EXPERIMENT 

NO – 1

AIM : - Study of DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENT TUTOR (LVDT)and to

perform experiment to determine percentage error.
GENRAL DESCRIPTION : - It is a table mounted tutor to train the student
or to measure the displacement through a LVDT (Linear variable
Differential Transducers).
Digital placement Indicator is a mains operated & which can be used with
any kind of LVDT based transducer. It is a high resolution and accurate
indicator which displays the linear displacement through LVDT type
transducer, operating on the principle of linear variable transducer.
The principle of LVDT, when AC current is applied to primary winding, it
produces a magnetic field which in turn, induced e.m.f. in two
differentially connected primary windings. The magnetic core moving
linearly along the axis varies the flux leakages from primary to both the
secondaries. The output voltage thus obtained is linear proportional to
linear displacement.
This tutor is complete with calibration jig fixed with dial gauge to give a
known placement to the core shaft of the LVDT.
BASIC DISCRIPTION :- The indicator provides necessary excitation power
to the sensor. The output of the sensor which is proportional to the
measuring parameter is fed to the indicator for further processing and is
displayed on a seven segment LED display. The resolution of the A/D
converter defines the resolution of the indicator. The analogue output in
the form of voltage enables the user to interface with
other equipments such as meters, printers, recorders.The indicator has a 
numeric LED display.

SPECIFICATIONS :
DIGITAL INDICATOR :
Display  : 31/2 digit LED [max. count ± 1999]
Input : AC LVDT type transducer
Excitation : 2V rms, 5 KHz

1
Linearity : 0.05% of full scale
Accuracy : 0.1% of full scale
Analogue output : ± 2V in full scale (for CRO)
Power source : 230 V ± 10%, 50 Hz.
LVDT :
Range : 10 mm
Linearity : 0.04% of full scale
Sensitivity : 25mv/v/mm

JIG :
To measure the known displacement of 0 to 300 mm.

2
FRONT PANEL DESCRIPTION :
Power LED : A red colour indication which shows the indicator is on
working conditions.
1/2
Display : 3 digit red colour LED to display the displacement.
Zero Adj. : A ten turn trimpot to balance the Transducer to obtain zero
reading on the display.
Span Adj.          : To adjust the full range of the sensitivity to give
proportional reading.
BINDING TERMINALS :
Red post : A red colour wire of the transducer or the +ve Excitation wire.
Green post   : A Green colour wire of the transducer or the -ve   Excitation wire.
Yellow post : A yellow colour wire of the transducer or the signal wire of the
transducer.
Black post : A black colour wire of the transducer or the signal wire of the
transducer.
Shield or ground : A white wire of a LVDT or a white colours.
REAR PANEL DESCRIPTION :
1. A mains lead connected to 230V, 50Hz.
2. A power ON/OFF switch to give power to displacement indicator.
3. A three pin socket to connect the analogue output to the CRO or for recording
purpose.
PROCEDURE :
1. Fix the LVDT on to the calibration jig.
2. Connect the five wires of the LVDT to the digital Displacement Indicator
on the respective post viz. Red, Green, Black, Yellow & GND post.
3. Now switch on the power.
4. Left the instrument for atleast 5 min for a warm up time.
5. Now push the shaft of the LVDT inside and set the span or a full
displacement of a LVDT through a span set a ten turn potentiometer.
6. Now left the LVDT to the zero position or full out and now set zero on
the display by the help of two horizontal zero setter switch on front panel.
7. Now the instrument is ready for experiment.

3
8. Give the displacement through the meter by revolving the knob of a jig
and measure the same on the indicator. Take instroke and outstroke
endings. Then find out the accuracy or non linearity sensitivity.

OBSERVATION TABLE

S.N Displacement Jig (x 25) (ie 1 mm = 25 Digital Percentage

o reading mv on Digital display) Indicator Error

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

4
 EXPERIMENT NO. 2

AIM : - Study of STRAIN MEASUREMENT TUTOR and to perform experiment to

determine percentage error.

GENRAL DESCRIPTION :- It is a table mounted tutor which consists of a digital

strain indicator, cantilever beam and a hanger with set of weights. To train the
student or to measure a strain, digital strain indicator is used for
measurement/training purpose in 1, 2 or 4 arm configuration with 120, 350 and
600 ohm strain gauges. It is high resolution and accurate tutor which displays
the strain values or output of measuring transducers such as load/force,
pressure etc operating on the principle of strain gauges.

Cantilever beam supplied with tutor is fabricated by bonding of four No. of strain
gauges at this section where maximum strain are produced while applying the
load at the free end of the cantilever beam. To apply the loads at the free end of
he cantilever beam, weights can be put on hanger in step of 50gm each or total
load of 500gm can also be put or at the desired interval.

BASIC DESCRIPTION :- The indicator provides necessary excitation power to the

bridge or the sensor. The output of the bridge or sensor which is proportional to
the strain or the measuring parameter is fed to the indicator for further
processing and is displayed on a seven segment LED display. The resolution of
A/D converter defines the resolution of the indicator. The analogue output in
the form of voltage enables the user to interface with other equipments such as
meters, printers, recorders, CRO.
The indicator has a numeric LED display.
FRONT PANEL DESCRIPTION :
Display  : 41/2 red colour LED Display
Bridge selector switch : To select the bridge configuration
  when switch is ON.
                                       F  : Full Bridge configuration
        H : Half Bridge configuration

5
        Q : Quarter Bridge configuration

Resistance selector switch: To Select the resistance of strain gauge used in

bridge bonded on to the cantilever beam/transducer  facility is given for 120,
350, 600 ohms.

Toggled switch : A two way you keep it at GF indicator will display gauge factor

of strain gauges under measurement when you keep at ST indicator
will display the strain.
Adj. 1/GF  : This is a ten turn potentiometer for setting the gauge factor.
BAL                : A ten turn potentiometer to balance  initial unbalance of bridge.
Cal Check : A push button when you push this button it will display near by
1000.
BINDING TERMINALS:
Red post  : +ve Excitation wire.
Green post  : -ve Excitation wire.
Yellow post  : +ve signal
Black post  : -ve signal
Blue  : For grounding.
RAER PANEL DESCRIPTION
Power switch  : To ON/OFF the power
Mains cord : A lead to give power to the digital strain indicator.
Analogue : CRO will be connected on this terminal.
CANTILEVER BEAM
It is ready to connect with strain indicator, in quarter, half and full
bridge configuration.

Red wire  : +ve Excitation wire.
Green wire : -ve Excitation wire.
Yellow wire : +ve signal
Black wire : -ve signal

SPECIFICATIONS
Measuring range : 0 to ± 1999 (m/m (micro strain)
Display : 41/2 digit
Resolution : 1 micro strain (over entire range)
Polarity Indication : Automatic, on display

6
 Bridge configuration : 1,2 and 4 arm
Internal dummy resistors: 120, 350, 600 ohms
Bridge balancing range : More than ±10,000 micro strains

Bridge balancing :

1) Two step switch for coarse arrangement balance.

2) Ten torn control for fine balancing. Facility to switch out the balancing
controls.
Gauge factor range : 1 to 10 adjustable through screw driver panel
control.
Gauge factor display : Same display displays reciprocal of   gauge
factor.
Calibration check : Push button on panel simulates known
strain. Facility for control of external calibration resistor.
Over all inaccuracy : ±0.05% of full scale ± 1 digit
Temperature Drift : ±0.02% of full scale per 0C.
Analogue output : ± 200 mv corresponding to full scale display.
Power source : 230 V± 10%, 50Hz.
SYSTEM OPERATION
1. Fix the Cantilever beam with the help of supplied nuts, bolts
and screws.
2. Connect the unit to 230 V, 50 Hz mains and switch ON the
power provided on the rear panel of the strain indicator, let
the unit warm up for atleast 5 minutes for stabilization.
3. Select the connected wires from the cantilever beam in the
desired bridge configuration.
4. Now connect these selected connecting wires to the binding
posts provided on the front panel of the indicator, connect
the red wire to red post and green wire to green post &
respectively. If LED display is blinking it shows that the
connection is wrong.

7
5. Select the bridge mode with the help of selector switch on
the front panel, selected through the cantilever beam.
6. Select the bridge resistance by the help of resistance switch
viz. 120, 350 & 600 ohm.
7. Now put the toggle switch on GF and adjust the GF for
example : Suppose the gauge factor of the strain gauge used
is 2 (on our Case). 1/GF = ½ = 0.500.
8. Now by the help of Adj. a ten turn pot, by revolving it to right
or left set o.00 on the display.
9. Put the toggle switch on strain (ST) mode and use BAL (a ten
turn pot) on front panel by revolving to right or left, balance
the bridge on a pre-amplified signal ( 0.000 on the display).
10. Now press the CAL CHECK push button after pressing it the
display shows 1000 strains ( approximately). It shows the
connecting bridge is in working conditioning.
11. Now keep the hanger at the free end of the cantilever beam
and once again adjust the display reading to 0.000with the
help of BAL.
12. Now the unit is ready for measurement.
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Length of cantilever beam = 300 mm
Height of cantilever beam = 3.4 mm
Width of the beam = 25 mm
bd 3
I = 12  , E = 7.6518 x 1010 N/m2
Moment M = Wg x l
M
xY
Stress σ = I
δ
Strain εo = E
Gauge factor = 2

8
 εo
strain = 2(G .F )
                          OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No. Load Calculated Display reading  % Error

Value Strain
 Strain
1. 50 gm
2. 100
gm
3. 200
gm
4. 300
gm
5. 400
gm
6. 500
gm

STRAIN GAUGE
If a strip of conductive metal is stretched, it will become skinnier and
longer, both changes resulting in an increase of electrical resistance
end-to-end. Conversely, if a strip of conductive metal is placed under
compressive force (without buckling), it will broaden and shorten. If
these stresses are kept within the elastic limit of the metal strip (so
that the strip does not permanently deform), the strip can be used as a
measuring element for physical force, the amount of applied force
inferred from measuring its resistance. Such a device is called
a strain gauge. Strain gauges are frequently used in mechanical

9
engineering research and development to measure the stresses
generated by machinery. Aircraft component testing is one area of
application, tiny strain-gauge strips glued to structural members,
linkages, and any other critical component of an airframe to measure
stress. Most strain gauges are smaller than a postage stamp, and they
look something like this:

A strain gauge’s conductors are very thin: if made of round wire, about

1/1000 inch in diameter. Alternatively, strain gauge conductors may be
thin strips of metallic film deposited on a nonconducting substrate
material called the carrier. The latter form of strain gauge is
represented in the previous illustration. The name “bonded gauge” is
given to strain gauges that are glued to a larger structure under stress
(called the test specimen). The task of bonding strain gauges to test
specimens may appear to be very simple, but it is not. “Gauging” is a
craft in its own right, absolutely essential for obtaining accurate, stable
strain measurements. It is also possible to use an unmounted gauge
wire stretched between two mechanical points to measure tension, but
this technique has its limitations.
Strain Gauge Resistance

10
Typical strain gauge resistances range from 30 Ω to 3 kΩ (unstressed).
This resistance may change only a fraction of a percent for the full
force range of the gauge, given the limitations imposed by the elastic
limits of the gauge material and of the test specimen. Forces great
enough to induce greater resistance changes would permanently
deform the test specimen and/or the gauge conductors themselves, thus
ruining the gauge as a measurement device. Thus, in order to use the
strain gauge as a practical instrument, we must measure extremely
small changes in resistance with high accuracy.
Such demanding precision calls for a bridge measurement circuit.

Bridge Measurement Circuit

A strain gauge bridge circuit indicates measured strain by the degree
of imbalance, and uses a precision voltmeter in the center of the
bridge to provide an accurate measurement of that imbalance:

Typically, the rheostat arm of the bridge (R 2 in the diagram) is set at
a value equal to the strain gauge resistance with no force applied. The
two ratio arms of the bridge (R1 and R3) are set equal to each other.
Thus, with no force applied to the strain gauge, the bridge will be
symmetrically balanced and the voltmeter will indicate zero volts,

11
representing zero force on the strain gauge. As the strain gauge is
either compressed or tensed, its resistance will decrease or increase,
respectively, thus unbalancing the bridge and producing an indication
at the voltmeter. This arrangement, with a single element of the
bridge changing resistance in response to the measured variable
(mechanical force), is known as a quarter-bridge circuit.

Quarter-Bridge and Half Bridge Circuits

Even though there are now two strain gauges in the bridge circuit,
only one is responsive to mechanical strain, and thus we would still
refer to this arrangement as a quarter-bridge. However, if we were to
take the upper strain gauge and position it so that it is exposed to the
opposite force as the lower gauge (i.e. when the upper gauge is
compressed, the lower gauge will be stretched, and vice versa), we
will have both gauges responding to strain, and the bridge will be
more responsive to applied force. This utilization is known as a half-
bridge. Since both strain gauges will either increase or decrease
resistance by the same proportion in response to changes in
temperature, the effects of temperature change remain canceled and
the circuit will suffer minimal temperature-induced measurement
error:

12
An example of how a pair of strain gauges may be bonded to a test
specimen so as to yield this effect is illustrated here:

With no force applied to the test specimen, both strain gauges have
equal resistance and the bridge circuit is balanced. However, when a
downward force is applied to the free end of the specimen, it will
bend downward, stretching gauge #1 and compressing gauge #2 at
the same time:

13
Full-Bridge Circuits
In applications where such complementary pairs of strain gauges can
be bonded to the test specimen, it may be advantageous to make all
four elements of the bridge “active” for even greater sensitivity. This
is called a full-bridge circuit:

14
Both half-bridge and full-bridge configurations grant greater
sensitivity over the quarter-bridge circuit, but often it is not possible
to bond complementary pairs of strain gauges to the test specimen.
Thus, the quarter-bridge circuit is frequently used in strain
measurement systems.
When possible, the full-bridge configuration is the best to use. This is
true not only because it is more sensitive than the others, but because
it is linear while the others are not. Quarter-bridge and half-bridge
circuits provide an output (imbalance) signal that is
only approximately proportional to applied strain gauge force.
Linearity, or proportionality, of these bridge circuits is best when the
amount of resistance change due to applied force is very small
compared to the nominal resistance of the gauge(s). With a full-
bridge, however, the output voltage is directly proportional to applied

15
force, with no approximation (provided that the change in resistance
caused by the applied force is equal for all four strain gauges!).

 REVIEW:
 A strain gauge is a thin strip of metal designed to measure
mechanical load by changing resistance when stressed (stretched
or compressed within its elastic limit).
 Strain gauge resistance changes are typically measured in a
bridge circuit, to allow for precise measurement of the small
resistance changes, and to provide compensation for resistance
variations due to temperature.

GAUGE FACTOR (GF):- A fundamental parameter of the strain gauge

is its sensitivity to strain, expressed quantitatively as the gauge factor
(GF). Gauge factor is defined as the ratio of fractional change in
electrical resistance to the fractional change in length (strain): The
Gauge Factor for metallic strain gauges is typically around 2.

16
 EXPERIMENT NO. 3

AIM : - Study of RPM MEASUREMENT TUTOR and to perform

experiment to determine percentage error.
SPECIFICATIONS & TOP PANEL DESCRIPTION
Range : 1999 RPM
Resolution : 1 RPM
Display : 31/2 Digit LED
Inputs : RPM Transducer
Single turn pot : Motor speed control Adjustment pot
ON/OFF Switch : To ON/OFF the system
Fuse : 0.5 milli. amp.
Light LED : Indicates the power supply the switch is in  ON
position.
Test point : a) Display card supply +5V
There are two terminals :
Red : +5V
Black : Gnd.
b) Signal conditioner card supply +12V
There are two terminals for :
Red : +12V
Black : Gnd.
c) Sensor output to CRO
Red : High
Black : Low
Square wave in CRO.

RPM sensor with teeth wheel disc 8 Nos. teeth.

All the points can be measured through multimeter/ or CRO.
OPERATING PROCEDURE
1. Connect the RPM sensor at the 9 pin connector.
2. Power ON the switch.
3. Give 5 min. time to stabilize the instrument.

17
4. Display show 0000 reading.
5. Motor rotated by single turn pot. Motor speed control pot
rotated minimum to maximum.
PRECAUTIONS
1. To get good performance from the tutor, maintain the room
temperature.
2. Power should be 230 VAC ± 10%.
3. Room environment should be dust proof and humidity free.
CALCULATION
Frequancy x Diameter of disc
RPM = No . of Teeth
Diameter of Disc = 60 mm
No. of teeth = 8 No.s
1 1000
Frequency = Div . x TimeBase =  3.75  = 266.66 Hz
266 .66 x 4
RPM = 8 = 1999

SENSOR :- Opto coupler sensor for measurement of RPM.

THEORY : - When a current carrying conductor is placed in magnetic

field such that the field is at right angle to the direction of the
current, an electric field is produced in the conductor at right
angles to both the current and the magnetic field.

CONTROL POTS
* Zero adjustment trimpot

* Span adjustment trimpot

               

18
   OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No. No. of Div. Time Calculated Display RPM % Error

Base RPM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

19
 EXPERIMENT NO. 4

AIM : - Study of VELOCITY MEASUREMENT TUTOR and to perform

experiment to determine percentage error.

SPECIFICATIONS & TOP PANEL DESCRIPTION

Range : 2.35 meter/sec

Display : 31/2 Digit LED
Inputs : Velocity Transducer
Single turn pot : Motor speed control Adjustment pot
ON/OFF Switch : To ON/OFF the system
Fuse : 0.1 milli. amp.
Light LED : Indicates the power supply the switch is in ON
position.
Teat point : a) Display card supply +5V
There are two terminals :
Red : +5V
Black : Gnd.
b) Signal conditioner card supply +12V
There are two terminals for :
Red : +12V
Black : Gnd.
c) Sensor output to CRO
Red : High
Black : Low
d) Analogue output to measure multimeter and
CRO 2 Volt maximum range.
Red : High
Black : Low
All the points can be measured through multimeter/ or CRO.

20
OPERATING PROCEDURE

1. Connect the velocity sensor at the 9 pin connector.

2. Power ON the switch.
3. Give 5 min. time to stabilize the instrument.
4. Display show 0000 reading.
5. Motor rotated by single turn pot. Motor speed control pot
rotated minimum to maximum. Maximum velocity
2.35meter/sec.

PRECAUTIONS

1. To get good performance from the tutor, maintain the room

temperature.
2. Power should be 230 VAC ± 10%.
3. Room environment should be dust proof and humidity free.

CALCULATION

Frequancy x Circumference of Disc

Velocity = No. ofPules ( No. ofmagnets)

Diameter of Disc = 0.120 meter

Circumference of the disc = π x Diameter of the disc  = 0.377

21
No. of teeth = 16

1 1 x 1000
Frequency = Div . x TimeBase  = 2 x 5  = 100 Hz

Frequancy x Circumference of Disc

Velocity = No. ofPules ( No. ofmagnets)

100 x 0 .377
Velocity of Disc = 16  2.35 meter/sec

SENSOR :- Velocity Transducer Magnetic sensor UGM 3140 for

measurement of Velocity.

THEORY : - When a current carrying conductor is placed in magnetic

field such that the field is at right angle to the direction of the
current, an electric field is produced in the conductor at right
angles to both the current and the magnetic field.
CONTROL POTS

22
 * Zero adjustment trimpot
* Span adjustment trimpot

OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No. No. of Time Calculated Velocity Display % Error

Div. Base Velocity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

23
 EXPERIMENT NO. 5
AIM : - Study of WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENT TUTOR and to
perform experiment to determine percentage error.
SPECIFICATIONS & TOP PANEL DESCRIPTION
Range : 200 mm
Resolution : 1 mm
Excitation : 2 volt rms, 5 Khz sine wave
Analogue output : 2 volt FSD
TOP PANEL
Display : 31/2 Digit LED
Inputs : Water level sensor
Zero Pot : For Zero adjustment
Span Pot : Provided for calibration
ON/OFF Switch : To ON/OFF the system
Fuse : 0.5 milli. amp.
Light LED : Indicates the power supply the switch is in
ON position.
Teat point : a) Display card supply ±5V
There are three terminals :
Red : +5V
Black : - 5V
Green : Common
b) Signal conditioner card supply ±12V
There are three terminals for :
Red : +12V
Black : -12V
Green : Common
c) Analogue output 2 volt full scale display
Red : +ve
Black : -ve
d) Water level sensor input point, when the  
system is in off position, you can measure the
capacitance of the water level.

24
All the points can be measured through multimeter/ or CRO.
OPERATING PROCEDURE
1. Connect the water level sensor at the 9 pin connector.
2. Power ON the switch.
3. Give 5 min. time to stabilize the instrument.
4. Keep the sensor in the water tank. The water level in the tank
should be at Zero.
5. Display shows 0000 reading if not then adjust by zero control
trimpot.
6. Now raise the water level upto200mm. Display show 200 mm
reading if not then adjust by span control trimpot.
7. Check the zero and span two or three time, if any error then
adjust accordingly.
8. Now take reading at different points.
PRECAUTIONS
1. To get good performance from the tutor, maintain the room
temperature.
2. Power should be 230 VAC ± 10%.
3. Room environment should be dust proof and humidity free.
SENSOR :- Water level transducer for measurement of water level.
THEORY : - The water level is on the principal of Capacitive type.
Measuring Range : 200 mm
Compatibility : With all non-corrosive fluids
Construction : Brass
Energizing Frequency : 2 v RMS, 5 KHz Sine wave
These transducers are well suited for static as well as dynamic
measurement of water level.
CONTROL POTS
* Zero adjustment trimpot
* Span adjustment trimpot

25
 OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No. Reading on Display % Error

Reading mm
Water Tank Scale
mm
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

26
                             EXPERIMENT NO. 6

AIM : - Study of TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT TUTOR and to

perform experiment to determine percentage error.

SPECIFICATIONS & TOP PANEL DESCRIPTION

Range : 1000C
Resolution : 0.10C
Display : 31/2 Digit LED
Inputs : RTD Sensor
Zero Pot : For Zero adjustment
Span Pot : Provided for calibration
ON/OFF Switch : To ON/OFF the system
Fuse : 0.5 milli. amp.
Light LED : Indicates the power supply the switch is in
ON position.
Teat point : a) Display card supply ±5V
There are three terminals :
Red : +5V
Black : - 5V
Green : Common
b) Signal conditioner card supply ±12V
There are three terminals for :
Red : +12V
Black : -12V
Green : Common
c) Analogue output 2 volt full scale display
Red : +ve
Black : -ve
d) Water level sensor input point, when
the   system is in off position, you can

27
 measure the resistance of the RTD.
All the points can be measured through multimeter/ or CRO.

OPERATING PROCEDURE

1. Connect the RTD sensor at the 9 pin connector.

2. Power ON the switch.
3. Give 5 min. time to stabilize the instrument.
4. Give the 00C temperature to the RTD by keeping it into the
ice, adjust the 0.00 reading on the display by adjust through
zero pot.
5. Give the 1000C temperature to the RTD by keeping it into the
boiling water , adjust the 100 0C reading on the display by
adjust through span pot.
6. Keep the RTD in air in room temperature. The indicator will
display room temperature.

PRECAUTIONS
1. To get good performance from the tutor, maintain the room
temperature.
2. Power should be 230 VAC ± 10%.
3. Room environment should be dust proof and humidity free.
SENSOR :- RTD sensor for measurement of temperature.
Range : up to 1000C
THEORY : - RTD resistance convert to temperature.

CONTROL POTS

* 00C (ice point) Zero adjustment trimpot

* 1000C (boiling point) Span adjustment trimpot

OBSERVATION TABLE

28
S.No Resistance Temperature according to Digital Display %
.        Ω Chart 0C Reading 0C Error

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

29
 EXPERIMENT NO. 7

AIM : - Study of DEAD WEIGHT TESTER and to perform experiment to determine

percentage error.

RANGE:-  0 – 50KG/CM2

INTRODUCTION :- This dead weight pressure gauge Tester has a pressure

gauge of 50 kg/cm2. The system is mounted on four screws to adjust the surface
of the instrument to take accurate reading. The system is nickled crome to
protect from rust. The weight are black anodized for long term use.

DETAIL OF PARTS :

1. Pressure pump to give the pressure to the weight.

2. Oil tank to provide oil to the system.
3. Piston lever for the weights.
4. Dial pressure gauge to measure the pressure.
OPERATING PROCEDURE :

1. To place the system at even surface and if not to set the system through
four screws at the platform.
2. To release the right hand “T” and then to release pressure through the
pressure pump.
3. To tight the right hand “T” so that the pressure may not be released.
4. To place the 50 kg weights on the piston leaver.
5. To rotate slight the weight first and then to give pressure through the tank
of pressure pump.
2
6. When the pressure will reach at the 50 kg/cm the weight will be lift on the
piston lever and a red mark will be observed at the bottom of the weights.
7. The pressure will also be observed on the dial of the pressure gauge.
8. Similarly to measure the pressure at 10.20.30,50 the procedure to measure
the pressure will be same and only the respective weights will be placed on
the piston lever.
NOTE :- To release the right hand “T” and then pressure is released through
the pressure pump and put the oil in the tank. Gelesrene oil is to be used.

OBSERVATION TABLE

S.N Weight Pressure gauge Percentage Error

. Reading
Kg/cm2
Kg/cm2
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 8

AIM : - Study of Light Measurement Tutor and to perform experiment.

SPECIFICATIONS & TOP PANEL DESCRIPTION

Display : 31/2 Digit LED
LDR Range : 1000 K. OHM

Photo Cell : 350 mv

TOP PANEL

1. LED Display : 31/2 digit to indicate the LDR and photocell resistance and
millivolt.

2. LED: Indicate the mains supply.

3. Two trim pot: For Zero adjustment.

4. Two trim pot: For span adjustment.

5. Rotary Switch: To select the LDR and photocell.

6. Input : To measure the input of the LDR and photocell.

7. Fuse : 0.5 amp.

8. ON/OFF Switch : To ON/OFF the system
9. Teat point : a) Display card supply ±5V
There are three terminals :
Red : +5V
Black : - 5V
Green : Common
b) Signal conditioner card supply ±12V
There are three terminals for :
Red : +12V
Black : -12V
 Green : Common
c) Analogue output 2 volt full scale display
Red : +ve
Black : -ve
All the points can be measured through multimeter/ or CRO.

EXPERIMENT(A) :- Use of LDR for Light Measurement.

Theory : - Electrical conduction in semiconductor material occurs when free
change carries e.g. electrons are available in the materials when an electrical field
is applied. In certain semiconductors, light energy falling on them is of the correct
order of magnitude to release charge carries that increase flow of current
produced by an applied voltage. The increase of current with increase in light
intensity. Therefore, these semiconductors are called Light Dependant Resister
(LDR). Since Incident light effectively varies their resistance.

Control Pots :

Trimpot for Zero Adjustment.

Trimpot for Span adjustment.

OBSERVATION TABLE

S. LDR Display Reading

No.
K
1. Dark
2. Room Light
3. ON Lamp Light

EXPERIMENT(B) :- Use of Photocell for Light Measurement.

Theory:- Photo voltaic or better – layer cell consists of three layers a base plate B,
a semiconductor layer S, and a thin transparent metal layer T. Proper processing
produces a thin insulating barrier layer between the semiconductor and the metal
layer T. If the light is incident on the barrier layer, an emf is developed across of
base plate and the top metal layer, with the base plate being the positive
terminal. A thin film of platinum is deposited on crystalling selenium with a base
plate of iron.

Control Pots :

Trimpot for Zero Adjustment.

Trimpot for Span adjustment.

OBSERVATION TABLE

S. Photo Cell Sensor Display Reading

No.
mv
1. Dark
2. Room Light
3. ON Lamp Light