powerless to act in the face of compl Iter grovp coaflict ‘Not knowing who to Problems with accomme Not acing vost wi Lack of tust Making oF Jobiniecunty CChenge in working conditions Not eing represented adequately 5 Job Roles eit job end positively affect stitutes (Gregersen & Black, 1992). OF course, role “According totcleheory.cvery positioninan innovation in itself may be stressful a jould have a clear set of re- bringanemployeeintoconfitwithothersin igemont can give ed practices ie ployee: ean be an organization (West, 1987). In general. performaace. Irpeople filiiga jb role may bea inherent nvoftheirauihcrty end fu activity because some tension exist between the way al ‘The Construct conflict Is defined #9 incompatl ‘ween the expectations of parties or between ‘aspects of asingle ole. Role ambigaty is de fined as urcertsinyy about what scbons 10 jk to fulfil ole. Roleconfct, ambiguity, and overload may affect employees bec reese stose. Prolonged exposure © fes demand on an employ: resources because In ter ello © cope and reutal- specs of job foley in an organi ‘This leaves fewer cognitive suress Foret vilable for performing asi {Schaubroeck etal, 1993), Grestrroleds- tretion end the freedem to innovate in 2 ob role may enhance sp News about146 Taking the Measure of Work effects on jb suisfaction, (0) role conflict bad po eifests on job tension (role ambiguity dit tole overload covaied snd ambiguity, but didnot directly ion or job satisfaction, All ns ofrole perceptions afested iational commitment and intention to leave indirectly dirough their effets on joo satisfaction "The Measures “The major isaet in messuirement of thes! tubutes ef fo roles have centered 0 ‘aistinetion between measures oF 708 cont nce froin job satsfuctio, job tension, and job cha “The tecond issue For exemple, sould rte cont nce io ober roles an em- ofrole stress jayve experiences related Io the way things go wroag? I nave included measures that descriteinter- role cooflict, measures that assess role jus- rated by super arise), and measures conflict or ambiguity in- herent to eiferent fase of ajob role Th the impact of role conti iy, and overload may be mistepesenied by: mea sures that ask ernplosees to provide “on aver- ge" desesipions oftheir jod roles, Thus, 1 haveineluded a measur that asks empleyeos to respond in terms ofthe frequency ard in iy of slontelaed events they ve fecently experienced in tel Jo Chapier 5: Job Roles 147 oseription Source tems Role Confilet and Ambiguity “This meacare, developed by Rizzo, House, and Listzman (1970), wasone of the frst mearures of ole a and role conflict. A ck members of an crgenizaion. This measure includes intrarole, mero} vderconfici, aswel due to lack of role predictebil- in, Msstolder, Kemers, values for role ambiguity ranged from. 71 to 93 (Adkins, 1995; Bauer & sno, 1960; Fisher & Shaws, 199% (a9sapex fand role ambighity are clstnct constructs (Netemeyer ei al, 1995; [NetemneyerFohnstoa, & Burtor, 1990), Haris ane Bladen (1994) also found that role conflict an et rom role 0 load, job satisfaction, 3) also Found that role ‘confit and anabignty were empirical ‘Rolevenflict hed direct efiees on job tension apd job satisfaction. Role ambiguity tension or salisfacicn. Neither role coniliet por role ambiguity aiccty affected propensity vo eave Qvetemeyes job performance. he role enact mesure dis Rizeo,J.House, RJ.8Li toe Quarterly 15, 150- Copyright © 1970. Reproduced au 163 with permission. Responses are ubtained om a 7-point Likert-type scale where 1= strongly lsogree ane 7 = stongly agree148 Taking the Measure of Work Role conflict ems: have 0 do 1 2. Tvs to buck «rule ofa poiy ino nent 3. Treceive icon Description 4% Lo things cepted s by others 1 work on unnecessary things 1 operate quite eifferentiy manpower to complete them (Cea, planned goals and ems denoted by (R) are reverse seoeed. Source ome Chapter 5: JobRoles 149) Role Confiet and Ambiguity Tis measure was dev addres iiss thal sped by House Seles, nd Levaneni (1983) (0 her measur for rele confictard ambiguity were aes, other role conflict spheres other rol: amb wnfart worded” In developing this Howse and colleagues (1983) devel oped vets asing a poo! of 43 items. These items loaded on ve factors femscentining amix of sre Comfrt and selfolher worded statements. The conflict factor com treme worded in terms of stress caused by other pate valves f ranged from 79 10.86 (0°Dei conflict and role ambigaity scales ‘& Beeb, (994; Westman, 1992). uty correlated postively with rle canes employee uncer ions, jod dissatisfaction, job UJesizor laitude, and employse psychological distress (O"Drisall & Beshs, wi job satisfac ‘§ Beer, 1994), Haris dence thatemployee: and anbigaity may re Somees ae perceived as exter. Employees may categorize internal tan ambiguly R.3., Scholes, R$. Levanoni E, (1983), Rote confict and e fot? Journal of Applied Piychology, 682) 334.337, lems Were ta "Tale Ip. 336. Copyright © 1983 by the “American Psychological Associaos, Reprinted with permission ‘Responses ace scored on & 7-peint Liker-ype sea where 1 = agree nd = strongly agree uly Role ambiguity items: My authority marches the respons T don't know what is expocted of me My responsibilities ac cleaty defined (8) Teel eertin about how much authority Ihave (R) ies are (R) Thare clear pl and objectives for my job (R) ‘ne planted goals and objectives are not clear {don't know how vil te eveuated fora raiso promotion now what is expected of me (8) sate clear of wha es fo be done (R) clear how he will evaluate my performance (R) jes assigned to me (R)2 ‘Taking the Mesoure of Work ‘Rote confititems: ‘Thece are unreasonable pressures for beter performance 4am often askel to do things hat are against my better sudpment Ureceive an assignment withoat adequate rescuces and mater execute it Thave to busk a sue or paligy in order to 6 Items denoted with (R) are reverse scone Deseription Yatiaity Source ems Chapter $: Job Roles 151 Role Hassles Index ‘This mature, developed by Zat episodes over the past 2 ws Jad. Burnout is thoaght 1o dev arecepletedatarat of role conflict and am hich a condition te (0 capture specif roleambiguity, mdole over- al oF pysical resources exceeds replenishment. is possible tat measures that ak respondeats to report the extent 1 tose the episode are summed to tnd hsies- The disruption seo three subscales for hassles-coaflit,hasses-ambig overload InZahar (1997), the composite Role Hassles Indexed ceo 82. Cosffcisnt alpha was 0 for the hasfes-co1 hhasslesambigity sub phot subseale, 71 forthe Hasslesndex andthe subscales forhasses-confli hatsles.overload comolted Zohac, D. (1997). Predicting bu demands, Journal of Onze ‘akenfromTéble |p. 1U7,Copyright® John Wiley & Sons Li -based measure of le 71812), 101-115, Hem were Reproducedby pervision of structions and tes Employees are instructed to review the list of 20 events and t which had occured in he past 2 weeks. Fer an eveat to be marked, =<. isequired to recall he date. Each even sthen ated astothow emotion yx physically disp Likor-type scale where very distupive, “The evens are as fellows lightly aisruprive 2 = gute disruptive, and 3 = Hassles conflict ad an argumant ce confrontation over dlfering viewsBRBHEReSEBEEHBEHE SB HEHE BSB BSS. ante 5: Job 6. Received & 7, Had to deat §. Had dfficulies eceving feedback from su Hassles overload: ty in completing 2 tesk due to bureat ince (help, equipment, bidge) for task Hassles ambiguity: 16, Had corcems avout how to solve a problem mr avthout knowing exsel'y what was expected of me Was concerned ovee maki 19. Hod itficaltycbtsining necdex 40. Had to respond without clear prions or goals Source Role Overiond red by Backacich, Bamberger, and Conky (1980), Feary einplayer’s ros overload: Role everond hes heen coneeniaal cemplayee an tusks Time-focused incompat of pete fe cheer quantity of work events requlring a rca also generate perceived overiudRoleoveriad cate mes meer arately from and sso be aconarvet itn frm ole cont (acharach et mergers Role overload was correlates positively cacy task feedback, an iask ident a ated positvely with ole const end work-faaily con sowed thet role overtoad and role conflict Bacharach, §:B Banbergs«PR. de Cenkey, S.C. (1990), Workprocesss, aa coaflch and roleoverloal: The case of nurses and “etor, Work and Occupations, 17(2), 199-229. Con) See pubtestons, Ine. Hems were taken from Ge appends, p. 22% Reprinted by perission of Sage Publications, Ine it Likert-type seale where t= df Responses are false and $= de LK don't have 2. Um aashed in doing my io 3. have # lot of fee neon my had (R) res denoted with (R) ae reverse secre.