Technical University of Denmark

Written examination, date December 9. 2016 Page 1 of 4 pages

Course name: STRUCTURAL FIRE SAFETY DESIGN

Course number: 11023

Aids allowed: All written works of reference are permitted and pocket size calculators.
Windows-based computers and mobile phones are not permitted.

Exam duration: 4 Hours

Weighting: Problem 1: 40%

Problem 2: 40%
Problem 3: 20%
Technical University of Denmark
Written Examination Page 2 of 4 pages
Date December 9. 2016
11023 STRUCTURAL FIRE SAFETY DESIGN

Problem 1

A stressed skin element as shown above has two webs of laminated wood of quality GL32 and
flanges of plywood that can be expected to have the same properties as the laminated wood for
strength, stiffness, and charring.

The cavity between the webs is filled with mineral wool that can be considered fixed even if the
bottom flange is removed by burning.
The webs are insulated on both sides by the fixed mineral wool in the cavity of the element and a
fixed mineral wool between adjacent elements.

The flanges are 20 mm thick and the two webs are each 75 mm thick, and the whole stress-skin
element has a height of 340 mm including the two flanges.
All connections are glued and durable for fire until the wood is burned.
The width of the element is 1200 mm, and it is simply supported with a span of 4200 mm.

Find the characteristic load-bearing capacity including dead load in kN/m after 1hour standard fire
exposure, if only moment failure is considered and the reduced cross-section method is applied.
Technical University of Denmark
Written Examination Page 3 of 4 pages
Date December 9. 2016
11023 STRUCTURAL FIRE SAFETY DESIGN

Problem 2

A cantilevered concrete beam of length 3m is 0.30 m thick and 0.60 m high.

Its upper side is reinforced by 3 hot rolled bars with diameter 25 mm and a characteristic 0.2%
strength of 550 MPa. The centre lines of the bars are 30 mm from the top of the beam.
A stirrup of 8 mm hot rolled steel is applied for each 100 mm.
No reinforcement is taken into account in the bottom.
The concrete is based on Danish sea gravel, it has a characteristic compressive strength of 30 MPa,
and the tensile strength is not taken into account.

The bottom and the sides of the beam can be exposed to a fully developed fire described by a fictive
opening factor of 0.02 m½ and a fictive fire load of 200 MN/m2 enclosing surface.
The two outmost hot rolled bars have a centre line 35 mm from the side of the beam, and they get a
maximum temperature of 383ºC during the fire, where the one in the middle gets 55ºC.
The 0.2% strength of the bars is reduced by the factor 0.6706 and 0.9833 for the middle one.
The maximum temperature of the stirrups is 488ºC, and the 0.2% stress is reduced by 0.4976.

The compressive strength of a 0.30 m thick cross section of Main Group concrete will during the
fire (HOT condition) be weakened by the factor ξcM = 0.9969 in the middle and the stress
distribution factor is η = 0.8995.
In a cold condition (COLD) after a fire the same properties are ξcM = 0.9145 and η = 0.7989.

Find the uniformly distributed load including dead load, which the beam can carry through the fully
developed fire with respect to bending and shear.
Calculating the shear resistance, you can neglect the tensile strength of the concrete and consider
the compressive stresses to incline θ = 45º.
The empiric effectiveness factor ν can be assessed as 0.7.
Technical University of Denmark
Written Examination Page 4 of 4 pages
Date December 9. 2016
11023 STRUCTURAL FIRE SAFETY DESIGN

Problem 3

A 4 m high simply supported column of steel quality 260 MPa has a cross-section as a HEB200
profile with an area of 7.81*10-3 m2, smallest moment of inertia 20.0*10-6 m4, width 0.2 m, and
height 0.2 m.
It is fire protected by a box made of a material of thickness 44.7 mm and thermal conductivity
0.52 W/mC.

What is the load-bearing capacity F in kN of the column, when it is exposed to a fully developed
fire with equivalent opening factor 0.04 m½ and equivalent fire load 147 MJ/m2 surrounding
surface?
Department of Civil Engineering 2016  11  25
Structural Fire Safety Design 11023 Solution to Written Test 2016-12-09

Problem 1

The plywood flanges have the same material parameters as the webs made of laminated
wood GL32:
m
Strenght fm  32 MPa and charring rate   0.0007
min
The geometry of the stress-skin element is given by:

l  4.2 m w  1.2 m h  0.340 m bf  0.02 m bw  0.075 m

At a standard fire of t  60 min
the bottom flange is removed bf
by burning afthe the time tf  tf  28.6 min

Then the webs start to
tw  t  tf tw  31.4 min
burn for the rest of the time
In this time it burns hw  tw   7 mm hw  29.0 mm
The heiht of the webs after t  60 min
hw  h  2 bf  hw hw  271 mm
If x is measured from the top of the top flange you get
2
Cross-section areas Af  w bf Af  24000 mm
2
Aw  2 bw hw Aw  0.041 m A  Af  Aw 2
A  64650 mm
Distance to
x 

0.5 bf  Af  bf  0.5 hw  Aw  x  101 mm
centre of gravity
A
Distance from centre of
xw  bf  0.5 hw  x xw  54 mm
gravity to centre of web
Distance from centre of
gravity to centre of flange xf  0.5 bf  x xf  91.5 mm
3 3
w bf  2 bw hw
Moment 2 2
I   Af  xf  Aw xw 4 4
of inertia 12 I  5.691  10 m
Ultimate bending moment I
Muc  fm Muc  179 kN m
in compression x

I
Ultimate bending Mut  fm Mut  96 kN m
moment in tension hw
xw 
2
Ultimate bending moment 
Mu  min Mut  Muc  Mu  96 kN m

Mu kN
Uniformly distributed load q  8 q  43.6
2 m
l
==============
 Department of Civil Engineering 2016  11  11

Problem 2 Structural Fire Safety Design 11023 Solution to Written Test 2016-12-09
L  0.1 m
 cMHOT  0.9969  HOT  0.8995  cMCOLD  0.9145  COLD  0.7989   0.7
d L  8  mm
Concrete strength= fcc20  30 MPa Steel yield strength = fs20  550  MPa d s  25 mm
 2 6 2  2 6 2
Steel area for 1 bar = As   d s As  490.9  10 m AL   d L AL  50.3  10 m
4 4
Beam length = lb  3  m Beam width = w  0.30 m Reinforcement depth = h s  0.570  m

At 20 C before the fire you get charachteristic (This is not required, since fire must be decissive):
Fsu20
Steel force Fsu20  3As fs20 Fsu20  810 kN Compression zone depth = y  y  90.0 mm
w fcc20
 y Mu kN
Ult. moment = M u   h s    Fsu20 M u  425.2 kN m p M20  2  p M20  94.5
 2
lb
2 ______________m
 y 1
Shear capacity concrete = Vc20  w  h s     fcc20   Vc20  1654 kN
 2 2
2  AL  y
VL20    h s    1  fs20
Shear capacity reinforcement = L  2 VL20  290.3 kN

p V20 

min Vc20  VL20  p V20  96.8
kN
Shear capacity before fire = lb m
________________
Using a fictive opening factor 0.02 m½ and a fictive fire load 200 MJ/m2
the max. temperature at main reinforcement is 383 C and 55 C, and 488 C for the stirrup.
HOT condition:
 s1HOT  0.6706 for Ts = 383 C.  s2HOT  0.9833 for Ts = 55 C.  LHOT  0.4976 for TL=488 C

Main steel force 

FsuHOT  As fs20 2 s1HOT   s2HOT  FsuHOT  627.6 kN

FsuHOT
Compression zone depth = y HOT  y HOT  77.8 mm
w  HOT  cMHOT fcc20

 y HOT 
 
Moment capacity = w
M uHOT  FsuHOT  h s    1   HOT M uHOT  324 kN m
 2 2
M uHOT kN
p MHOT  2  p MHOT  72.0
2 m
lb
______________
 y HOT  1
Shear capacity concrete = VcHOT  w  h s 
 2

w
2
  2

 1   HOT    fcc20     cMHOT  HOT

2  AL
 y HOT 
Shear capacity reinforcement = VLHOT 
L 
  hs 
2

w
2
 
 1   HOT   1  fs20  LHOT

VcHOT  1458 kN VLHOT  142 kN

p VHOT 

min VcHOT  VLHOT  p VHOT  47.3
kN
HOT Shear capacity = lb m
________________
COLD condition:
After the fire the reinforcement regains its strength and you get:

Fsu20
Compression zone depth = y COLD  y COLD  0.123 m
w  COLD   cMCOLD fcc20

 y COLD 
Moment capacity = M uCOLD  Fsu20   h s 
 2

w
2

 1   COLD  MuCOLD  387.4 kN m
M uCOLD kN
p MCOLD  2  p MCOLD  86.1
2 m
lb _________________

 y COLD  1
Shear capacity concrete = VcCOLD  w  h s 
 2

w
2
  2

 1   COLD    fcc20     cMCOLD  COLD

2  AL  y COLD 
Shear capacity reinforcement = VsCOLD 
L 
  hs 
2

w
2
 
 1   COLD   1  fs20

VcCOLD  1101 kN VsCOLD  264.4 kN

COLD Shear capacity = p VCOLD 


min VcCOLD  VsCOLD  p VCOLD  88.1
kN
lb m

________________

The minimum load bearing capacity during the fully developed fire course is then
kN

p  min p M20  p V20  p MHOT  p VHOT  p MCOLD  p VCOLD  p  47.3
m
==========
And most likely the failure will happen as failure of the stirrups in a HOT condition.

Overreinforcement is checked
fs20
Minimum strain in reinforcerment Es20  200  GPa  smin  0.2% 
Es20

h  y 5 w 
 s COLD       1   COLD 
 sCOLD 
0.35%

 4 2   sCOLD  0.959 % >  smin  0.475 %
y COLD   
 cMCOLD 5
4
The cross ection is not overreinforced in a COLD condition and therefore not in the other conditions
Department of Civil Engineering 2016  09  06
Structural Fire Safety Design 11023 Solution to Written Test 2016-12-09

Problem 3
3 2 6 4
Steel profile has: A  7.81 10 m I  20 10 m

w  0.2 m h  0.2 m L  4 m
W d 2 C
Fot the box you get: d  44.7 mm   0.52  0.0860 m 
m C  W
The A/V ratio for the 2 ( w  h)
AV  1
profile in the box is A AV  102.433
m
The temperature is found
from Table 6b as 480  440
T  440   ( AV m  100)
440 C if AV was 100/m 25
and 480 C if AV was 125/m.
This gives: T  444 C

I
Radius of inertia i  i  50.6 mm
A
L
Slenderness  79.0
i
Figure 10b gives  cr  100 MPa

The load-bearing capacity is F   cr A F  781 kN

==========