S.V.C.E.

T ME Dept

THERMAL ENGINEERING LAB

DETERMINATION OF AIR FUEL RATIO & VOLUMETRIC EFFICENCY WITH

VARIABLE COMPRESSION RATIO ON 4-STROKE, SINGLE CYLINDER
PETROL ENGINE TEST RIG

Determination of Air Fuel Ratio & Volumetric Efficiency

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S.V.C.E.T ME Dept

THERMAL ENGINEERING LAB

DETERMINATION OF AIR FUEL RATIO & VOLUMETRIC EFFICENCY WITH

VARIABLE COMPRESSION RATIO ON 4-STROKE, SINGLE CYLINDER PETROL
ENGINE TEST RIG

AIM: To conduct a load test on a single cylinder, 4-stroke variable compression ratio
petrol engine and study air fuel ratio and volumetric efficiency under various
compression ratios.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Single cylinder petrol engine loading with Eddy current dynamometer.
2. Stop watch.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Make

Greaves

Stroke, L

66.7mm

Bore, D

70mm

Swept volume, V

256 cm3

Rated R.P.M

3000rpm

Out put

2.2KW

Compression ratio, CR

2.5:1 to 8:1

Fuel

Petrol

Sp. Gr. Of petrol

0.716

Calorific Value of petrol

47100 KJ/Kg

Staring

By rope

Loading

Eddy current dynamometer loading.

Cooling
Orifice diameter

:
:

Forced Air cooling

20mm

INTRODUCTION:
Internal combustion engines develop varying brake power depending on the
compression ratio, while the other parameters held constant.

For compression

ignition engines, the compression ratio is brought to be above certain value for
ignition to take place, but the spark ignition engines can be operated at lower
compression ratios. The ignition being controlled by spark strength in advance. The
Determination of Air Fuel Ratio & Volumetric Efficiency

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THERMAL ENGINEERING LAB

effect of compression ratio, which of present concern is studied in the present test
rig.
DESCRIPTION:
The Test Rig consists of Four-Stroke Petrol Engine (Air Cooled) to be tested
for performance is coupled to dynamometer .To facilitate the change in compression
ratio, an auxiliary head-piston assembly above the main head has been provided.
The auxiliary piston is operated up-down by hand wheel-screw rod assembly to fix
the required compression ratio. When the piston is in the bottom most position, the
compression ratio is at its maximum value, and in the top most position it is at
minimum value. The minimum clearance volume is 35 cc when the piston it is at
bottom most position. The charge from this initial volume of clearance is determined
by the displacement of the piston and thus used for calculation of the compression
ratio.
Compression Ratio =

SweptVolum e ClearenceVolume
ClearenceVolume

The hand wheel which operates the screw holding the auxiliary piston is
provided with holes circumferentially along the locking plate. The bolts used for
locking the movement of screw are loosened and the hand wheel is operated. A
scale with the compression ratio directly marked is provided for indicating this. After
adjusting to the required compression ratio, all the bolts are tightened well before
conducting experiment. The rate of fuel Consumption is measured by using
Volumetric Pipette. Air Flow is measured by Manometer, connected to air box.
The different electrical loading are achieved by loading the Electrical
generator in steps which is connected to the Air Heaters (Resistance Load)The
engine speed & AC Alternator speed are measured by electronic digital counter.
Temperatures at air inlet and engine exhaust gas are measured by electronic digital
temperature indicator with thermocouple.
The whole instrumentation is mounted on a self-contained unit ready for
operation.
PROCEDURE:

Determination of Air Fuel Ratio & Volumetric Efficiency

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THERMAL ENGINEERING LAB

1. Loosen the locking bolt of the auxiliary piston screw rod assembly
2. Rotate the hand wheel and bring the indicator to the required compression
ratio
3. Lock the screw rod assembly before conducting the experiment for the
compression ratio selected.
4. Open the 3-way cock. So that fuel flows into the engine.
5. Supply the cooling water to engine head.
6. Start the engine and allow it to run on no load condition for few minutes.
7. Apply the load on the engine by switching ON the heater switch which is
provided on the control panel loading the dynamometer by switching .
8. Allow the engine to run at this load for few minutes.
9. Note the following readings.
a) Engine Speed
b) Energy meter reading
c) Manometer
d) Time for 10cc of fuel consumption
10. Repeat the steps 7,8 & 9 at different loads
11. Stop the engine after removing load on the engine
12. Repeat the above procedure for different compression ratios.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Before stating the engine check all the systems such as cooling , lubrication
and fuel system
2. Ensure oil level is maintained in the engine upto recommended level always.
Never run the engine with insufficient oil.
3. Never run the engine with insufficient engine cooling water and exhaust gas
calorimeter cooling water.
4. For stopping the engine, load on the engine should be removed
5. Dont increase the compression ratio beyond 8.0

Determination of Air Fuel Ratio & Volumetric Efficiency

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THERMAL ENGINEERING LAB

GRAPHS

B th

B .P Vs B th

B.P, Kw
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
Time for 10cc of fuel consumption, t = . Sec,
Mass of fuel consumption per min, m f=

10 Sp.Gravity of petrol

60 .. Kg /
t
1000

min
Volumetric Efficiency, Vol =

Vs
100
Vt

Actual Air intake:

hw
Manometer reading, hw = 1000 .m of water

Equivalent air column, ha =

hw

Density of water
Density of air

= hw

1000
.m. of air
1.16

Orifice diameter, d = 0.02 m

Area of orifice, a =

(0.015) 2
..m2
4

Actual Volume of air intake, Va =60

Cd a

2 gha

..m3 / min.

Where Coefficient Discharge, Cd = 0.62

Determination of Air Fuel Ratio & Volumetric Efficiency

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OBSERVATIONS:

S.NO

Load
W
(Kgs)

Manometer
Readings
In mm of
water
h1

h2

Compression
ratio

Rotameter
readings

Rt1

Rt2

Speed,
N
RPM

Time for 10
cc fuel
consumption,
Sec

Air
consumption,
mm of water

Mass
of air
intake,
ma ,
Kg/min

Mass of fuel
consumption,
mf, , Kg/min

1
2
3
4
5
6

Determination of Air Fuel Ratio & Volumetric Efficiency

95

Swept
volume
,
m3/min

Theoretical
volume ,
m3/min

vol

Air
fuel
ratio

S.V.C.E.T ME Dept

THERMAL ENGINEERING LAB

Swept volume at STP, Vs = Va

Ts
Ta
.m3/min

Where Ta = Ambient Temperature. 0 K

Ts = Standard Temperature, 2880K
Mass of air intake, ma = a

Va kg / min

Density of air a = 1.16 Kg/m3

Theoretical Air intake:
Diameter of piston, D = 0.070 m
Stroke length, L = 0.066.7 m
Engine speed, N = ..rpm
N

2
D L
..m3 / min
2
4

Theoretical volume of air intake, Vt =

Volumetric efficiency, Vol =
Air- Fuel Ratio =

Vs
100
Vt

Mass of actual air int ake per min ute ( kg / min)

Mass of fuel int ake per min ute ( kg / min)

ma
mf

RESULT:-

CONCLUSION:-

Determination of Air Fuel Ratio & Volumetric Efficiency

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