THE BASIC MICROBIOLOGY OF PAPER

Losses Of Microorganisms In Agriculture

Lecturer : Tuti Lestari, S.Si, M.Si

Arranged by Nama/ID : 1. Afifah Shalsabila / 18231098
2. Anisa Rahmadani / 18231075
3. Diatri Nella / 18231117

DDMB

2020
Natural Science Education
 Natural Science Education

FOREWORD
Assalamualikum Wr. Wb
Alhamdulillah hirobbil'alamin, Praise be to Allah, the Almighty who has given an
abundance of Mercy, Taufik and His guidance so that we can complete the preparation of
this paper. We do not forget to give prayers and greetings to the Prophet Muhammad, who
has shown the path of goodness and truth in the world and the hereafter to mankind. This
paper is structured to fulfill the task of an The Basic of Microorganisms “Losses Incurred by
Microorganisms in Agriculture” and also for the general public as an addition to knowledge
and information that may be useful.
We compile this paper with all our capabilities and as much as possible. However, we
acknowledge that in the preparation of this paper it is certainly not perfect and there are still
many mistakes and shortcomings. Therefore, we as compilers of this paper ask for criticism,
suggestions and messages from all who read this paper, especially the lecturers of an The
Basic of Microorganisms , we hope as material. corrections for us.
Wa'alaikumsalam Wr.Wb.

Sumatera Barat, 29 November 2020

Author

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TABLE OF CONTENT

FOREWORD ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................................ 3

CHAPTER I .......................................................................................................................... 4

PRELIMINARY ................................................................................................................... 4

A. Backround ................................................................................................................ 4

B. Problem formulation ................................................................................................ 4

A. Purpose ..................................................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER II ........................................................................................................................ 5

DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................... 5

A. Understanding Harmful Microorganisms In Agriculture ...................................... 5

B. List of types of harmful microorganisms in agriculture ......................................... 5

CHAPTER III ..................................................................................................................... 18

CLOSING ........................................................................................................................... 18

A. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 18

B. Suggestions.............................................................................................................. 18

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................... 19

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CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY

A
A. Backround
Bacround

Indonesia is a tropical country that has environmental conditions, natural

resources and human resources that are very potential for agriculture. Approximately
seventy percent of Indonesia's population makes agricultural livelihoods. Therefore,
agricultural activities must be our pride, because it is from the world of agriculture that
the food production that supports the entire Indonesian nation comes from. Agricultural
business is one of our economic strengths. Microbiology is the study of microorganisms
which includes groups of microscopic organisms as a single cell or group of cells,
including the study of viruses that are microscopic even though they are not cells.
Microorganisms are living bodies that have a very small size so that they are difficult to
observe without using a magnification tool such as a microscope (Kusnadi, et.al., 2003).
Microorganisms or also known as microbes have a cosmopolitan distribution so that they
are easily found anywhere. The study of microbes is growing along with the development
of technology. This allows humans to take advantage of microbes to make ends meet.
The role of microbes that are beneficial to humans, microbes can be in symbiosis with the
roots of higher plants called mycorrhizae and certain microbes can be used in
composting. On the other hand, genetic engineering has contributed to developments in
the agricultural sector, especially in the breeding of cultivated plants. For this reason, a
paper entitled Losses caused by microorganisms in agriculture was prepared to determine
the losses incurred by microorganisms in agriculture.

B Problem Formulation
B. Problem formulation
1. What are Understanding Harmful Microorganisms In Agriculture
2. How is the harm caused by microorganisms in agriculture?
C
A. PurposePurpose
1. Knowing Understanding Harmful Microorganisms In Agriculture
2. Knowing the harm caused by microorganisms in agriculture

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CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. Understanding Harmful Microorganisms In Agriculture

Groups of microorganisms that are detrimental because they can cause denitrification,
cause disease in plants and damage agricultural production. Harmful bacteria can not
only cause disease in humans and animals. Some of them can also be pathogens and
cause diseases in plants that affect crop quality and yields, and have a detrimental effect
on farmers.

B. List of types of harmful microorganisms in agriculture

Group
Name of of Losses
No Classification Information
Microorganisms Microor Incurred
ganisme
1 Xanthomonas Kingdom: Bacteria Bacteria Crackle and
campestris pv.
Phylum : Proteobacteria rice leaf
Oryzae
Class: Gammaproteobacteria disease
Order: Xanthomonadales
Family: Xanthomonadaceae
Genus: Xanthomonas
Species: X. Oryzae
Variety : X. O. Pv. Oryzae

Crackle symptoms start

from the edges of the
leaves, are grayish in
color and over time the
leaves become dry. This
dry part will further
expand towards the leaf
bone until the entire leaf
appears to dry out

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2 Xanthomonas Kingdom: Bacteria
translucens
Phylum : Proteobacteria
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Xanthomonadales
Family: Xanthomonadaceae
Genus: Xanthomonas
Species: X. Translucens
3 Rice ragged stunt Kingdom: Virus
virus
Phylum : Duplornaviricota
Class: Resentoviricetes
Order: Reovirales
Family: Reoviridae
Genus: Oryzavirus
Species: Rice ragged stunt
virus
6
Bacteria Leaf striped
morning
disease
(Jones et al. 1917)
Vauterin et al. 1995
Bacteria move around
using their flagella, so
water is a good dispersal
agent. Also called
bacterial leaf blight,
bacterial leaf blight. The
parts of the plant that
are attacked are the
leaves and growing
points.
Virus Disease in
rice
becomes
stunted
RRSV is one of two
viruses transmitted by
the brown planthopper
(Delphacidae:
Nilaparvata lugent) in
addition to the rice
grassy stunt virus,
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4 Pyricularia Kingdom: Fungi Fungi Blast
oryzae CAF
Divisio : Ascomycota disease
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Magnaporthales
Family: Magnaporthaceae
Genus: Pyricularia
Species: Pyricularia oryzae

Sacc. 1880 a disease in

5 Rhizoctonia sp Kingdom: Fungi
Divisio : Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Cantharellales
Family: Ceratobasidiaceae
Genus: Rhizoctonia
Species: Rhizoctonia sp
the form of a rhombus-
shaped brown spot
called a leaf blast.
Symptoms of blast
disease developing on
the stem / neck of the
panicle are called neck
blasts.
Fungi Leaf blight
rot

1858, Julius
Kühn observed and
described a fungus on
diseased potato tubers
and named
it Rhizoctonia
solani. Rhizooctonia is

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from Ancient Greek
6 Puccina graminis Kingdom: Fungi Fungi Disease
Phylum: Basidiomycota caused by
Class: Pucciniomycetes smut on
Subclass: Incertae sedis rice or corn
Order: Pucciniales leaves
Family: Pucciniaceae
Genus: Puccinia Pers.(1794).This
Species: P. Graminis fungus is
characterized by a
metallic rust-like
color on the leaves
and stems of the
plant with a brick
red nodule
7 Ustilaginoidea Kingdom: Fungi Fungi Fake fire or
virens
Divisio : Ascomycota burn
Class: Sordariomycetes disease
Order: Hypocreales
Family: Incertae sedis
Genus: Ustilaginoidea
Species: U.virens Bref. (1895) The fungus
defends itself by
forming sclerotia. Part
of the affected plant:
Panicles and rice fruit
(grain)
8 Tobacco mozaic Kingdom: virus Virus Spots on
Phylum :Kitrinoviricota the leaves
Class: Alsuviricetes
Order: Martellivirales
Family: Virgaviridae
Genus: Tobamovirus
Mosaic disease occurs
Species: Tobacco mozaic
around the bones of the

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9 Rice tungro bacill Kingdom : Virus
iform virus
Order : -
Family : Caulimoviridae
Genus : Tungrovirus
Spesies : Rice tungro
bacilliform virus
10 Pseudomonas Kingdom : Bacteria
solanacaerum
Phylum : Proteobacteria
Ordo : Pseudomonadales
Class : Gamma
Proteobacteria
Family : Pseudomonadaceae
Genus : Pseudomonas
Spesies : Pseudomonas
solanacaerum
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leaves, the longer the
leaves become dark
colored (mosaic), the
green leaves will be
darker in color and the
growth of the leaves is
stunted.
Tungro The rice
Virus turns
yellow and
destroys the
crops
The tungro virus is only
transmitted by green
leafhoppers and does
not multiply in the
leafhoppers
(Nephotettix virescens)
Bacteria Wilt
disease in
eggplant
plants
Viruses can be
transmitted from
nematodes, viruses can
spread through soil and
can survive in soil and
plant debris for a long
time.
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11 Erwinia Kingdom : Bacteria
amylovora
Phylum : Proteobacteria
Class : Gammaproteobacteria
Ordo : Enterobacteria
Famili : Enterobacteria
Genus : Erwinia
Spesies : Erwinia amylovora
12 Agrobacterium Kingdom : Bacteria
tumefaciens
Phylum : Proteobacteris
Class : Alpha proteobacteria
Ordo : Rhizobiales
Famili : Rhizobiaceae
Genus : Agrobacterium
Species : A. tumefaciens
13 Tobacco Mozaic Kingdom : virus
Virus
Famili : Virgaviridae
Genus : Tubamovirus
Spesies : Tobacco mosaic
virus
10
Bacteria Pumpkin
late blight
Burril 1882 et al
winslow 1902 the basic
symptom of blight is
tissue death, the infected
flower initially looks
like being soaked in
water and is dark green.
Infected shoots turn
dark brown and change
color followed by leaf
collapse
BaAAaa Cancer of
acteria the coffee
stem
Smith & Townsend,
1907, pathogenic
bacteria in plants are
widely used to insert
foreign genes into plant
cells to produce a
transgenic plant
Virus Mosaic on
tobacco
leaves
In 1886, Adolf Meyer
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14 Citrus vein Kingdom : Proteobacteria
phloem
Kelas : Rhodospirilli
degeneration
Ordo : Rhizobiales
Famili : Rhizobiaceae
Spesies : Citrus huanglungbin
(greening)
15 Beans yellow Kingdom : Virus
mozaic virus
Phylum : Cressdnaviricota
Ordo : Geplafuvirales
Class : Repensiviricetes
Family : Geminiviridae
Genus : Begomovirus
Spesies : Beans yellow mozaic
virus
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first demonstrated that
tobacco mosaic disease
was as contagious as a
bacterial disease. The
existence of
nonbacterial substances
was first demonstrated
by Dmitri Ivanovsky, a
Russian biologist, in
1892.
Bacteria Phloem
damage to
oranges
CVPD is the most
destructive disease in
citrus plantations and the
pathogen is transmitted
by insect vectors, a type
of flea. The cause is a type
of flagellated bacteria,
Candidatus Liberibacter
spp. Transmission is
carried out by a type of
orange flea, Diaphorina
citri
Virus Attacking
bean plants
Begomoviruses
infecting pepper
(Capsicum spp.) such
as Pepper leaf curl
virus and Chilli leaf curl
virus also cause
significant losses
worldwide.
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16 Cephaleuros Kingdom : Algae
virescens
Phylum : Chlorophyta
Ordo : Trentepohliales
Class : Ulvophyceae
Family : Trentepohliaceae
Genus : Cephaleuros
Spesies : Cephaleuros
virescens
17 Potato virus Y Kingdom : virus
Phylum : Pisuviricota
Ordo : Patatavirales
Class : Stelpaviricetes
Family : Potyviridae
Genus : Potyvirus
Spesies : Potato virus Y
18 Cucumber mosaic Kingdom : virus
virus Phylum : Kitrinoviricota
Class : Alsuviricetes
Ordo : Martellivirales
Family : Bromoviridae
Genus : Cucumovirus
12
Algae Algae leaf
spots
Kunze, 1827 ex Fries,
1832 Symptoms on the
leaves are red or
brownish red spots, 1-2
mm in diameter.
Symptoms develop in
the form of patches
enlarging up to 5-15
mm in diameter and
delimited with a distinct
red color.
Virus Potato ring
spot disease
Brinjal mosaic virus
datura 437 PVY can be
transmitted by tick
vectors but can also be
dormant (temporary
death) in potato seeds.
This means that using
the same lineage for
potato seed production
over the next several
generations will lead to
subsequent crop
failures.
Virus Cucumber
mosaic
disease
Symptoms that arise in
plants infected with cmv
are spots on the leaves,
yellowing of the leaves,
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Spesies : Cucumber mosaic
virus
19 Tomato spotted Kingdom : virus
wilt
Phylum : Negarnaviricota
orthotospovirus
Class : Ellioviricetes
Ordo : Bunyavirales
Family : Tospoviridae
Genus : Orthotospovirus
Spesies : Tomato spotted wilt
orthotospovirus
20 Turnip mosaic Kingdom : virus
virus Phylum : Pisuviricota
Class : Stelpaviricetes
Ordo : Patatavirales
Family : Potyviridae
Genus : Potyvirus
Spesies : Turnip mosaic virus
21 Corticium Kingdom: Fungi
salmonicolor Phylum : Basidiomycota
Kelas : Basidiomycetes
Ordo : Stereales
Famili : Corticiaceae
Spesies : Corticium
salmonicolor
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ring spots and distortion
of leaves, flowers and
fruit.
Virus Tomato
wilt spot
disease
This virus is not
transmitted through
seeds, but by several
types of thrips pests
(pests that attack plants
by sucking fluids on
leaves, stems or fruit.
Ex. Lice). Plants that
can be infected with this
virus include nuts,
lettuce, peanuts, chilies,
potatoes and tobacco.
Virus Leaf curl
disease
Leaf shape curls upward
along the main leaf
veins starting at the tip
of the leaflets, yellowish
or chlorotic.
Fungi Coffee
stem
fungus
disease
At first the fungus forms
shiny threads like
cobwebs on the surface
The fungus continues to
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grow, gets into the skin
and causes the skin to
rot, while the fungal
skin forms a pink crust
like the color of salmon
(Corticium stage)
22 Exobasidium Kingdom: Fungi Fungi coffee leaf
vexans pox
Kelas : Exobasidiomycetes
Ordo : Exobasidiales
Famili : Exobasidiaceae Massee, (1898) Blister
Genus : Exobasidium blight caused
by Exobasidium
Spesies : Exobasidium vexans vexans is a devastating
leaf disease in tea
(Camellia sinensis) in
almost all tea growing
regions in Asia. This
disease causes serious
crop losses under
inclement weather
conditions besides
affecting quality of
made tea.
23 Cercospora sp Kingdom : Fungi Fungi Cercospora
Leaf Spot
Divisi : Amastigomycotae
Kelas : Deuteromycetes
Ordo : Moniliales
Famili : Dematiaceae
Genus : Cercospora Cerospora sp in the
form of speckled
Spesies : Cercospora sp
narrow, reddish brown
parallel to the mother
leaf bone, with a length
of approximately 5 mm
and 1-1.5 mm. The
number of spots
increases when the
plants form tillers

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24 Phytophthora Kingdom: Fungi
infestans
Phylum : Heterokontophyta
Kelas : Oomycetes
Ordo : Peronosporales
Famili : Pythiaceae
Genus : Phytophthora
Spesies : P. Infestans
25 Fusarium Kingdom: fungi
oxysporum
class : sordariomycetes
order : hypocreales
famili : nectriaceae
Genus : fusarium
Spesies : f. Oxysporum
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Fungi Potato
blight
disease
Potato blight and potato
blight. Because his
attacks could be so
intense, they caused
major famines in 1845
and a few years later in
Ireland and in 1846 in
the Scottish Highlands
causing massive
emigration to the United
States.
Fungi Wilted
mushrooms
schlecht. Emend.
Snyder & hansen f.
Oxysporum strains that
are nonpathogenic, it is
reasonable to conclude
that certain pathogenic
forms were descended
from originally
nonpathogenic
ancestors. Given the
association of these
fungi with plant roots, a
form that is able to grow
beyond the cortex and
into the xylem could
exploit this ability and
hopefully gain an
advantage over fungi
that are restricted to the
cortex.
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26 Mycosphaerella Kingdom: fungi
fijiensis Phylum : Ascomycota
class : Dothideomycetes
Spesies : Mycosphaerella
fijiensis
27 Oidium Kingdom: fungi
tingitanium
Phylum : Ascomycota
class : Leotiomycete
order : Erysiphales
famili : Erysiphaceae
Genus : Fibriodium dan
Oidium
Spesies : Oidium tingitanium
28 Colletotrichum Kingdom: fungi
capsici Phylum : Ascomycota
class : Sordariomycetes
order : Glomerellales
famili : Glomerellaceae
Genus : Colletotrichum
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Fungi Black
Sigatoka
Mycosphaerella fijiensis
(black Sigatoka); range
of symptoms from early
streak stage to mature
spot with grey centre on
banana cultivar
'Williams'
Fungi powdery
mildew
disease
The collection of white
flour on the leaves,
shoots and young fruit is
a period of conidia of
the fungus Oidium
tingitanium which
attacks the citrus leaves
causing the attack of
this fungal pathogen
known as powdery
mildew disease.
Fungi Rotten
chilies
(Syd.) E.J. Butler &
Bisby, (1931) Dispersal
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Spesies : C. Capsici
29 Phytophthora Kingdom: fungi
palmivora Phylum : Oomycota
order : Peronosporales
famili : Peronosporaceae
Genus : Phytophthora
Spesies : P. Palmivora
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of C. Capsici spores is
heavily reliant on water
splashes onto host plants
or wind-driven rain
since water is required
for spore germination
and penetration into host
Fungi Rotting
cocoa pods
Phytophthora palmivora
is an oomycete that
causes bud-rot of palms,
fruit-rot or kole-roga of
coconut and areca nut.
These are among the
most serious diseases
caused by fungi and
moulds in South India.
It occurs almost every
year in Malnad, Mysore,
North & South Kanara,
Malabar and other areas
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CHAPTER III
CLOSING

A
A. Conclusion
Conclusion
Microorganisms are living bodies that are so small that they are difficult to
observe without using a magnification tool such as a microscope. Microorganisms that
play a large role in agriculture come from groups of bacteria, fungi, viruses and
nematodes. In addition to beneficial microorganisms for agriculture, such as medicinal
pests, microorganisms as pests and diseases that are harmful to farmers, causing reduced
yields of farmers. Examples of microorganisms that are harmful to agriculture are
Xanthomonas campestris pv. Oryzae, Xanthomonas translucens, Rice ragged stunt virus,
Pyricularia oryzae CAF, Rhizoctonia sp, Puccina graminis, Ustilaginoidea virens,
Tobacco, mozaic, Rice tungro bacilliform virus, Pseudomonas solanacaerum etc.

BB. Suggestion
Suggestions
So that harmful microorganisms do not attack agricultural land, it is better if farmers
control the spacing of the plants, and provide pesticides as an early sign of prevention to
avoid pests

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aak, K. 1989. Kacang Tanah dan Kedelai. Yogyakarta: Kanisius,

Douds D.D and Patricia D Millner. 1999. Biodiversity Of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi In
Agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment

Darkuni, M. Noviar. 2001. Mikrobiologi (Bakteriologi, Virologi, dan Mikologi). Malang:

Universitas Negeri Malang.

Harjadi, Sri Setyati. 1979. Pengantar Agronomi. Penerbit PT Gramedia: Jakarta

Kusnadi et al. 2003. Mikrobiologi, Bandung: JICA-IMSTEP

Sharma, A. K.2002. Organic farming. Central Arid Zone Research institute Jodhpur.
Agrobios.

Sudarmo, Subiyakto. 1993. Pengendalian Serangga Hama Penyakit dan Gulma Padi.
Penerbit Kanisius: Yogyakarta

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