Fluid Mechanics

Lecture 1

Dr. M. Coley

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Fluid Characteristics

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 Course Outline & Description
6 lectures
11/2 questions – Paper 1
Textbooks
Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering
Warren L. McCabe, J. Smith & P. Harriot
McGraw-Hill
Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Walter Badger & Julius Banchero
McGraw-Hill
Fluid Mechanics – 9th ed
J.F. Douglas, J. Gasiorek & J. Swaffield
ELBS Longman 3
 What is a Fluid?
 A fluid is a substance that may flow.
 A fluid is a substance that deforms continuously
when subjected to a shear stress.
 Characteristics:
 Its constituent particles may continuously change
their positions relative to one another.
 A fluid offers no lasting resistance to the
displacement of one layer over another.
 If a fluid is at rest, no force tangential to the surface
on which it acts (shear force) can exist in it. 4
 Fluid Characteristics
 Any fluid, no matter how viscous, will flow, even
imperceptibly, when a net shear force is applied.
 A fluid will continue to flow as long as such force is
applied.
 A solid, even if very plastic, will not flow unless a net
shear force exceeds a certain value.

• no relative motion between

T=0 T = Δt fluid and boundary, i.e.,
fluid in contact with lower
plate is stationary,
• fluid in contact with upper
Liquid element 5
plate moves at speed U.
 Solids & Liquids
Liquids:
 Closely spaced molecules with large intermolecular forces
 Retain volume and take shape of container

Gases:
 Widely spaced molecules with small intermolecular forces
 Take volume and shape of container

gas
liquid
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 Fluid Mechanics
Most chemical processes are conducted in the
fluid phase
Reasons:
- cheaper to handle
- easier to react
- easier to transport
Solids often fluidized for easier handling
Fluid Statics
Properties of fluids at rest
Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Dynamics
Properties of fluids in motion7
Fluid Statics?

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Effects of Fluid Dynamics?

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 Fluids & their Properties

A fluid is defined as a substance which deforms

continuously under the action of shearing forces

Shearing force: force that is tangential to the

force on which it acts
- shearing forces cause particles of fluid to change position
- layers of fluid slide over one another, fluid deforms & flow
- fluid offers limited resistance to deforming force

Fluid at Rest
- no shear forces are acting
- forces acting must be perpendicular
to planes they act on 10
 Fluid in Motion

Layers of
fluid slide
over each
other

Fluid under
shear
stress

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Fluids & their Properties cont’d
gases
Fluids both will flow
liquids
All fluids will flow regardless of viscosity
Liquids
• takes shape of container - leaves free space
• Shape will change if shear stress exists
• No stress at ≡M – deforms in response to shear stress
Gases
• Occupy entire container
• Expand continuously unless restrained 12
 Fluid in Motion - Gas
Easy to compress

Large volume change

when pressure changes

Temp. change affects

volume & pressure

No fixed volume

Gas expands to fill

container
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 Comparing Solids & Fluids
Solids
 Displacement of layers
may occur
 ‘Flow’ will not be sustained

 Resist shear forces when

at rest
 Greater the displacement,
greater the forces
resisting displacement
Types of Fluids
 Compressible & Incompressible
 Newtonian & Non-Newtonian
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 Newtonian & Non-Newtonian Fluids

Fluid Layer 1

F F

Fluid Layer 2

 Upper layer moving faster, & will draw lower layer with a force F.
 Lower layer will retard upper layer with equal, opposite force F

Newton’s Hypothesis
For the straight & parallel motion of a given fluid, the tangential stress
between two adjoining layers is proportional to the velocity gradient in
a direction perpendicular to the layers.
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Newtonian & Non-Newtonian Fluids
 ‫ = ح‬F/A ≈ du/dy

‫ = ح‬μ(du/dy)

‫ = ح‬shear stress acting on fluid

 Absolute Viscosity – μ - ratio of shear stress to a velocity gradient
 Kinematic viscosity – ν - ratio of absolute viscosity to density

 Stress – ratio of force to area over which it acts

 Velocity gradient – ratio of increase in velocity to distance
over which increase occurs 16
Newtonian & Non-Newtonian Fluids
Rheology
Science that describes relationship between
shear stress & shear rate of a fluid

Time Independent Fluids

Properties unchanged with length of time force is applied

Newtonian Fluids
• Viscosity independent of rate of shear
• Viscosity independent of magnitude of shear stress
• Fluid viscosity is constant with pressure applied & rate of flow
• Time independent fluid – viscosity unchanged with time of force
• Eg. most fluids, water 17
Newtonian & Non-Newtonian Fluids

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 Non-Newtonian Fluids
Bingham Plastic
 Resist small shear stress
 Flow readily if larger stress is applied
 Flow with large stress is Newtonian
 Eg. toothpaste, jellies

Pseudo-plastic
 Includes most non-Newtonian fluids
 Curve passes through origin but bends downwards
 Fluid more viscous at low shear stress
 Less viscous at high stress
 Attraction between particles diminish - disrupted
 Called shear-thinning fluids 19
 Non-Newtonian Fluids
Dilatant
 Viscosity increases with velocity gradient
 Shear thickening fluids
 Eg. starch suspensions

Time Dependent Flow

 Change in viscosity related to length of time stress is applied

 Thixotropic fluids
- viscosity decrease with time
- fluids expands or structure breaks down
- interaction between particles reduces
- eg. paints
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 Non-Newtonian Fluids
Rheopectic Fluids
 Viscosity increases as shear rate increases
 Behavior is opposite to thixotropic
 Eg: gypsum suspension

Visco-elastic fluids
 Have elastic properties
 Will spring back when stress is released
 Eg: egg white

Fluids return to original behavior on standing

 Discuss implications of fluid behavior on process design

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Time – Dependent Flow

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