget to give electrical earth and neutral connections correctly.
8. Frequently, at least once in three months, grease all visual moving parts.
9. At least once in week, operate the unit for five minutes to prevent any clogging of
moving parts.
10. It is recommended to run the engine at 1000rpm otherwise the rotating parts and
bearing of engine may run out.
11. In case of any major faults, Please write to the manufacturers
and do not attempt to repair.
Expt No: Date:

4. SINGLE CYLINDER 4S PETROL ENGINE
TEST RIG WITH ALTERNATOR
AIM:
To conduct a load test on a single cylinder 4-stroke petrol engine and study its
19
DESCRIPTION:
Electrical Dynamometer Loading (AC)
1. The equipment consists of a Brand new GREAVES make MK25 model Petrol
Engine (Crank Start) of 3hp(2.2kW) capacity and is Air cooled. The Engine is
coupled to a AC Alternator for Loading purposes. Coupling is done by an
extension shaft in a separate bearing house and is belt driven. The
dynamometer is provided with load controller switches for varying the load.
timing.
Indicator.
5. Load on the engine is measured by means of Electrical Energy meter.
positions.
PROCEDURE:
20
6. Set the accelerator* to the minimum condition.
7. Start the engine by cranking.
9. Load the engine by switching on the Load controller switches provided. (Each
loading is incremental of 0.5kW)
a. Engine Speed
11. Repeat the experiment for different loads and note down the above readings.
* In this case Clockwise rotation decreases the acceleration
and vice versa
OBSERVATIONS:
Sl. Speed, Load Manometer Time for Time for 5

No. rpm Applied Reading 10cc of rev of Energy
‘F’ kW h1 h2 hw = fuel meter,
in in (h1+h2) collected,
cm cm in m t sec
1
2
3
4
5
T1 T2 T3 T4 water T6 exhaust T7 Engine Calorime

Air Water water outlet inlet to exhaust water ter
inlet inlet outlet form calorimeter outlet flowrate, water
temp temp from calorimet from LPM1 flowrate,
engine er calorime LPM2
ter
21
NOTE:
Temperatures T3 to T6 and Water flow rates Has to be noted if,
CALORIMETER and COOLING WATERHEAD is provided with the
instrument
CALCULATIONS:
mf = Xcc x Specific gravity of the fuel kg/sec

1000 x t
Where,
Xcc is the volume of fuel consumed = 10cc
2. Heat Input, IP
IP = mf x Calorific Value of Fuel kW

Where,
Calorific Value of Petrol = 43,120 KJ/Kg
BP = n x3600 kW
K x T x m
Where,
n = No. of revolutions of energy meter (Say 5)
K = Energy meter constant = 750 revs/kW-hr
T = time for 5 rev. of energy meter in seconds
ηm = efficiency of belt transmission = 80%
BP
ηbth% = 3600 x 100
SFC x CV
6. Calculation of head of air, ha
22
ha =
= -------m of air
= 1000 Kg/m3
= kg/m3

ηvol % = Qa
x 100
Qth
Where,
Qa = Cd a √ (2gha)
Where,

Qth = (∏/4) x D x L x N
60
Where,
TABULATION:
Sl. Input Output SFC Brake Volumetric

Power Power, Thermal efficiency
BP Efficiency
1
2
3
4
5
Heat Balance Sheet Calculations IN SECONDS basis:
23
1. Heat Input --- A
A = mf x Calorific Value kW
2. Heat to BP --- B
B = kW
3. Heat to cooling water --- C
C = mwe x Cpw x (Tei – Teo) kW
Where
mwe = cooling water flow rate to the engine from
water meter
= Q1/60 kg/sec
Cpw = Specific Heat of water = 4.18 kJ/kg
4. Heat to exhaust gases --- D
D = mwc x Cpw x (Tci – Tco) x [(Tgci – Ta)/ (Tgco – Tgci)] kW

Where
mwc = water flow rate in kg/sec == ___ lt/time
Cpw = Specific Heat of water
Ta = Engine surrounding temperature.
Tgci = Gas inlet temp to calorimeter
Tgco = Gas outlet temp from calorimeter
Tci = Water Inlet temp to calorimeter
Tco = Water outlet temp from calorimeter
5. Heat Unaccounted
E = A – (B+C+D) kW
HEAT BALANCE SHEET:
Sl. Particulars Heat Content %

No. kW
1 Heat Input – A 100
2 Heat to BP – B B/A =
3 Heat to Cooling Water – C C/A =
4 Heat to Exhaust Gases – D D/A =
5 Heat Unaccounted – E E/A =
24
RESULT:
4) SFC v/s BP
5) ηbth v/s BP
6) ηvol v/s BP
PRECAUTIONS:

calorimeter.
moving parts.
Expt No: Date:
5. HEAT BALANCE SHEET FOR SINGLE CYLINDER

4S DIESEL ENGINE
AIM:
To conduct a load test on a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine and
draw heat balance sheet.
PROCEDURE:
25
4. Allow the water to flow to the engine and the calorimeter and adjust the
flowrate to 6lpm & 3lpm respectively.
7. Start the engine by cranking.
9. Load the engine by slowly tightening the yoke rod handle of the Rope
brake drum.
a. Engine Speed
b. Time taken for 10cc of diesel consumption
c. Rotameter reading.
readings.
12. After the completion release the load and then switch of the engine.
Allow the water to flow for few minutes and then turn it off.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Four stroke, vertical, water cooled, cold start, compression Ignition, High speed diesel
Engine.
Make Kirloskar
Bore Diameter, D
Stroke length
Speed in RPM ,N 1500
Compression ratio, r
Fuel Diesel Oil.
Specific gravity 0.8275
Calorific Value ,C 44640 KJ/kg
Air tank orifice dia do
Co-efficient of discharge Cd
26
FULL LOAD CALCULATION:
BP =
=
Torque arm Radius, R = ---------m
Speed of the engine, N = 1500rpm.
Maximum load Wmax =
= ---------- N.
= ---------kg.
DATA TABLE:

Speed
Sl. 10 cc of fuel
‘N’ h2
RPM
(cm) (m)
1 0
2 25
3 50
4 75
5 100
T1 T2 T3 T4 water T6 exhaust T7 Engine Calorim

Air Water water outlet inlet to exhaust water eter
temp temp from calorimet from LPM1 flowrate
engine er calorime , LPM2
ter
27
Trail no:
1. Brake power:
BP =
=---------- kW

mf =
=----------kg/s
1. Heat Input --- A
2. Heat to BP --- B
B = kW
Where
Rotameter
= LPM1/60 kg/sec
D = mwc x Cpw x (T2 – T4) x [(T5 – T1)/ (T6 – T5)] kW
Where
mwc = water flow rate in kg/sec
= LPM2/60 kg/sec
28
5. Heat Unaccounted
E = A – (B+C+D) kW
HEAT BALANCE SHEET:

No. kW
Expt No: Date:
6. HEAT BALANCE SHEET FOR FOUR CYLINDER

4S PETROL ENGINE
AIM:
To conduct heat balance sheet for a four cylinder petrol engine to study its
PROCEDURE:
1. Check fuel level.
2. Check lubrication oil level.
3. Open the fuel cock.
4. Open the cooling water.
5. Keep the loading in the hydraulic dynamometer at minimum.
6. Start the engine.
29
7. Load the engine with hydraulic dynamometer. Loading is achieved by opening the
water inlet valve to the dynamometer slowly.
8. When engine is loaded the speed will decrease. Hence open the throttle to increase
the speed.
9. Note down the manometer reading and time taken for 10 cc of fuel
consumption.
10. Note down all the temp reading and time taken for collection of 10 liters of
water.
SPECIFICATION:
Four stroke, four cylinders, water cooled engine.
Make: HM ISUZU
Bore, D: 84mm
Capacity: 1500cc
RPM: 1500 rpm
B.H.P:10 H.P @ 1500 rpm = 7.5 KW
Fuel: Petrol
Specific gravity: 0.71
Calorific Value, CV: 43120 KJ/Kg
Orifice diameter, do: 20mm
Cd =0.62m
Full load calculation:
Torque arm length = 0.2m
BP = where, N= speed
W = load in Newton
L = Torque arm length = 0.2 m

W = --------kg
DATA TABLE:

Speed
Sl. 10 cc of fuel
‘N’ h2
RPM
(cm) (m)
1 0
2 25
3 50
4 75
5 100
30
temp temp from calorimet from LPM1 flowrate
engine er calorime , LPM2
ter
Trail no:
1. Brake power:
BP =
=---------- kW

mf =
=----------kg/s
1. Heat Input --- A
2. Heat to BP --- B
B = kW
Where
Rotameter
31
= LPM1/60 kg/sec
D = mwc x Cpw x (T2 – T4) x [(T5 – T1)/ (T6 – T5)] kW
Where
mwc = water flow rate in kg/sec
= LPM2/60 kg/sec
5. Heat Unaccounted
E = A – (B+C+D) kW
HEAT BALANCE SHEET:

No. kW
32
Expt. No: Date:
7. MORSE TEST
AIM:
To find the frictional power of a given multi-cylinder engine.
APPARATUS USED:
Four stroke, four cylinders, vertical, water cooled petrol engine with Hydraulic
Dynamometer.
THEORY: In single cylinder engines, the FP. is found by various methods.
1. From the total fuel consumption curve (Williams Line) (for C.I. Engines
only).
2. From the difference between IP and BP
33
3. Motoring the engine.
For multi cylinder engines, in addition to the above, the Morse test can also be
conducted to find the FP.
In short, the test consists of cutting off each cylinder one by one and finding out the
net BP every time, without varying any other parameters (speed, throttle position).The
difference between the total BP(with all cylinders working) and BP with any one cylinder
cut off gives the indicated power developed in that cylinder. Knowing the power developed
in each cylinder individually, the total IP can be obtained as the sum of all of them and
hence the FP can be determined.
This method is used in multi-cylinder engine to measure IP without the use of
indicator. This is applicable to petrol as well as diesel engine. The cylinder of petrol engine
is made inoperative by shorting the spark plug where as in case of diesel engine fuel supply
is cut off to the required cylinder.
Now if there are 'n' cylinders in an engine and all are working then,
BPn = IPn-FP n ..................................(1)
If one cylinder is made inoperative, then power developed by that cylinder is lost
and the speed of the engine will fall and it is restored to the original value by reducing the
load on the engine by keeping the throttle at the same position. This is necessary to maintain
FP constant as it is assumed that FP is the function of engine speed only and is independent
of the load. Therefore when one cylinder is cut off then,
BPn-1 = IPn-1-FPn......................................(2)
Now by subtracting the equation (2) from (1) we obtain the IHP of the cut out
cylinder,
i.e. BPn-BPn-1 = IPn- IPn-l = IP
Similarly IP of all the other cylinders can be measured one by one and the sum of all
the IP's will be the total IP of the engine.
34
SPECIFICATIONS:
BHP = 10HP = 7.4kW
Speed == 1500RPM
Bore Diameter =84 mm
Stroke = 82mm
Orifice diameter = 35mm
Calorific Value, CV = 43126.1kJ/kg
Radius of Brake drum = R=0.2m
PROCEDURE:
1 The engine is started and allowed to warm up.
2. The throttle position is adjusted to any desired value and the engine is loaded to
obtain the desired speed.
3. The load reading is counted and noted down.
4. The spark plug of the 1st cylinder is shorted. Suddenly the speed drops since
the total power developed is reduced.
5. Now the load is decreased to obtain the initial speed. Again the load reading is
noted. Note that the throttle position should not be altered.
6. Now the spark plug of the second cylinder is cut off, soon after the first one is
restored.
7. The same procedure is carried out for all the remaining cylinders.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:
Sl.No. Speed, N Cylinder Load BP IP FP

in no. cut off in in in in kW %
RPM kg kW kW
1. 1500 None BPT= IPT=
2. 1500 1 BP1= IP1=
3. 1500 2 BP2= IP2=
4. 1500 3 BP3= IP3=
5. 1500 4 BP4= IP4=
35
Full load Calculation:
BP = Where BP in KW
W=
= ----------Kg.
BPT= Where ‘W’ in Newton
= ------------KW
BP1=
= ------------KW
BP2=
= ------------KW
BP3=
= ------------KW
BP4=
= ------------KW
IP1 = BPT - BP1

=---------------KW.
IP2 = BPT – BP2
=---------------KW.
IP3 = BPT – BP3

=---------------KW.
IP4 = BPT– BP4

=---------------KW.
IPT = IP1+ IP2 + IP3 + IP4

=---------------KW.
36
FP = IPT – BPT
=---------------KW.
Mechanical efficiency, =
=--------------%.
Expt. No: Date:
37
8. PERFORMANCE TEST ON VARIABLE COMPRESSION
RATIO PETROL ENGINE
Aim:
Performance Test on Variable compression ratio petrol engine.
(For a constant compression ratio and ignition timing).
DESCRIPTION:
A machine, which uses heat energy obtained from combustion of fuel and
converts it into mechanical energy, is known as a Heat Engine. They are classified as
External and Internal Combustion Engine. In an External Combustion Engine,
combustion takes place outside the cylinder and the heat generated from the
combustion of the fuel is transferred to the working fluid which is then expanded to
develop the power. An Internal Combustion Engine is one where combustion of the fuel
takes place inside the cylinder and converts heat energy into mechanical energy. IC
engines may be classified based on the working cycle, thermodynamic cycle, speed,
fuel, cooling, method of ignition, mounting of engine cylinder and application.
a. Eddy Current Dynamometer
1. The equipment consists of a Brand new GREAVES make MK25 model Petrol
Engine (Crank Start) of 3hp(2.2kW) capacity and is Air cooled. The Engine is
coupled to a Eddy Current Dynamometer for Loading purposes. Coupling is
done by an extension shaft in a separate bearing house. The dynamometer is
provided with load controller for varying the load.
timing.
Indicator.
6. Load Cell with Digital Load indicator is provided to measure and read the load.
38
positions.
PROCEDURE:
6. Set the accelerator* to the minimum condition.
7. Start the engine by pressing the starter switch on the panel.
9. Load the engine by slowly operating the Load controller of the
Dynamometer.
a. Engine Speed
d. Manometer readings, in cms of water &
readings.
* In this case Clockwise rotation decreases the acceleration
and vice versa
OBSERVATIONS:
COMPRESSION RATIO:____________
39
Sl. Speed, Load Manometer Time for
No. rpm Applied Reading, cm of 10cc of
water fuel
‘F’ N -m h1 h2 hw = collected,
(h1+h2) t sec

inlet inlet outlet form calorimeter outlet flow rate, water
temp temp from calorimet from LPM1 flow
engine er calorime rate,
ter LPM2
CALCULATIONS:
mf = Xcc x Specific gravity of the fuelkg/sec

1000 x t
Where,
Xcc is the volume of fuel consumed = 10ml
2. Heat Input, IP
IP = mf x Calorific Value of Fuel kW

Where,
Calorific Value of Petrol = 43,120 KJ/Kg
40
BP = 2  NT kW
42000

BP
ηbth% = 3600 x 100

SFC x CV
6. Calculation of head of air, Ha
Ha = hw ρwater
ρair
Where,
ρwater = 1000 Kg/m
ρair = 1.2 Kg/m @ R.T.P
hw is the head in water column in ‘m’ of water
ηvol % = Qa
x 100
Qth
where,
Qa = Cd a √ (2gHa)
Where,

Qth = (∏/4) x D x L x N
60
Where,
41
TABULATION:
Sl. Input Output SFC Brake Volumetric

Power Power, Thermal efficiency
BP Efficiency
1
2
3
4
5

NOTE:
Heat Balance Sheet is calculated if, CALORIMETER and COOLING
WATERHEAD is provided with the instrument
1. Heat Input --- A

2. Heat to BP --- B
B = kW
C = mwe x Cpw x (Tei – Teo)kW
Where
watermeter
= Q1/60 kg/sec

D = mwc x Cpw x (Tci – Tco) x [(Tgci – Ta)/ (Tgco – Tgci)] kW
Where
mwc = water flow rate in kg/sec == ___lt/time
42
5. Heat Unaccounted
E = A – (B+C+D) kW
HEAT BALANCE SHEET:

No. kW
1 Heat Input -- A 100
2 Heat to BP -- B B/A =
3 Heat to Cooling Water -- C C/A =
4 Heat to Exhaust Gases -- D D/A =
5 Heat Unaccounted -- E E/A =
RESULT:
7) SFC v/s BP
8) ηbth v/s BP
9) ηvol v/s BP
PRECAUTIONS:

calorimeter.
43
moving parts.
44

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MANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ENERGY CONVERSION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG

Roll No: ………… Year: ……………..Section:

Subject: ……………………………………. Code:

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.

Lab. Assessment Marks:

Signature of the Faculty Head of the

Expt No: Date:

To conduct a load test on a single cylinder diesel engine to study its

2. Total Fuel Consumption:

3. From the graph, Frictional power FP = -------kW

5. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption:

6. Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption:

Where A = area of bore in meter

9. Indicated thermal efficiency

10. Brake thermal efficiency

11. Volumetric efficiency

Expt No: Date:

The test rig is built for loading as mentioned below:

Full load calculation:

2. Total fuel consumption:

3. From the MORSE TEST, Frictional power FP = -------kW

5. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption:

6. Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption:

Where A = area of bore in meter

9. Indicated thermal efficiency

10. Brake thermal efficiency

11. Volumetric efficiency

Expt No: Date:

3. PERFORMANCE TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER 2S PETROL

Electrical Dynamometer Loading (AC)

1. Give the necessary electrical connections to the panel.

1. Mass of fuel consumed, mf

f= Xcc x Specific gravity of the fuel kg/sec

HI = mf x Calorific Value of Fuel kW

3. Output or Brake Power, BP

4. Specific Fuel Consumption, SFC

SFC = mf x 3600 kg/kW – hr

ηbth = 3600 x 100 %

6. Calculation of head of air, ha

7. Volumetric efficiency, ηvol%

Qth = Theoretical volume of air taken

Sl. Input Output SFC Brake Thermal Volumetric

Expt No: Date:

Electrical Dynamometer Loading (AC)

Sl. Speed, Load Manometer Time for Time for 5

T1 T2 T3 T4 water T6 exhaust T7 Engine Calorime

1. Mass of fuel consumed, mf

mf = Xcc x Specific gravity of the fuel kg/sec

IP = mf x Calorific Value of Fuel kW

3. Output or Brake Power, BP

6. Calculation of head of air, ha

7. Volumetric efficiency, ηvol%

Qth = Theoretical volume of air taken

Sl. Input Output SFC Brake Volumetric

Heat Balance Sheet Calculations IN SECONDS basis:

3. Heat to cooling water --- C

C = mwe x Cpw x (Tei – Teo) kW

Cpw = Specific Heat of water = 4.18 kJ/kg

4. Heat to exhaust gases --- D