Heat Engine Lab Manual

Heat Engine Lab Manual Dr Shah Alam
Name of student:
Roll Number:
Class:
By
Dr Shah Alam
Associate Professor (Mechanical Engineering)
University Polytechnic
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Jamia Millia Islamia
New Delhi-110025
January, 2020
1
List of Experiments
SN Experiments
1. To study the construction and working the two stage reciprocating air compressor
2. To conduct a performance test on the two stage reciprocating air compressor and to
determine the volumetric efficiency and plot the graph between delivery pressure and
volumetric efficiency.
3. To conduct a performance test on the two stage reciprocating air compressor and to
determine the isothermal efficiency and plot the graph between delivery pressure and
isothermal efficiency.
4. To study the performance of a single cylinder four stroke vertical water cooled diesel
engine and compute the brake power, fuel consumption, specific fuel consumption,
heat input, thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency and air fuel ratio under various
loads.
5. To study the heat balance on a single cylinder four stroke vertical water cooled diesel
engine.
6. To conduct performance test on two stroke air cooled Petrol engine and plot the
following curves: Fuel consumption vs BP, Brake thermal efficiency vs BP, Specific
Fuel consumption (sfc) vs Brake Power (BP), A/F vs BP
7. To study the heat balance on a single cylinder two stroke air cooled petrol engine
8. To conduct load test on the four cylinder, four stroke Petrol engine and compute its
efficiency.
9. To study the heat balance on a multi cylinder four stroke Petrol engine
10. To conduct Morse test on the four cylinder, four stroke Petrol engine and determine
indicated power.
2
RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR
3
Experiment No. 1
Object: To study the construction and working the two stage reciprocating air compressor
Apparatus: Altech Reciprocating air compressor test rig

Compressor make and model: KAC DPS-9
Type: Two stage reciprocating
Cooling Medium: Air
Description of experimental setup:
The two stage reciprocating compressor consists of two pistons which are enclosed within their
respective cylinders having inlet and exit valves. One is called low pressure cylinder and other
is high pressure cylinder. The piston receives power from the main shaft through the crankshaft
and connecting rod. A v-grooved pulley fitted on the crankshaft is driven by electric motor
with the help of v-belt.
Air enters into wind box from the atmosphere that can be measured using orifice meter. During
the downward motion of the piston, the pressure inside the low pressure cylinder drops below
the atmospheric pressure and due to the pressure difference, air enters into this cylinder through
inlet valve. During upward motion of piston air is compressed and compressed air is passed to
the high pressure cylinder through an inter cooler. In the second cylinder, air is compressed to
high pressure and stored in the air tank. The suction, compression and delivery of air take place
in two strokes / one revolution of the crank.
Operating Cycle:
The cycle of operation of a reciprocating air-compressor is given by pressure-volume (P -V)

diagram.
3 2 Isothermal Process PV = C
P2 γ
Isentropic Process PV = C
n
Polytropic Process PV = C
4
P1 1
V
V2 V1
4
The cycle consists of the following processes:
4 - 1: The induction stroke
1 - 2: The compression stroke (compression process may be isothermal/isentropic/polytropic)
2 - 3: The delivery stroke
During induction stroke air enters into low pressure cylinder. The intake air is then compressed
polytropically during compression stroke. The compression processes may be isothermal or
isentropic. It is not possible to achieve the isothermal compression practically because the
compressor will have to run very slowly during isothermal process. The compressor is already
running at high speed during the operation. The isentropic process is a reversible so not
possible, therefore compression process is polytropic in actual practice. The discharge air from
low pressure cylinder is passed through inter cooler where it is cooled at constant pressure to
the original intake temperature. Now the air enters into high pressure cylinder where it is
compressed polytropically to the final pressure. The discharged air is finally delivered into air
tank.
Applications:
• To drive air motor used in coal mines
• To inject fuel into the cylinder of Diesel engine,
• supercharge I C engines
• To operate heavy Diesel engines, blast furnaces and gas turbine plants.
• To operate drill, hammer, air brakes to clean machines
• Used in spray painting and to cooling large building and air crafts
5
Experiment No. 2
Object: To conduct a performance test on the two stage reciprocating air compressor and to
determine the volumetric efficiency and plot the graph between delivery pressure and
Apparatus used: Reciprocating air compressor test rig, Tachometer
Procedure:
1. Close the outlet valve and check the water level in manometer
2. Start the compressor and note down initial spring balance reading.
3. Read the tank pressure gauge for a particular pressure.
4. Note down the RPM of the compressor and motor from the tachometer.
5. Note down the manometer readings.
6. Note down the spring balance reading.
7. Repeat the experiment for various discharge pressures.
Observation Table:
Diameter of low pressure piston = 70 mm
Diameter of high pressure piston = 50 mm
Stroke = 85 mm
Atmospheric pressure pa = 1.033kg/cm2
Discharge pressures Manometer reading Va
pg p2 = pg + pa Compressor Motor h1 h2 hw m3/s ηv

S.
(gauge) speed Nc speed
No (absolute) cm cm cm %
rpm Nm
2
kg/cm kg/cm2 rpm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
6
Sample Calculations: Reading No.

Water manometer reading ℎ1 = 𝑚
Diameter of air tank orifice d = 0.20 m
Coefficient of discharge of orifice 𝐶𝑑 = 0.62
Density of air 𝜌𝑎 = 1.162 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
Density of water 𝜌𝑤 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 2
The level difference in manometer ℎ𝑤 = ℎ1 − ℎ2 = 𝑚
Determination of actual volume flow rate of air:
𝑉𝑎 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐴√2𝑔ℎ𝑎 m3/s
𝜌
ℎ𝑎 = ℎ𝑤 𝜌𝑤
𝑎
𝜌
𝑉𝑎 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐴√2𝑔ℎ𝑤 𝜌𝑤 m3/s
𝑎
𝜋
Cross-sectional area of orifice 𝐴 = 𝑑2
4
𝑉𝑎 = m3 /s
7
Determination of Swept Volume

Compressor cylinder bore diameter of low pressure cylinder D = 70 cm
Stroke length of low pressure cylinder) L = 85 cm
Speed of the compressor Nc = rpm
Swept volume of low pressure cylinder:

𝜋 2 𝑁𝑐 𝑚3⁄
𝑉𝑠 = 𝐷 𝐿 𝑠
4 60
Determination of volumetric Efficiency
Va
ηv = ⁄V
s
Precautions:
8
Experiment No. 3
Object: To conduct a performance test on the two stage reciprocating air compressor and to
determine the isothermal efficiency and plot the graph between delivery pressure and
isothermal efficiency.
Apparatus used: Reciprocating air compressor test rig, Tachometer
Procedure:
1. Close the outlet valve and check the water level in manometer
2. Start the compressor and note down initial spring balance reading.
3. Read the tank pressure gauge for a particular pressure.
4. Note down the RPM of the compressor and motor from the tachometer.
5. Note down the manometer readings.
6. Note down the spring balance reading.
7. Repeat the experiment for various discharge pressures.
Observation Table:
Diameter of low pressure piston = 70 mm
Diameter of high pressure piston = 50 mm
Stroke = 85 mm
Atmospheric pressure pa = 1.033kg/cm2
Discharge pressures Dynamo Manometer reading Va

meter
S. pg 𝐩𝐠 + 𝐩𝐚 Motor h1 h2 hw m3/s ηiso
𝐂= load
No (gauge) 𝐩𝐚 speed
cm cm cm %
Nm W
kg/cm2 rpm kg
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9
Sample Calculations: Reading No

Diameter of air tank orifice d = 0.20 m
Coefficient of discharge of orifice 𝐶𝑑 = 0.62
Density of air 𝜌𝑎 = 1.162 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
Density of water 𝜌𝑤 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 2
The level difference in manometer ℎ𝑤 = ℎ1 − ℎ2 = 𝑚
Determination of actual volume flow rate of air:
𝑉𝑎 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐴√2𝑔ℎ𝑎 m3/s
𝜌
ℎ𝑎 = ℎ𝑤 𝜌𝑤
𝑎
𝜌
𝑉𝑎 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐴√2𝑔ℎ𝑤 𝜌𝑤 m3/s
𝑎
𝜋
Cross-sectional area of orifice 𝐴 = 𝑑2
4
𝑉𝑎 = m3 /s
Determination of isothermal efficiency:
Dynamometer load W = kg
Motor speed Nm = rpm
10
W × Nm
Motor output = kW
(2000 × 1.36)
Let transmission efficiency is 95%

W × Nm
Compressor input = 0.95 × kW
(2000 × 1.36)
𝑝𝑎 × Va × ln 𝐶
Compressor output = kW
(75 × 1.36)
compressor output
Isothermal Efficiency ηiso = × 100
compressor input
Precautions:
11
Experiment No. 4
Object: To study the performance of a single cylinder four stroke vertical water cooled diesel
engine and compute the brake power, fuel consumption, specific fuel consumption, heat input,
thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency and air fuel ratio under various loads.
Specifications:
Make: Kirloskar
Bore: 80 mm
Stroke: 110 mm
Speed: 1500 r.p.m.
B. H. P.: 5 H. P. (3.72 kW)
Compression ratio: 16.5:1
Fuel: Diesel oil (Sp. Gr. = 0.8275)
Brake drum diameter: 0.3 m
Rope diameter: 0.015 m
Air tank Orifice diameter: 0.02 m
Coefficient of discharge of orifice meter Cd = 0.62
Description: The diesel engine is coupled with dynamometer to absorb the power produced
by engine. The suitable cooling arrangement is provided for brake drum of dynamometer.
Separate cooling water lines are provided for engine cooling. A fuel measuring system
consisting of a fuel tank mounted on a stand, burette, three ways cock and stop watch is
provided. Air intake is measured using an air tank fitted with an orifice and water manometer.
The thermocouples connected with digital indicator are provided to measure the temperatures
of inlet cooling water, outlet cooling water and exhaust gases.
Procedures:
1. Check the fuel level and lubricating oil level.
2. Open the three ways cock, so that fuel flows to engine.
3. Supply the cooling water and start the engine.
4. Apply the load on the engine by adjusting spring balance.
5. Allow the cooling water in brake drum and adjust it to avoid spilling.
6. Adjust the cooling water flow rate.
7. Allow some time so that speed stabilizes.
8. Note down the engine speed by using tachometer.
9. Note down the water manometer reading fitted at air tank orifice.
12
10. Note down the time for consuming 10 cc Diesel oil using burette fitted between fuel
tank and engine.
11. Note down the time for collecting 250 cc cooling water.
12. Note down the inlet, outlet cooling water temperature and exhaust gas temperature
using thermocouple fitted with digital temperature indicator.
13. Repeat and note down the above reading under variable load condition
13
Observation Table:
1 2 3 4 5
Engine Speed N (rpm)
Spring balance W1 (kgf)
reading W2 (kgf)
Air tank water h1 (cm)
manometer h2 (cm)
reading hw = h1-h2
(cm)
Time for 10 cc tf (seconds)
fuel consumption
Time for
collecting 250 cc tw (seconds)
cooling water
Inlet temperature T1 (oC)
of cooling water
Outlet T2 (oC)
temperature of
cooling water
Exhaust gas TE (oC)
temperature
Engine output Po (kW)
Heat input Qi (kW)
Thermal ηth (%)

Efficiency
Actual air intake Va (m3/s)
Theoretical air Vth (m3/s)

intake
Volumetric ηv (%)
efficiency
Air-fuel ratio A/F
14
Sample Calculation: Reading no. -------

Engine Output (Brake Power):
𝑊1 = 𝑘𝑔𝑓 𝑊2 = 𝑘𝑔𝑓 𝑁= 𝑟𝑝𝑚
2𝜋𝑁𝑇
𝑃𝑜 = 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑁 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑝𝑚
60
𝜋𝑑𝑁(𝑊1 − 𝑊2 ) × 9.81
𝑃𝑜 =
60
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚 + 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 0.315 𝑚
𝑃𝑜 = 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 = 𝑘𝑊
Fuel consumption:
Time for 10 cc of fuel consumption t = 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Calorific value of diesel fuel 𝐶𝑉 = 45325 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔⁄
Density of diesel fuel 𝜌𝑓 = 827.5 𝑚3
𝜌𝑓 × 10 × 10−6
𝑚𝑓 = 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑡
Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC):
𝑚𝑓
𝑆𝐹𝐶 = × 3600 𝑘𝑔/𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑃𝑜
Heat Input:
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑓 × 𝐶𝑉 𝑘𝑊
15
Brake Thermal Efficiency of Engine:

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 × 100
𝜂𝑡ℎ =
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
Volume of air intake

𝑘𝑔⁄
Density of water 𝜌𝑤 = 1000 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔⁄
Density of air 𝜌𝑎 = 1.16 𝑚3
Air tank Orifice diameter: 𝑑𝑜 = 0.02 𝑚
Difference of orifice manometer reading ℎ𝑤 = 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Difference of orifice manometer reading in air column
𝜌𝑤
ℎ𝑎 = ℎ𝑤 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝜌𝑎
ℎ𝑎 = 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟
Cross-sectional area of orifice

𝜋 2
𝐴= 𝑑
4 𝑜
𝐴= 𝑚2
Actual volume of air intake

𝑉𝑎 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐴√2𝑔ℎ𝑎
𝑉𝑎 = 𝑚3⁄
𝑠
16
Theoretical volume of air intake
𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐷 = 0.08 𝑚
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒 𝐿 = 0.11 𝑚
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑁 = 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝜋 2 𝑁
𝑉𝑡ℎ = 𝐷 𝐿
4 2 × 60
𝑉𝑡ℎ = 𝑚3⁄
𝑠
Volumetric efficiency
𝑉𝑎 × 100
𝜂𝑣 =
𝑉𝑡ℎ
Air-fuel ratio
A weight of actual air intake per sec 𝑚𝑎 𝜌𝑎 𝑉𝑎
= = =
F weight of fuel intake per sec 𝑚𝑓 𝑚𝑓
A
=
F
Precautions:
17
Experiment No. 5
Object: To study the heat balance on a single cylinder four stroke vertical water cooled Diesel
engine.
Apparatus: Four Stroke Diesel engine test rig
Specifications:
Make: Kirloskar
Bore: 80 mm
Stroke: 110 mm
Speed: 1500 r.p.m.
B. H. P.: 5 H. P. (3.72 kW)
Fuel: Diesel oil (Sp. Gr. = 0.8275)
Brake drum diameter: 0.3 m
Rope diameter: 0.015 m
Procedures:
1. Check the fuel level and lubricating oil level.
3. Supply the cooling water and start the engine.
5. Allow the cooling water in brake drum and adjust it to avoid spilling.
8. Note down the engine speed by using tachometer.
9. Note down the water manometer reading fitted at air tank orifice.
10. Note down the time for consuming 10 cc Diesel oil using burette fitted between fuel
tank and engine.
11. Note down the time for collecting 250 cc cooling water.
12. Note down the inlet, outlet cooling water temperature and exhaust gas temperature
using thermocouple fitted with digital temperature indicator.
13. Repeat and note down the above reading under variable load condition
18
Observation Table:
1 2 3 4 5
reading W2 (kgf)
manometer h2 (cm)
reading hm = h1-h2
(cm)
fuel consumption
Time for
cooling water
Inlet temperature T1 (oC)
of cooling water
Outlet T2 (oC)
temperature of
cooling water
Exhaust gas TE (oC)
temperature
Heat input Qi (kJ/s)
Heat carried by Qe (kJ/s)

exhaust gas %
Heat carried by Qw (kJ/s)
cooling water %
Unaccounted Qa (kJ/s)
heat %
19
Sample Calculation: Reading no.

Inlet temperature of cooling water 𝑇1 = o
C
Outlet temperature of cooling water 𝑇2 = o
C
Inlet temperature of exhaust gas 𝑇𝐸 = o
C
Time for collecting 250 cc cooling water 𝑡𝑤 = sec
𝑘𝑔⁄
Density of diesel fuel 𝜌𝑓 = 827.5 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔⁄
𝑘𝑔⁄
Room temperature 𝑇𝑜 = o
C
Specific heat of exhaust gas at constant pressure 𝐶𝑝𝑔 = 1.256 kJ/kgoC
Specific heat of cooling water 𝐶𝑤 = 4.1868 kJ/kgoC
Engine Output (Brake Power):

𝑑 = 0.315 𝑚
𝜋𝑑𝑁(𝑊1 − 𝑊2 ) × 9.81
𝑃𝑜 =
60
20
Mass of cooling water
𝜌𝑤 × 250 × 10−6
𝑚𝑤 = 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑡𝑤
Mass of fuel consumption
𝜌𝑓 ×10×10−6
𝑡
Heat Input:
Mass of air flow

Difference of orifice manometer reading ℎ𝑚 = 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝜌𝑤
ℎ𝑎 = 𝜌𝑎
ℎ𝑚 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝜋 2
𝐴= 𝑑
4 𝑜
𝐴= 𝑚2
21

𝑉𝑎 = 𝑚3⁄
𝑠
𝑚𝑎 = 𝜌𝑎 𝑉𝑎 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
Mass flow of exhaust gas
𝑚𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎 + 𝑚𝑓
Heat lost by exhaust gas 𝑄𝑒 = 𝑚𝑔𝑎𝑠 × 𝐶𝑝 𝑔 × (𝑇3 − 𝑇0 ) 𝑘𝐽/𝑠
Percentage heat carried by Exhaust gas
𝑄𝑒 × 100
%𝑄𝑒 =
𝑄𝑖
Heat carried by cooling water

𝑄𝑤 = 𝑚𝑤 × 𝐶𝑤 × (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑘𝐽/𝑠
22
Percentage heat loss by cooling Water
𝑄𝑤
= 𝑄𝑖𝑛
× 100
Unaccounted heat
𝑄𝑎 = 𝑄𝑖 − [𝑃𝑜 + 𝑄𝑒 + 𝑄𝑤 ]
Percentage of unaccounted heat

𝑄𝑎
= × 100
𝑄𝑖
Precautions:
23
Experiment No. 6
Object: To conduct performance test on two stroke air cooled Petrol engine and plot the
following curves:
i. Fuel consumption vs BP
ii. Brake thermal efficiency vs BP
iii. Specific Fuel consumption (sfc) vs Brake Power (BP)
iv. A/F vs BP
Apparatus: Two stroke Petrol engine test rig, Tachometer
Specifications:
Type: Two stroke Petrol Engine (Spark ignition, air cooled)

Make: Bajaj
Rated Power output: 2.5 HP at 3000 rpm
Bore: 57 mm
Stroke: 57 mm
Brake drum diameter = 0.30 m
Rope diameter = 0.015 m
Equivalent diameter = 0.315 m
Diameter of air tank orifice = 14 mm
Fuel: Petrol
Density of Petrol: 720 kg/m3
Calorific value of Petrol: 45800 kJ/kg
Procedures:
1. Check the Petrol level in the tank and add lubricating oil.
3. Start the engine by using kick start and set the speed using accelerator say 2000 rpm
5. Note down the water manometer reading fitted on air tank orifice.
6. Note down the time for consuming 10 cc Petrol using burette fitted between oil tank
and engine.
8. Now set the speed using accelerator same as set previously in 3 and allow some time to
stabilize the speed.
9. Allow the cooling water in calorimeter.
11. Note down the inlet, outlet temperature of cooling water and inlet and outlet
temperature of exhaust gas in calorimeter.
12. Note down the time for collecting 250 cc of water leaving calorimeter
13. Again note down the manometer reading and fuel consumption
14. Repeat the experiment for different loads maintaining constant speed
24
Observation Table:
1 2 3 4 5
reading W2 (kgf)
manometer h2 (cm)
reading hm = h1-h2
(cm)
fuel consumption
Time for
cooling water
Temperature of
Exhaust gas at
T1 (°C)
the inlet of the
calorimeter
Temperature of
Exhaust gas at
T2 (°C)
the outlet of the
calorimeter
Temperature of T3 (oC)
cooling water at
the inlet of the
calorimeter
cooling water at
the outlet of the
calorimeter
Heat input Qi (kW)
Thermal ηth (%)
Efficiency
ma (kg/s)
intake
Volumetric ηv (%)
efficiency
Air-fuel ratio A/F
25

Engine Output:
2𝜋𝑁𝑇
60
𝜋𝑑𝑁(𝑊1 − 𝑊2 ) × 9.81
𝑃𝑜 =
60
𝑑 = 0.315 𝑚
Fuel consumption:

Calorific value of Petrol fuel 𝐶𝑉 = 45800 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔⁄
Density of Petrol fuel 𝜌𝑓 = 720 𝑚3
𝜌𝑓 × 10 × 10−6
𝑡
Heat input:
26
𝑚𝑓
𝑃𝑜
Thermal Efficiency of Engine

𝜂𝑡ℎ =

𝑘𝑔⁄
𝑘𝑔⁄
𝜌𝑤
ℎ𝑎 = 𝜌𝑎

𝜋 2
𝐴= 𝑑
4 𝑜
𝐴= 𝑚2

𝑉𝑎 = 𝑚3⁄
𝑠
27
𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐷 = 0.08 𝑚
𝜋 2 𝑁
𝑉𝑡ℎ = 𝐷 𝐿
4 60
𝑠
𝑉𝑎 × 100
𝜂𝑣 =
𝑉𝑡ℎ
Air-fuel ratio
A weight of actual air intake per sec 𝑚𝑎 𝜌𝑎 𝑉𝑎
= = =
F weight of fuel intake per sec 𝑚𝑓 𝑚𝑓
A
=
F
Precautions:
28
Experiment No. 7
Object: To study the heat balance on a single cylinder two stroke air cooled petrol engine
Apparatus: Two stroke Petrol engine test rig
SPECIFICATIONS:
Type: Two stroke Petrol Engine (Spark ignition, air cooled)

Make: Bajaj
Rated Power output: 2.5 HP at 3000 rpm
Bore: 57 mm
Stroke: 57 mm
Brake drum diameter = 0.30 m
Rope diameter = 0.015 m
Equivalent diameter = 0.315 m
Diameter of air tank orifice = 14 mm
Fuel: Petrol
Density of Petrol: 720 kg/m3
Calorific value of Petrol: 45800 kJ/kg
Procedures:
1. Check the Petrol level in the tank and add lubricating oil.
3. Start the engine by using kick start and set the speed using accelerator say 2000 rpm
and engine.
12. Note down the time for collecting 250 cc of water leaving calorimeter.
14. Repeat the experiment for different loads maintaining constant speed.
29
Observation Table:
1 2 3 4 5
reading W2 (kgf)
manometer h2 (cm)
reading hm = h1-h2
(cm)
fuel consumption
Time for
cooling water
Temperature of
Exhaust gas at
T1 (°C)
the inlet of the
calorimeter
Temperature of
Exhaust gas at
T2 (°C)
the outlet of the
calorimeter
cooling water at
the inlet of the
calorimeter
cooling water at
the outlet of the
calorimeter
Heat input Qi (kW)
exhaust gas %
cooling water %
heat %
30

Temperature of exhaust gas entering in the calorimeter 𝑇1 = o
C
Temperature of exhaust gas leaving the calorimeter 𝑇2 = o
C
C
C
𝑘𝑔⁄
𝑘𝑔⁄
𝑘𝑔⁄
C
Engine Output:
𝑑 = 0.315 𝑚
𝜋𝑑𝑁(𝑊1 − 𝑊2 ) × 9.81
𝑃𝑜 =
60
31
Fuel consumption:

𝑘𝑔⁄
Density of diesel fuel 𝜌𝑓 = 720 𝑚3
:
𝜌𝑓 × 10 × 10−6
𝑡
Heat input:

𝑘𝑔⁄
𝑘𝑔⁄
𝜌𝑤
ℎ𝑎 = ℎ𝑚 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝜌𝑎

𝜋 2
𝐴= 𝑑
4 𝑜
𝐴= 𝑚2
32

𝑉𝑎 = 𝑚3⁄
𝑠

𝑄𝑤 = 𝑚𝑤 × 𝐶𝑤 × (𝑇4 − 𝑇3 ) 𝑘𝐽/𝑠
According to heat balance
𝑚𝑤 × 𝐶𝑤 × (𝑇4 − 𝑇3 ) = 𝑚𝑔𝑎𝑠 × 𝐶𝑝 𝑔 × (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝐶𝑝𝑔 =
𝑄𝑒 × 100
%𝑄𝑒 =
𝑄𝑖
33
𝑄𝑤
= 𝑄𝑖𝑛
× 100
Unaccounted heat

𝑄𝑎
= × 100
𝑄𝑖
Precautions:
34
Experiment No. 8
Object: To conduct a load test on a four cylinder, four stroke Petrol engine and determine its
brake power, fuel consumption, heat input, specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency and
Apparatus: four cylinder, four stroke Petrol engine test rig
Specifications:
Brand: Ambassador
Engine type: four cylinder, four stroke vertical engine
Power: 10 H. P. at 1500 rpm
Bore = 73 mm
Stroke = 90 mm
Diameter of orifice = 35 mm
Coefficient of discharge of orifice Cd = 0.62
Description: The test rig consists of four cylinder, four stroke Petrol engine coupled with
dynamometer. The engine is started using charged battery. The cooling water system is
connected to cool the engine. The fuel consumption is measured by means of the burette and
three ways cock fitted between fuel tank and engine. Air consumption is measured by using U-
tube water manometer fitted with air tank.
Arrangement is also provided to cut off the ignition to each spark plug. Thermocouples
connected with multichannel digital temperature indicator is used to read the temperature of
exhaust gas and cooling water across a calorimeter.
Procedure:
1. Check fuel level and lubricating oil level.

2. Open three way cock so that fuel flows to the engine from fuel tank directly.
3. Open the cooling water valve and adjust the flow rate.
4. Keep the dynamometer load minimum and start the engine.
5. Adjust the throttle valve such that engine picks up the speed to the required level, say
1500 rpm.
and engine.
35
Observation Table:
1 2 3 4 5
reading W2 (kgf)
manometer h2 (cm)
reading hm = h1-h2
(cm)
fuel consumption
Time for
cooling water
Temperature of
Exhaust gas at
T1 (°C)
the inlet of the
calorimeter
Temperature of
Exhaust gas at
T2 (°C)
the outlet of the
calorimeter
cooling water at
the inlet of the
calorimeter
cooling water at
the outlet of the
calorimeter
Heat input Qi (kW)
Thermal ηth (%)
Efficiency
intake
Volumetric ηv (%)
efficiency
36

Engine Output:
2𝜋𝑁𝑇
60
𝜋𝑑𝑁(𝑊1 − 𝑊2 ) × 9.81
𝑃𝑜 =
60
𝑑 = 0.315 𝑚
Fuel consumption:

𝑘𝑔⁄
𝜌𝑓 × 10 × 10−6
𝑡
Heat input:
𝑚𝑓
𝑃𝑜
37
Thermal Efficiency of Engine

𝜂𝑡ℎ =

𝑘𝑔⁄
𝑘𝑔⁄
𝜌𝑤
ℎ𝑎 = 𝜌𝑎

𝜋 2
𝐴= 𝑑
4 𝑜
𝐴= 𝑚2

𝑉𝑎 = 𝑚3⁄
𝑠
38
𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐷 = 0.073 𝑚
Number of cylinder k = 4
𝜋 2 𝑁
𝑉𝑡ℎ = 𝐷 𝐿 ×𝑘
4 60 × 2
𝑠
𝑉𝑎 × 100
𝜂𝑣 =
𝑉𝑡ℎ
Precautions:
39
Experiment No. 9
Object: To study the heat balance on a multi cylinder four stroke Petrol engine
Specifications:
Brand: Ambassador
Bore = 73 mm
Stroke = 90 mm
Procedure:
1. Check fuel level and lubricating oil level.

2. Open three way cock so that fuel flows to the engine from fuel tank directly.
3. Open the cooling water valve and adjust the flow rate.
4. Keep the dynamometer load minimum and start the engine.
5. Adjust the throttle valve such that engine picks up the speed to the required level, say
1500 rpm.
and engine.
40
Observation Table:
1 2 3 4 5
reading W2 (kgf)
manometer h2 (cm)
reading hm = h1-h2
(cm)
fuel consumption
Time for
cooling water
Temperature of
Exhaust gas at
T1 (°C)
the inlet of the
calorimeter
Temperature of
Exhaust gas at
T2 (°C)
the outlet of the
calorimeter
cooling water at
the inlet of the
calorimeter
cooling water at
the outlet of the
calorimeter
Heat input Qi (kW)
exhaust gas %
cooling water %
heat %
41

Temperature of exhaust gas entering in the calorimeter 𝑇1 = o
C
Temperature of exhaust gas leaving the calorimeter 𝑇2 = o
C
C
C
𝑘𝑔⁄
𝑘𝑔⁄
𝑘𝑔⁄
C
Engine Output:
𝑑 = 0.315 𝑚
𝜋𝑑𝑁(𝑊1 − 𝑊2 ) × 9.81
𝑃𝑜 =
60
42
Fuel consumption:

𝑘𝑔⁄
Density of diesel fuel 𝜌𝑓 = 720 𝑚3
𝜌𝑓 × 10 × 10−6
𝑡
Heat input:

𝑘𝑔⁄
𝑘𝑔⁄
𝜌𝑤
ℎ𝑎 = ℎ𝑚 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝜌𝑎

𝜋 2
𝐴= 𝑑
4 𝑜
𝐴= 𝑚2

43
𝑉𝑎 = 𝑚3⁄
𝑠

𝑄𝑤 = 𝑚𝑤 × 𝐶𝑤 × (𝑇4 − 𝑇3 ) 𝑘𝐽/𝑠
According to heat balance
𝑚𝑤 × 𝐶𝑤 × (𝑇4 − 𝑇3 ) = 𝑚𝑔𝑎𝑠 × 𝐶𝑝 𝑔 × (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝐶𝑝𝑔 =
𝑄𝑒 × 100
%𝑄𝑒 =
𝑄𝑖
44
𝑄𝑤
= × 100
𝑄𝑖𝑛
Unaccounted heat

𝑄𝑎
= × 100
𝑄𝑖
Precautions:
45
Experiment No. 10
Object: To conduct Morse test on a multi cylinder four stroke Petrol engine and determine the
indicated power.
Specifications:
Brand: Ambassador
Bore = 73 mm
Stroke = 90 mm
Procedure:
1. Check fuel level and lubricating oil level
2. Check cooling water system and battery terminals before starting
3. Start the engine and apply full load after some time
4. Maintain the engine speed 1500 rpm (rated speed) by adjusting throttle
5. Allow the engine to stabilize for few minutes
6. Cut-off ignition to cylinder no. 1, bring the engine again to rated speed of 1500 rpm by
reducing load on dynamometer
7. Note the dynamometer reading and restore the ignition to cylinder no. 1 by lifting the
switch.
8. Now cut-off ignition to cylinder no. 2, bring the engine again to rated speed of 1500
rpm by reducing load on dynamometer and note down the dynamometer reading.
9. Repeat the above procedure for cylinder numbers 3, 4 also.
Observation Table:
Rated speed during test = 1500 rpm
S.No. Condition Dynamometer Reading 𝐵𝐻𝑃 = 𝑊𝑁⁄2000
W1 (kg) W2 (kg) W (kg)
1. All cylinders A hp
working
2. Ist cylinder cut-off B hp
3. 2nd cylinder cut-off C hp
4. 3rd cylinder cut-off D hp
5. 4th cylinder cut-off E hp
46
Calculations:
𝐵𝐻𝑃 = 𝑊𝑁⁄2000
Where W dynamometer load (kg) N speed in rpm

1- IHP of Ist cylinder = A – B (hp)
2- IHP of 2nd cylinder = A – C (hp)
3- IHP of 3rd cylinder = A – D (hp)
4- IHP of 4th cylinder = A – E (hp)
Total IHP of Engine = 1+2+3+4
𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐵𝐻𝑃 × 100

𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐼𝐻𝑃
Precautions:
47

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Heat Engine Lab Manual Dr Shah Alam

RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR

Apparatus: Altech Reciprocating air compressor test rig

Description of experimental setup:

The cycle of operation of a reciprocating air-compressor is given by pressure-volume (P -V)

The cycle consists of the following processes:

4 - 1: The induction stroke

1 - 2: The compression stroke (compression process may be isothermal/isentropic/polytropic)

2 - 3: The delivery stroke

• To drive air motor used in coal mines

• To inject fuel into the cylinder of Diesel engine,

• To operate drill, hammer, air brakes to clean machines

Apparatus used: Reciprocating air compressor test rig, Tachometer

Discharge pressures Manometer reading Va

pg p2 = pg + pa Compressor Motor h1 h2 hw m3/s ηv

Sample Calculations: Reading No.

The level difference in manometer ℎ𝑤 = ℎ1 − ℎ2 = 𝑚

Determination of actual volume flow rate of air:

Determination of Swept Volume

Swept volume of low pressure cylinder:

Determination of volumetric Efficiency

Apparatus used: Reciprocating air compressor test rig, Tachometer

Discharge pressures Dynamo Manometer reading Va

Sample Calculations: Reading No

The level difference in manometer ℎ𝑤 = ℎ1 − ℎ2 = 𝑚

Determination of actual volume flow rate of air:

Determination of isothermal efficiency:

Let transmission efficiency is 95%

Thermal ηth (%)

Theoretical air Vth (m3/s)

Sample Calculation: Reading no. -------

Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC):

Brake Thermal Efficiency of Engine:

Volume of air intake

Difference of orifice manometer reading in air column

Cross-sectional area of orifice

Actual volume of air intake

Theoretical volume of air intake

Heat carried by Qe (kJ/s)

Sample Calculation: Reading no.

Specific heat of cooling water 𝐶𝑤 = 4.1868 kJ/kgoC

Engine Output (Brake Power):

Mass of cooling water

Mass of fuel consumption

Mass of air flow

Difference of orifice manometer reading in air column

Cross-sectional area of orifice

Actual volume of air intake

Mass flow of exhaust gas

Heat lost by exhaust gas 𝑄𝑒 = 𝑚𝑔𝑎𝑠 × 𝐶𝑝 𝑔 × (𝑇3 − 𝑇0 ) 𝑘𝐽/𝑠

Percentage heat carried by Exhaust gas

Heat carried by cooling water

Percentage heat loss by cooling Water

Percentage of unaccounted heat

Apparatus: Two stroke Petrol engine test rig, Tachometer

Type: Two stroke Petrol Engine (Spark ignition, air cooled)

Sample Calculation: Reading no. -------

Time for 10 cc of fuel consumption t = 𝑠𝑒𝑐

Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC):

Thermal Efficiency of Engine

Volume of air intake

Difference of orifice manometer reading in air column

Cross-sectional area of orifice