REINFORCED He a DESIGN PTAC 00,1: Sem CO eS Dausr oR swawous 4 depth of Whitney ectangutr stress dstiution from compression face of be M/V (Chaps, 5 and 20) ay dpi of rectangular tess stibution for the balanced st fa, = area of spiral reinforcement (See: 13.9) %T Moafastrit al the end (Sec, 514); ae of concrete section vesting shear transfer iSces 5.16 und 16.18), area of eote of spirally reinforced compression member measured to touts diameter of spiral ereforcenent| Ay = seca of horizontal conf shear span, Ay enced by onside perimeter of concrete cross-section (for torsion) (Chaps, Wand 19) XS drewaf vertical confinement reinforcement (See. 5.10) Xt rea af main tension relnforcenent on a bracket to resist equivalent My AL = gross ae AS New ot horizontal case hoops a bracket (See. 5.17) AS total area of lntdinal eiorcement to ross torsion (hap. 19) Amn ina longtlinaleeinoreenent to resist torso (Chap. 19, Ea. 119.15) on tenon steel area required by ACEI. = reinforcement « (See, 5.16); total ane ofall hoop aad extra Motte ls crossing met ofthe section itn the spacings, fora bean-colamn joint (Fig, 1133) ‘Ay = aren the rinforing tee within the he (See. 5:14); ae of longitudinal reinforcement 8 Catan (Clap. 3), area of main glnfoxcement on bracket to ess direct tension force (Chap. 5) eu af compression reinforcement A, Eek enclosed by the tube resisting torsion uvcaured at nk thicknes of the “anterment closed transverse torsional reinforeen al (Se. 195) Ay = area of press A © eeu of tension ce stein conto ‘Ne potion of tension rent fe nomen stents My (Se: 3.10) AG, SAulnme of spit reinforcement per ani length of conn (See, 13.8) ANS transformed area of see nto equivalent concrete ALS aren ol shear reinforcement within adistances along a member ‘Ay S iteaotsheartition reinforcement exending aevoss potential erack See, 5.16) ‘Aik = ae of horizontal reinforcement for shear tata cross scetionil area af al transverse reinforcement which is within thespacings and which froses the puter plane of pliting tngh the reinforcement being developed b rt thicket (See. 5:14) by = dears vel of parallel sections (Fig, 93:9) I= periph yest voy’ shear action in ls an footings {ec 16.15 al 20) by effective lage wth for section tym width of web Ins with of strut (See. 5:10) DS wid of erss-secton being investigated for horizontal shear (Chap 22 eS altance from nent ier (sed f= Me/1) iam (Chap. 16) jepson of rectangular or equivalent retanga + (Chaps. 9 and 22); to ay slabs (See. 164) terof cal pital, or bracket 6) measured in the divetton rometts are being determined inthe dection perpendicular to ey (Chap, 16) ey = clear con Tor evelopanent Bt Fa eos tase fon the nearest surface hy ensin tothe surface of the = S(t 0608) 24. rsa constant fora etn section (Se, 111; Chap 19) u o = sive fact the Balanced stein coition CS Campressve fore in concrete the absence of compression tect C. i) Mp (See: MANN) Co nent nagfcation, defied Sees, 1A, 15, an 159 ¢ toi of pase press (See. 122) ii tra (Secs One 140) PS ratioot erp sal ‘vem of eonypresion sel TZ Compreni force ah ww ult : f° effete depth stance from compression facet contro of tension WE distance fom compression face of member to contol of compresion st PS stage frm plate contol to extrene te «(Chap 18) ih = baediameter Aine of aetlon of the strut fore (Seo 5.14) piv of a ttt he tension few fd, lstance fom 6 eccentity of fouling 1 geen anasto a oe her fe colo tn "Won "APUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLL erie Roa ROY#F CF-Fusk CIRCULATION SECTION LUsTF smBous o eccentricity of compression loading on heam-columa in the balanced strain conlition measured From the pastie centroid (Clap. 13) om minima eccentricity for which to design compression member, (0.6 + 0.038) in erty = cocentrcity of loading of compressive force, measured along the x- and y-ases, respectively 15201) ‘moras of clastiity f concrete morta of elasticity of tel clastically compated wit sara stress ‘limiting unit tess presenibed by a Code sverige compressive stress stress on concrete at extreme compression fher at service load conditions (Chap. 4) ‘coerete strength developed atthe time of transfer of stres othe concrete (Chap, 21) tit stress on conerete a compression ste! location ‘compressive stenath of concrete, measured at 28 days afer eating 05/7 Pig. 152.1) conerete strength used for proportioning the concrete mix ‘ellctve compressive stent (stress) ina strat (See. 5.14) “ner tonal strength ‘esi (net) compressive stes in the conerete at center of raityof tendons in {he prestress as been applied tothe eonerete (Chap. 21) ress in concrete at center of gravity of tendons due to all superimposed permanent dead lous ‘applied after the member has been prestressed (Chap. 21) stress de to unfactored dead load at extreme fer of section where tensile stress is cause by ‘xterally applied Toads (Chap. 21) allowable compressive stress at Final conditions (afer losses) (Chap. 21) allowable tensile stress in concrete a final conaiions after losses (Chap. 21) ‘Allowable compressive stres at initial conditions (before losses) (Chap. 21) Sllowale tense stress in concrete tii conditions(hefore loses! (Chap. 21) ‘compressive stress in eonerete (after allowance forall prestres loses) at centroid of eros-setion resisting externally applic! loads or at junction of web nd Range when the eentioi es within the flange (Chaps. 19 and!21) Sie = compressive stress in concrete de to fective prestess Forces only (after allowance for all prestress lasses) at extreme fiber of section where tensile stress scanned by externally applied Toads (Chip. 21) stress in prestressed reinforcement at nomsnal moment strength (Chap, 21) specified ASTM minimum tensile strength of prestressng tendons (Chap. 21) rodlos of rapture (lense stent in bending) vediately after i = runt stees on steel at service load conditions (Chap. 4) i ‘mit stress on eompession steel at service lead conditions (Chap. 4) f. ‘fective stress n the prestessing steel ater losses (See. 5.14) fa = inl tensile stress n presteessing reinforcement before transfer of ses tothe com (Chap. 21) tensile stress om transformed area of steel in equ norma stress (tension) on a plane making an angle with the vertical plane (C sel stress of the prestessing reinforcement (See. 5.14 and Chap. 21) Zpecied ASTM mininnun tensile strength of prestressing tendon ‘ek stress for longitudinal reinforcement (Chap. 13) ‘asin prclpal tensile stress stress inthe shear reinforcement diel stress of sted ‘eld stress ofthe longitudinal reinforeenent (Chaps, 11 and 19) Shc yield stress of transverse reinforcement (Sec. 66, Sec. 11.3) sel stress ofthe transverse reinforcement (stirups) (Chap. 19) omni strength ofa str, ie, or nodal zone factored force ina strat or te (Sec.5.14) shear modulus of elasticity ‘overall depth of section diameter of section depth of sheathead (See. 16.16) ambient relative humidity, percent ‘moment oferta hap. 21) b nomen of inet of he gros section ofthe can a cefned in ACIS 24 (See. 164) t nomen of neta standard scion (Chap. 1) i Inomentofineta ofthe racked ansormel ection i elective moment of inertia, Eq, (144.1) effective moment of inertia unr dea load, and dela ps lve loa respectively ‘7055 moment of inertia (uneracked section) fective moment of inertia at mnidspan fora simply supported or continuous span and atthe "support section for acantilever 1 slab moment of inertia, 12 tines the width of slab bounded laterally by the cente aljacent panel, Hany (See. 16) (ho. 1 ce eof thestor swans he moment oferta of slab-bean combination icing dhe lab used fer Jan alo incding the ‘contusion ofthat portion ofthe ew stem exteling abuove or bela the hb (Chap. 16) he = moment of neta of ste netforeement, taken shout plastic eesti! of concrete section (Chap. 15) h ment oferta abt sane 3 ato of moment arm of ternal cope to effective depth when th esti neutral axis the ie lata Sees) 7 = seetin pres anal to polar moment af inertia (Sc 1648) t toot ei neil ss dtences atthe a ttn tthe eet depth d (Ses 47 ad 3.2 general rat of neta as distance meanired fr cones facto the effete dep (Sec! 52) elective lent actor (See 18.7 and Chap 19): roo yr Hanged ston the Ipof the sexton et the Mange portion Se) f= cansant multiple y the mast Ses an the nett ass se taba the ren ‘ofthe copresion zone ses dstbtion (See 32); proportionally constant bo eamputing Shar tes or strength (ee. 5.4 ae 196) constant face to volmetie lot eee peal Aifferences herons ve strengths of nto! nl traverse eoenent (Se. 19.3) bys atioofaatanee of tonerete compressive lve fo eonprenson fae fan et as distances (See. 2) yf hy Ge. St rai of the testo a standard ender See 3.2}; proportionality cost 8, proportionality const relating to tenses incon essve stress Ina hea to that frm a compression relating to dowel force (See. 196) e ($00.55) & Pit kem dance to oto ea eos ete t ‘octet to acant othe iene bene ence neon al tat in atest ender ‘See 183) : & etion mullite for ft o conprsson tel on ewep & iipske ditnce ote of crsseton K ‘onan elingo the elves of pl einlorcenent nn ean alsin ile 151025 0than serge af 198 eee 139) k fel ies (8/1 for print enters, wobble coefent for euved pressing tendon See. 31.7) xual stifiness of beam wn eoluma, respectively moment per unit otation) eur stlfiness of beam; momen per it ota (Chap. 7 eral ties of elm; monet portation (hp, 7) = tnasverse reinforcement ines in cepating Ly (See, 66) = torsional lifiness of member, torsional moment per unit ation aout longitudinal axis of member (See. 16.30; Chaps. 17 and 19) = span medsurod cententocenter of supports for rossaysytenssnwasuee inthe divetion of te equivalent fame (Chap. 16) " » pan transverse to Fy, neasoed centertoscenter of supports (Chap. 6) development length sealable fr ste! revforcenent ‘= sony helght. or ovezal eight fal stores (Chap 15) required developinent length development length of dared bars or wites i compression (See 6.8) development length for hooked br (See. 6.10) lear spans longer cleat sp (Chap. 16) = unsupported length of a compression member (See: 187: Chap. 15) = Wansler lesth; length over which feketion mst develop the stess nthe eonerete la pretensioned mesnber (Chap. 20) a FHSS FE sts rt Me bsnl oinet sien Mf for member subject to eure lane (Cp 3 ills dat toate i ha Mar May_= nova moment stent fr hending st the and yas, apc ‘compression ts zero (Sue. 13.20) ‘ ° Ah smilerof moment at nds of ember, Mi 4c sara le resp ofp amet eno ener iva wy fe, bed) Mv Ma = snolerand lager expect of pinay manent at ends of menber in assy Le nbmce 1 larger of moments ut ands of emer, Man +8 Ma, = mini moment to be applied when there sapped asa compression and bending mone, : Ergo = erckig omen (Sec 1-4 far vonprestessl bans Sc 2.9 fr rests ean Mo.M, = dead we ve foal snonents, respecte factored) ‘slain Mowe! = ed lt ph ne od monn hy Ms, Coan et pinyin oat alo aes nha 15) W'S} = el wien at stanley eal mtr) (ee aon Chap 7) 27 = eaalnt to mehake the ts ea empreon NCI eae (See, 5.13}; maxinum primary bending moment (Chap. 13) Mo = nnn serie load moment aig tthe conliio wer wih deflection i computed ‘nasi beng nsonnentinleding effect of asl loa Ny + PesoUSTOF smyBous M, ‘non monet Ment Mu ied neat sent pe wt distin ye Hae (Chay, 18) M, "wi inst trent pel esa hn evap ste, Cs 21 Mag SWATHS Mts pane a 2 Mes My = nonin stent stn per it ds og de il fine the Bt aa igh spt nspretisu levity da (Sees 183) nosninal meni strength per unit stoic fr negative omen (Se. 18.1 ‘omninal ram nent strength per uni stance long the vie ine the mlspa ofa contin sla: nomina moment strength per wat tan far postive moment ¢Sees 183) vomvinal strmth My foe reinfremient i the ¥-ly-irctons. eexpoctvey Chap. 1S) ‘wot omen strat proved by eanaprssion se. eld a?) ‘von nent trong Pye ad the eh Pay abot Ut as (See: 8. QO nowsia monet strength contd by the easionsvinencenie in hata actions respeetively (Chap moni at mp oe snp syptet hem (Chaps el Hedeuud mom: nt at en fa espnctseh, ofa lesnal meniber See: WE20 ae Chap, 17) ‘rol anennet ston fr eng abot texan years weap he aa ‘ompression se See. 1320), My = peste nent stegth Mt Det positive aan rae M, Jaetonel monet Mas. May - = factored moment shout dex sl gases, spectively fe, 1.2. Mua Portin fansfvta hy flavin of the tal monic M, abe thas bse cone Slava jn (Ser. tS) My = portion inferred In shear nt of the ttal noinent Mh tobe tase even cnn nd Sava je Sees, £6 San 2 " suena eat atin FP Inarsosiag Mesoyi ha the pa iti in ail tus feta aval fare (ken positive npn) = fictowa asi fore tel to pl ep ts shear friction exe tite 5.16) spat thd unit presse etse! fev tng lp 12h ml pes pevineter afreaierine antenna clawed towns tvs cen Ses 1 Table 1.14.1) Poe et pc eps (Chap. 20) be = nse povimeer ofthe concrete eraseseeton (Chap. 19) fore cased hy ctv eth presse (8 Be = nominal axial strength at the balanced strain condition, » ering hail, 2B; Jb tensile fre caitlin bay i teas whe memlie subject to torso (See. 196) va axl tng as sonia expres ste penal yey Haw ACHE Cis BSD eee ‘oli nl. fr spray reinforevd eonnn Wig. E41 asl LAL) engl fara ail al edn fare = one ecole passin eth puss See. 122) : = jching fonesoiaprestnsing tel (Cp. 21% shear evista of eae i compen ‘when meni ks shjet to tors (Se: 16) r 1 ree a sane stat et the orig hc on etree poston enn (See, 217 PoP, = nominal compressive strength iy caine ecnpressi and nial Fenn a thee saves respected (Ser, E20) ' = factored as foe 3 = Elf dfNe tc), sabi tor (ap 15 sie nus of he stv sl an bene the eat anisvith exer athe neta sis ofthe cabopenite ston ha, . 2 rads of exeaion, VEN Ww coeflsent frst ves mete, My fled Che H co ntti Mpa) . transverse cenlertoreater spacing ot las for era cate See, 49) ‘ spacing afte reinforcement weave alee cin brs See 1 hikes fs (Caps. 16, al ITitine alae aflerleding(Se, HH thus dase nora ein See, 11D iar dustin of aang. days Sr. 110) 4 ge Hing, dns See. 8) t & Corsi foree (Chap. 19) eunmdatve eee of tompenstre, ere. Srinkage tenet Settlement, a srinkige compensating merete (See. 2 5 tensile free in ste fr the aie nin onion % nominal sional stint ati be ence 1 clfectne prestass forester ll prstss ls (Chap. 21) % finol terse ore nthe oda fer ase stent has ecenrned (Chap. 21) ” somites one. fySer Gri Fled 9 BLDL ee stor swe0is : . #3995 ty = now toon eth Hho © nominal oso stot ton newer sje! ous alone (ap. = feted torsional ent i ACI Cod ators salt lao vera Fatal na atone nent tre sea tore avi oc See 2.6 fe & pin sects leita cnet. Vy P= mona heats e/a a hoi ite cates cle of hing ast cnt sta (es om SCLITS. (Chap. 23) ‘wl shea teat iutale tthe einforenie, Vd {actor od torsional sess (Chap. 19) factored horas tes, Sec 1628) torsional she ates (Chup. 19), cont hovizontal shear atest. plane tw disney rn he Shear forse sul sete vial she srg er sara oni lesser crak te (Chap 21) al lhe ating (hp mie eal lista ane eChap 31) “ie nc ost ch fatwa Fig dat toni se ttt ort sls vieea eraser tg tint stn ple png es el past a Shara wetion «Ce. 833 tones teen shade alts (Fig 112.2) tifa la per ne Fonts sec nr nd penitent dest of entre a computing Fs) Sec hl td ld epee as scone al port tive ee ste ron compression Lo cto to neutral an ot ins tanga ‘erent sijet tao hap. ena sol nina nonient (Chap, 28 (ap, 22) Sito = mnie dinension af coe ardstason cn uesenter of hangin bar ef a setion sabe ‘ distance fis compression Feo section to sven hake tal condition y= distin fiona ventralis tosceton wher horizontal sea sealed See. 33 omg Aimsson of a recta ele sect hs sin (Chap 29) se © distance contd of enue to extreme frat Btn oP selon (See. 21.13 xd Chap, 2 = distane fiom noite ans to estense flier of voner te in tension distance hen eentoid of ‘rossseution to eatreane ura top of econ (See. 2113 nl Chap. 2 Yi-ay = long dimension of core or eententorenteroflongvinal ars ofa section suljcet to torsion Fig. 19.63) « east eon verti plae tothe plane on whieh normal sts ff an sear sees ack (Sec 5.2 agehotwwen srt and tie ates (See. 5.1} sige finlinaion ol shear wenfoncennent measured from sais of member ange of inter etion (Pig. 125i, PLAY Gn D (Chap. 1S ‘id= constants self detec de loa cntour curve Fr bial benting al eonstant compressive Mew P(e. 13.20) ym SAG/AY 3 3 tate seating to bearing presse ohne camera aca (Chap. 20) ie dewwhypncot eth taal fick fr exces tenet (See 66) a ge betwee sheaf venforeeneat st de shear po See. 3.16) % Fein Es rato of Hostess of beam set to te Meat stirs fa wily ta bose lav by the semerine ot adjacent pach i ay. an evel ne al te Bos See He en ithe dnection of Ly (Chap, 18) on serage a forall beans lang the edges ofa panel (See. 165) « wg the reinforcement wakes wih th ais af the sit (See, 3.14) % = parameter for ésiavay shear seton: AO fr nteriar elms, 30 fr ele cobs ant 20 for ‘comer colons Sees, MLt5 and 20.5) e st af sles sa to that of sured eonapente sb sti (Se 16.16) « inensionlssfatorwlitng to trsonl strengl .48+B:38ye/0y tee, 186) # Mar! Mo 0 Muy/ My (Se 13.20%; 5, rato af longer shorter clear ypan (hp. 18 slinsusicnless cost ave to canypate lesdml easton © fa eetoguut ge (Tab 193 1 fs tion /xs depth of wetangaa sess estriton wo the dept tothe meatal axis (See. 3) P= rato of ares of longitu bars cut of to the tl steal rsa the seeton ee By 4m sation eng side to short side af concentrated lal teen y= propestion of factored asia! ll tha fy stad (Chay. 13) = alfator that acewunts Fr the typeof node (See 3.14)REINFORCE CONCRETE DESIGN Seventh Edition Chu-Kia Wang Charles G. Salmon José A. Pincheira University of Wisconsin—Madison JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.Associate Publisher — Dante! Sayre Aciisitions Editor Jennifer Welter Senior Production Editor Patricia Me¥aden Director of Marketing Frank Zypnen Creative Director Harry Nolen Senior Desi Hope Miller Production Management Services Ingraa Associates Realtor Assistant Mary Aor Media Editor Steven Chasey Cover Photo C. G, Salnon—Stratosphere Tower Las Vegas. “This book was set in 10/2 Thnes Roman by TechBooks and printed and bound by Hamalten Peinting, The cover was printed by Phoenix Color: ‘This book is printed on acid free paper. 09 Copyright © 2007 Jon Wiley & Sons, te. All igh rese ‘No pas of ths pablictton may be reproduced, stored in a reteval pst ortansnted in any far. or by ‘ny means eletronic, mechani, photocopying, recording, seaming o othenise, except ws peated "unter Sections 107 oF 108 ofthe 1876 Unite States Copyright Ac, without ether the prior written permission of the Publisher, orauthorzation threngh payment ofthe appropriate percopy fee to the Copyrigt Clearance Centr, Ine, 222 Resowood Drive, Danvers, MA 01023, website wazcopuright.com, Rogues to the Publisher for permission shouldbe addresed othe Perilssions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 11 River Steet, Hoboken, N} 070305774, (2019748.6011, fax (201)748-6008, website hupdhnwnteyecardgrennissions a ‘To order books o for customer service, please call 1-800-CALL WILEY (225-5045) BN13 978-0-471-26986.2 ISBNe10 0-471-26286-2, Printed inthe United States of Ameren 30987654921Preface The content of the seventh edition of this text reflects the continuing change occurring [2 design procedures for seinforeed concrete structs, The strength design philosophy prow well established, Current design recognizes that the “limit state” seachedenes, the strength of the member i reached, ori may be reached when the meuher noe serviceable {such as when it deflects too much), Either strength or serviceubility may control design; this, both limit states must be considered. The seventh edition incorporates the changes indesign rules aisng from the publi. fation of the 2005 American Concrete Institute (ACI) Building Code and Commentary {ACT 318-085. ® APPROACH Thisnew edition follows the samephilosophieal approach thathas gained wide ace :ptance of users since the ist edition was published in 1965, Herein, as previously se eength and behavior of conerete elements are treated with the primary objective of explaining and {ptifing the ACI Code rules and formulas." Then, mumesous examples are presented Mlustratig the general approach to csign and analysis. Considering the limited scope of most examples, attempts to reach practical results are made insofar as possible Considerable emphasis is placed on presenting for the student, aswell as the practic Uuwengineer the basic concepts deemed essential to understand and apply propery the AGI Gode rules and formulas, The treatment is incorporated into the chapters in such 2 Wey tint the reader may ether study in detail the concepts in logical sequence or merely sceePt a qualitative explanation and proceed directly to the design process using the ACI Code. COURSE SUGGESTIONS jepencling on the proficiency required of the student, this book may provide material {or bo courses of Hee or four semester-houss each. Its suggested tht the beginning course in concrete structures for undergraduate students might contain the waterial of Chapters 1 through 9, 13, and the spread footings portion of Chapter 20, ewepting Sections 5.13 through 5.17 and 13.18 through 13.20. In addition, the frst portion of Chapter 21, “Introduction to Prestressed Concrete, "is recommended forthe fret enwrac, The second conse may start with the continous beam in Chapter 10, using that topic to review many of the subjects in Chapters 1 throngh 9. The remaining chapters— particularly Chapter 14 on dettections; Chapter 15 on length effects on compression smembers; Chapter 16 on two-way slab systems; the remaining seetions of Chapter 3 on shear strength affected by axial force, strut-and-tie models, deep beans, sheafrction, and brackets; Chapter 19 on torsion; acl Chapter 21 on prestressed conerete—are sig, gested for inclusion, “Sines nest continous reference sme othe 2005 ACH Carle and Convent: the sade wl ei lesinble to secure a copy of fom the American Concrete Insite, BO. Box 9084, Parinington Hille MU 48833, Since 1980, the Code ancl Commentary are contained na single document.iv & Preface » NEW TO THIS EDITION Special features of the seventh edition are * Load and Strength Reduction Factors. Completely revised use of what were the alternative load and strength reduction factors contained in Appendix C of the 1995 ACI Code. These were moved to the main body of the 2005 ACI Code. At the same time, the traditional factors were moved to Appendix Cand became the alternative loud and strength reduetion factors. As a result, example problems in all chapters have been completely revised using the load and strengéh reduction factors that now appear in the main body of the 2008 eode. A few example problems using the traditional load and strength reduction factors (now alternative factors in Appendix C) are also included. Unified Design Provisions. Completely revised presentation of the Unified Design Provisions for flexure which have been incorporated into the main body of the 2005 ACI Code (with « few changes}. Previously these were contained in Appendix Bof the 1995 ACI Code. Accordingly, the matesial and all example prob lems have bee Lin the current edition of this book to relleet this change in the code provisions. The traditional design approach, which invalved the classifi- cation of a section bused on the amount of steel compared to that corresponding to the balanced condition, is still permitted in the 2005 Code but itis now in Ap: pendix B, These traditional provisions as well as a few exemple problems ave also presented in the present edition of this book. + Strut-and-Tie-Models. Presentation of entirely new design provisions using strut-and-tie models, in accordance with Appendix A of the 2005 AGI Code, Ac cordingly, an entirely new section (Section 5. 4) on strut-and-tie models wasadded in Chapter. This section not only expands on the material presented in the previ- ous edition of this book, butt also contains new background material and guidance forthe selection of appropriate strut-and-tie models, Example problemsin Section 5.15 Deep Beams and 5.17 Brackets and Corbels have been added or modified to ‘nelude design examples using strut-and-tie models. * Working Stress Design Method. The Working Stress Design method (Ap- pendix A in the 1995 Code) was removed from the current 2005 code. Thus, in the seventh edition much material relating to Working Stress Design and corre. sponding example problems were eliminated. The ACT Code Committee decided that this design approach is rarely used in today’s practice and readers can always consult other sources (such as previous editions of this book) if interested in the background and example problems using Working Stress Design > IMPORTANT FEATURES RETAINED FROM PREVIOUS EDITIONS [This complete revision has retained (striving to improve claity and wording) the impor tant features ofthe sisth edition, including the following: * detailed treatment of beam deflections, in Chapter 14; * introductory treutment of yield line theory for slabs, in Chapter 18; * in the development length provisions of Chapter 6, new ACI Code formulations and changes of symbols ave illustrated; * special analysis techniques forusing equivalent framein the analysis of slab—frame systems, in Chapter 17;Preface -< v * prestressed concrete treatment necessary for understanding the basie concepts, in Chapter 21; and introductory treatment of composite eoncrete-omeonerete construction, in Chapter 22. )» SEUNITS This edition continues the modest treatment of SI units used in previous editions, The 2005 ACT Code has an SI version (known as ACI $18-05M) and the $1 version of the ACT Gods equations appear in this book as footrote equations wth the same erpuation puupher* According to the ACI Code, the designer must use in its entirety eter the Inch-Pound units version {ACI 318-05) or the SI version (ACI 318-05M), The authors believe that sufficient metrication should he included in a text on reinforced concrete 50 that some familiarity may be gained with SI units, but not so muich as to interfere with leaming the basie concepts of concrete design; constant conversion back and forth between Inch-Pound and St nnitsis more confusing than usingcither one exclusively. The {ext provides data on reinforcing bars in accordance with ASTM (Ameriean Society for Testing and Materials) Inch-Pound units, and also ASTM SI units (the “soft” conversion of the bur sizes and strengths approved in 1996), as wells the ST barsand material strengths used in Canacla. Some design tables are provided for bars ancl material strengths in SI units, a fow numerical examples are given in ST units, and many problems at the ends of chapters are given with an SF alternate in paconthesis at the end of the problem statement Regarding the choice between the Standard Metric unit of force (kilogram foree, kal) or the $1 unit of force (newton = kilogram meter per second squared), the wuthors have concluded that use of the newton in accordance with IEEE/ASTM $1-2002 (this document has replaced ASTM E360) is the accepted metrie approseh in the United States, Thus, in all parts of this book where metric versions are i sed, the newton «N) or kilonewton (INN) is used to meastve force, The ST anit of stross is the pascal (Pa), or newton per meter squared, which ecanse ofits typically Targe numerical value is wsially expressed in megapascals (MPa) that is, 108 pascals, A few diagrams hawe along the stress ais the kilogram force per centimeter squared (kgf/cm?) in addition to Inch-Pound and SI units. In accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI-2002, the units traditionally used in the United States continue to be referred to as Inch-Pound, instead of US Customary as used in this text prior to the fourth edition, For the convenience of the reader, some conversion factors for forces, stresses, uniform loading, and moments ave provided on a separate page following this Prefice. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors contimne to be indebted to students, colleagues, and other users of the first six editions, who have suggested improvements of wording, identified errors, and recommended items for incision oF omission, These suggestions have been carefully considered and the result is reflected in this complete revision. “The ACI Formulas in $1 units have been changed from ACI SIS02M to ACI 318.05M, Wheeeus in the 3002 ACK Corde nul eatier editions where SI onits were used, they were so-called “hard” conversions so that whole number multipliers or divisors were used giving results slightly different from those in the ACT Coc Inch. Ponnd version. tn 2005, the mnkipiers andl divisors were changed to eonvert “exietly” fom the Incl: Powe toSI sits,Users of this seventh edition are urged to communicate with the authors regard. ing all aspects of this book, particularly on identification of errors and suggestions for improvement. The authors again gratefully acknowledge the longstime continuing patience and encouragement of their wives. To the memory of ourwives, Vera Wang and Bette Salmon, vwe aflectionately dedicate this book. ‘The third author would also like to acknowledge the support and encouragement from his family, especially his wife, Paulette, and his four children. To them, he wholeheartedly dedicates this book. The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance provided by Sue Brunsell of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, (Chu-Kia Wang Charles G. Salmon José A, Pincheira Available from the Publisher Available only to instructors who adopt the text: * Solutions Manual. Solutions to many of the exercises in the text + Image gallery of text figures * Text figures in PowerPoint format These instructor-only resources are password-protected. Visit the Instructor section of the book website at waw.viley.com/collegefvang to register for a password to access these materials.Conversion Factors Some Conversion Factors, between Inch-Pound Concrete Design and SI Units, Usefull in Reinforced ‘To Convert To Multiply by Forces kip force ke 4448 » N 4448 ky kip 0.2248 Stresses isi MPa (i.e,, Ninn?) 6.995) psi MPa 0.006805 MP Is 0.1450 MPa si 1450 Moments fiekip 1.356 kN-m 07376 Uniform Loading hiptt 1450 kNim 0.06852 ips? 4788 pst 88 kin? 0.09089 Density pet 16.01846 For proper use of System) (IEEL/ASTM S1-10), American Society for Tes ee for the Use of Metre (SP) Us Also see Standard Pr E56 Supplement to I Pasis of Conversions (RER/ASTM-SIM): 1 in Dasie 1 units relating to strnctural ste! design Quantity Unit Symbot length metre m mass Talo eg time second s Derived SI units relating to structural desig: Quantity Unie Symbol forew newton N pressure sess pascal Pa energy, oF work joule } 254 non 1 Bs face Porm ganas? Naw tana for Use of The International System of Units (SD the Modern Metrie sting ancl Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2002. nits Buin Design and Construction (Commitee 'EIASTM-SI-10}(ANSUASTM 1621-04 909Je1), American Socket Materials, Amesiean Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 1908, ty for Testing and 4468921 615 280 5 yeasts,Contents / Preface iii - Conversion Factors vii 1 Introduction, Materials, and Properties 1 1.1 Reinforced Concrete Structures. 1.2 Historical Background 1.3 Concrete 1.4 Cement 1.5 Aggregates 1.6 Admixtures 1.7 Compressive Strength 1.8 Tensile Strength 1.9 Modulus of Elasticity 1.10 Creep and Shrinkage 1.11 Concrete Quality Control 1.12 Steel Reinforcement 1.13 Si Units Selected References 2 Design Methods and Requirements 29 21 ACI Building Code 22 Strength Design and Working Stress Design Methods 23 Working Stress Method 24 Strength Design Method 25 Comments on Design Methods 2.6 Safety Provisions—General 27 Safety Provisions—Load Factors and Strength Reduction Factors 28 Safety Provisions—ACI Appendix C Traditional Load and Strength Reduction Factors 29 Handbooks and Computer Software 2.10 Dimensions and Tolerances 211 Accuracy of Computations Selected References 3 Strength of Rectangular Sections in Bending 41 3.1 General Introduction 3.2 Flexural Behavior and Strength of Rectangular Sections 3.3 Whitney Rectangular Stress Distribution 3.4 Nominal Moment Strength M,—Rectangular Sections Having Tension Reinforcement Only 35 Balanced Strain Condition 36 Tension- and Compression-Controlled Sections 3.7 Minimum Reinforcement 3.8 Design of Rectangular Sections in Bending Having Tension Reinforcement Only Under ACI-10.3 and 10.5 3.9 Practical Selection for Beam Sizes, Bar Sizes, and Bar Placement 3.10 Nominal Moment Strength M, of Rectangular Sections Having Both Tension and Compression Reinforcement 3.11 Design of Beams Having Both Tension and Compression Reinforcement Under ACI-10.35 3.12 Design of Sections in Bending—ACI-Appendix B Alternative Provisions 3.13 Non-Rectangular Sections Selected References Problems 4 Rectangular Sections in Bending Under Service Load Conditions 8 41 General Introduction 42 Fundamental Assumption 4.3 Modulus of Elasticity Ratio n 4.4 Equilibrium Conditions 45 Method of Transformed Section 46 Investigation of Rectangular Sections in Bending with Tension Reinforcement Only 47 Design of Rectangular Sections in Bending with Tension Reinforcement Only 48 Serviceability—Deflections 4.9 Serviceability—Flexural Crack Coitrol for Beams and One-Way Slabs 4.10 Serviceability—Side Face Crack Control for Large Beams Selected References Problems villContents 4 ix 5 Shear Strength and Shear Reinforcement 117 541 Introduction 52 The Shear Stress Formula Based on Linear Stress Distribution 83 The Combined Stress Formula 54 Behavior of Beams without Shear Reinforcement 55 Shear Strength of Beams without Shear Feinforcement—ACI Code 5.6 Function of Shear Reinforcement 5.7 Truss Model for Reinforced Concrete Beams 5:8 Shear Strength of Beams with Sheer Reinforcement--ACI Code 59 Lower and Upper Limits for Amount of Shear Reinforcement 10 Critical Section for Nominal Shear Strength Calculation BT ACI Code Provisions for Shear Strength of Beams 5.12 Shear Strength of Beams—Design Examples 5.13 Shear Strength of Members Under Combined Bending and Axial Load 5.14 Strut-and-Tie Models §:15 Deep Beams 5.416 Shear-Friction 5.17 Brackets and Corbels Selected References Problems 6 Development of Reinforcement 229 641 General 62 Development Length 63 Flexural Bond 6.4 Bond Failure Mechanisms 6.6 Moment Capacity Diagram—Bar Bends and Cutofts 86 Developrient Length for Tension Reinforcement—ACI Code 6.7 Modification Factors vr, we, and 3. to the Ber Development Length Equations—ACI Code 5.8 Development Length for Compression Reinforcement 69 Development Length for Bundled Bars 6.10 Development Length for a Tension Bar Terminating in a Standard Hook 6.11. Bar Cutoffs in Negative Moment Region of Continuous Beams 6.12 Bar Cutoff in Positive Moment Region of Continuous Beams 8.13 Bar Cutoffs in Uniformly Loaded Cantilever Beams 6.14 Development of Reinforcement at Simple Supports and at Points of Inflection 6.15 Development of Shear Reinforcement 6.16 Tension Lap Splices 6.17 Welded Splices and Mechanical Connections in Tension 6.18 Compression Lap Splices 6.19 End Bearing Connections, Welded Splices, and Mechanical Connections in Compression 6.20 Splices for Members Under Compression and Bending 621 Design Examples Selected References Problems 7 Continuity in Building Frames of Reinforced Concrete 287 7.1 Common Building Frames 7.2 Positions of Live Load for Moment Envelope 7.3 Method of Analysis 7.4 ACI Moment Coefficients 7.5 ACI Moment Diagrams 7.6 Shear Envelope for Design Selected References Problems. 8 Design of One-Way Slabs 305 81 Definition 8.2 Design Methods 83 Thickness of Slab 84 Choice of Reinforcement 85 Continuity Analysis 86 Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement 87 BarDetails Selected References Problems 9 T-Sections in Bending 319 541 General 9.2 Comparison of Rectangular and T-Sections 93 Etfective Flange Width 4 Nominal Moment Strength M, of T-Sections 9.5 Maximum Tension Reinforcement Permitted in T-Sections by ACI-Appendix B Alternative Provisions 98 Design of T-Sections in Bending Selected References Problemsx > Contents 10 1 12 13 14 Continuous Slab-Beam-Girder and Concrete Joist Floor Systems 334 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Size of Beam Web 10.3 Continuous Frame Analysis for Beams 10.6 Choice of Longitudinal Reinforcementin Beams 10.5 Sheer Reinforcement in Beams 10.6 Details of Bars in Beams 10.7 Size of Gircer Web 10.8 Continuous Frame Analysis for Girders 10.9 Choice of Longitudinal Reinforcement in Girders 10.10 One-Way Joist Floor Construction 10.11 Design of Concrete Joist Floors 10.12 Redistribution of Moments—Introduction to Limit Analysis Selected References Problems Monolithic Beam-to-Column Joints 385 114 Monolithic Joints 11.2 Forces Acting ona Joint 11.3 Joint Transverse Reinforcement 11.4 Shear Through a Joint 11.5 Design Examples Selected References Problems Cantilever Retaining Walls 404 124 Types of Retaining Structures 12.2 Forces on Retaining Walls 123 Stability Requirements 12.4 Preliminary Proportioning of Cantilever Wells 12.8 Design Example—Cantilever Retaining Wall Selected References Problems Members in Compression and Bending 430 {QA Introduction 132 Types of Columns 133 Behavior of Axially Loaded Columns 13.4 Safety Provisions for Compression Members 135 Concentrically Loaded Short Columns 13.6 Strength interaction Diagram 13.7 Length Effects 13.8 Lateral Ties 13.9 Spiral Reinforcement and Longitudinal Bar Placement 13.10 Limits on Percentage of Reinforcement 13.11 Maximum Strength in Axial Compression—ACl Code 13.12 Balanced Strain Condition—Rectangular Sections 13.13 Nominal Strength of a Compression-Controlled Rectangular Section 13.144 Nominal Strength of a Rectangular Section Having Eccentricity e Greater Than Balanced Eccentricity 13.15 Design for Strength—Region |, Minimum Eccentricity 13.16 Design for Strength—Region li, Compression-Controlled Sections (@nin < @ < Gy) 13:17 Design for Strength—Transition Zone and Tension-Controlled Sections (e > ey) 13.18 Circular Sections as Compression Members with Bending 13.19 Axial Tension and Bending Moment 13.20 Biaxial Bending and Compression Selected References Problems Deflections 514 144 General 14.2 Deflections for Elastic Sections 14.3 Modulus of Elasticity 144 Momentof Inertia 145 Instantaneous Deflections in Design 146 Creep Effect on Deflections Under Sustained Load 14.7 Shrinkage Effect on Deflections Under Sustained Load 14.8 Creep and Shrinkage Deflection—ACI Code Method 149 Creep and Shrinkage Deflection—Alternate Procedures 14.10 ACI Minimum Depth of Flexural Members 14.11 Span-to-Depth Ratio to Account for Cracking and Sustained Load Effects 14.12 ACI Code Deflection Provisions—Beam Examples Selected References Problems