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Lecture 1. Basic Concepts and Definitions: Environment Which Includes Electronic Information and Educational Resources, A
Lecture 1. Basic Concepts and Definitions: Environment Which Includes Electronic Information and Educational Resources, A
While the first projects of electronic (online) education had appeared in the world under the
term of “ e-learning ” as early as in the 1990s , they really became a massive phenomenon
only in the mid-2000s. Today, the global e-learning market is estimated at $ 90 billion and
its growth rate exceeds 25% per year.
Over the past 10 years, e-learning and distance learning technology has turned into an
integral part of a number of national educational systems. This trend has not bypassed
Russia.
The Federal Law No. 273-FZ “On Education in the Russian Federation” , which entered
into force in 2012, introduced regulations on the concepts of e-learning and distance
learning technology in the main educational process.
However, in Russia, up until now, public confidence in online learning and readiness of
educational organizations to actively create courses are highly dependent on the
government policy and the availability of official recognition of learning outcomes of such
courses in the composition of educational programs allowing to obtain state diplomas.
This is caused by the lack of conceptual apparatus clearly outlining this area. Exactly for the
reasons of trying to “use the same language” when speaking about online learning, we in
this lecture, will speak in more details about the basic terms and regulatory framework
presently governing integration of the e-learning format into the educational process.
The regulatory definition of e-learning and distance learning technology in the Federal Law
no. 273 reads as follows:
Standards
Some of these terms are defined by GOSTs (sets of technical standards maintained by
EASC operating under the auspices of CIS).
Approved and put in force (for the first time) on December 27, 2006.
The standard sets the basic terms and definitions corresponding to the legal framework and
national standards of the Russian Federation and harmonized with international standards.
Such terms as e-learning, information and communication technology and distance learning
technologies are defined.
While the previously mentioned GOST contains basic terms and definitions, GOST R52657
gives a detailed rubrication and classification of the electronic learning resources.
They have been developed for quite a long time exactly in accordance with this definition
and classification of the electronic learning resources.
Note: An electronic learning resource may include data, information, and the software
necessary for the use in the learning process.
GOST R 53620-2009. Information and communication technologies in education.
Electronic learning resources. General provisions.
It regulates the basic terms and concepts related to electronic learning resources.
This standard establishes general requirements for electronic learning resources (ELRs)
broadly used in information and learning environments: i.e., automated control systems for
educational institutions of all levels of education. This standard is included in the
"Information and communication technologies in education" complex of standards.
This GOST laid the fundamentals of structuring electronic materials; it regulates what can
be considered as an electronic learning resource and how to prepare those; special
attention is paid to the accurate displaying of the resources in various browsers.
At a certain period, the “weight” of a resource was of great importance, since the bandwidth
of Internet lines was quite limited.
The first part of this standard outlines the general approach to quality management and
quality assurance in the field of education, learning, and preparation to it as applied to
information and communication technologies.
It was exactly in this standard that the norms formulated in 273 FZ were implemented,
namely, e-learning and distance learning technologies. The standard establishes
requirements and characteristics in relation to e-learning methodological complexes
connected with teaching aids and intended for studying particular disciplines, educational
modules, and complexes of disciplines, and for mastering learning programs as a whole.
The same standard puts into practice the concept of the “Electronic information and
learning environment” as “a complex of electronic learning resources, means of
information and communication technologies and automated systems necessary to ensure
that students master learning programs in full, regardless of their physical location.”
The special attention is paid in this standard to the concept of electronic educational and
methodological complex, and the detailed interpretation of this concept should not be left
unmentioned. Despite that the concept per say presently remains basically unused, the
determination of its structure, goal setting, and classification to a big extent helps in the
frequent discussions that arise today on what could or could not be considered an e-course
and how to assess the quality of such.
1. The structure and the learning content of ELMC is determined by the specifics of the
levels of learning, requirements of educational programs and other regulatory and
methodological documents.
2. ELMCs could be created for the provision of studying particular disciplines,
educational modules, complexes of disciplines, and to implement learning programs
as a whole.
Part 1
Adaptive teaching technology - the content, pace and sequence of presentation of the
material are "adjusted to the student." The task is to optimize the educational trajectory.
The idea of adaptive and personalized learning has been around for a long time. I would
like to recall the 50s and the "teaching machines" of the psychologist B.F. Skinner. Skinner
created a mechanical box-like device that posed questions to students. Correct answers
were rewarded with new academic material; incorrect - led to a repetition of the old
question. “The student quickly learned to answer correctly,” Skinner noted.
Today, there are many more opportunities for the implementation of such a learning
technology.
The introduction of online courses into the educational process with an adaptive approach
allows you to build an individual educational trajectory of a student, using as much
information as possible about how he (the student) studies the material, and how this
material was studied before him.
Asynchronous learning is "a teaching method in the process of which the contact
between the teacher and the learner takes place with a time delay." We can say that this is
a "student-centered" teaching method. Teachers provide educational material in the form of
online resources, which can be accessed at any convenient time. Students may be given a
time slot during which they must complete all the necessary tasks. This format of training
requires such an organization of online courses in which information on completing
assignments, monitoring the assimilation of the material will not require the intervention and
presence of a teacher.
With blended learning, as the experience of our university shows, interaction with students
is divided into the following stages:
The transition to a blended learning model entails a change in the "functions" of the teacher,
adding, for example, the unexpected at first glance, the role of the scriptwriter-designer of
the material for the preparation and creation of video clips.
One of the varieties of blended learning - " Inverted class » (Flipped Class) . In this case,
students should familiarize themselves with the lesson materials in advance, before meeting
in the classroom. The requirements for organizing the material of online courses can be
somewhat relaxed, since the teacher answers the questions that arise in preparation for the
lesson in the classroom. In this case, the frequency of meetings and their uniformity are
important in order to avoid "accumulation of unresolved problems."
It should be noted that the introduction of online courses in the educational process affects
not only the change in the role of the teacher, new requirements are also imposed on the
student.
Thus, the updated standard for students of the International Society for the Promotion of
Technology in Education , published in June 2016 , contains the following requirements:
Students should use technological tools in the learning process and also
“personalize the learning space to deepen knowledge”.
Students must understand the specifics of learning in the digital world and act only in
safe and legal ways.
When studying the material, the student must think critically.
It is important not only to study existing materials, but also to be able to “solve
problems by creating new solutions”.
It is obvious that it is the introduction of modern educational technologies that allows the
most effective implementation of these requirements.
It is obvious that the effectiveness of using online courses in the educational process
depends not only on the correct setting of e-learning goals, but also on the possibility of
achieving these goals using a specific toolkit. Typically, this toolkit is a distance learning
system (LMS, e-Learning Management System ), implemented on one of the possible
technological "engines".
There are new, increasingly used - these are "educational platforms". An educational
platform is already a kind of online service that allows various participants to post
educational materials, build personalized learning paths, and store information on the
results of mastering disciplines.
The most famous educational platforms are Coursera , the National Open Education
Platform, Universarium, Netology.
At the end of the topic, I would like to say a few more words about the forms of submitting
material for online courses, both familiar and new.
Digital storytelling combines storytelling with digital content - animation, photo, audio, video
- to achieve the goal of learning through storytelling.
Digital storytelling tools range from the ability to create visual storytelling to the ability to
leverage online museum collections.
MOOC. History
The concept of "Massive open online course " is becoming more and more active in
everyday life , and some time ago this phrase was not very popular.
It all began in 2001 year when the Massachusetts Institute of Technology posted for free on
the Internet all their training materials
In 2011, Sebastian Troon, a Stanford professor, posted and ran a free course on artificial
intelligence on the Internet.
160 thousand people from 190 countries became Trun's students . In 2012, Troon
became the founder of the online education platform Udacity.
This is just one of the most striking examples of this period. However, what was happening
was the reason that 2011 was declared the year of open distance courses (сMOOC -
connective Massive Open On-line Course).
In 2012 , MIT introduced its first massive open online course , Circuitry and Electronics. You
could enroll in the course without any admission requirements.
MOOCs naturally have both supporters and opponents. One of the arguments “against” is
always the information that the percentage of those who have completed the course is very
low. I would like to answer this with the words of Anant Agrawal, head of the MIT program
"Circuitry and Electronics". In response to such criticisms, he noted: " If you look at the
number of people taking this course in absolute terms, it will correspond to the number of all
students who could take this course at MIT in 40 years . "
MOOC. Definition
The massive open online course is hosted on an educational platform that provides access
to it in 24x7 format and without any restrictions.
Inconnectionwiththat,I Such courses allow the learner to choose their own pace of learning,
learn at any time, and, which is not unimportant, choose the moments when there is a
desire to learn.
Training on the courses is free, but in order to receive a document (certificate), in electronic
form, confirming the learning results, it is necessary not only to fulfill all the requirements of
the course assessment system, but also to pay for the opportunity to enter the final
trajectory for passing the test.
The cost of the certificate is different. So, for example, on the National Portal "Open
Education" today a certificate for individuals costs 1,800 rubles, and for legal entities (in the
case of, for example, a network agreement with an organization) 1,000 rubles.
Massive open online courses are hosted on various educational platforms. The main
requirements for such platforms can be formulated as:
1. platform availability;
2. platform performance;
3. support by the platform of a minimum set of API functions;
4. support for pass-through authentication based on accounts;
5. Availability of published minimum technical requirements and requirements for user
software versions supported by the platform.
Coursera
The platform was launched in 2012. It is focused primarily on those who want to
independently improve their professional skills, expand their ideas about a particular area of
knowledge, and increase their attractiveness in the eyes of serious employers.
Not only educational institutions, but also leading cultural organizations cooperate with
Coursera. Training on the courses is free, only access to books and obtaining a certificate
are paid.
Lectorium
1. The media library is a collection of video lectures by the best Russian lecturers. All
materials are published only by agreement with lecturers and educational
institutions. Access to the library is free and free.
2. MOOC (Massive Online Open Course) is a new generation of online
courses. Initially, the courses hosted at the Lectorium were mainly aimed at
schoolchildren and applicants.
All courses hosted on the platform are developed in accordance with the requirements of
federal state educational standards and meet the requirements for learning outcomes of
educational programs implemented in universities.
Upon completion of training, the student can receive a certificate. In order to be able to final
testing, it is necessary to fulfill the requirements of the assessment system established in
the course and make payment.
COURSERA https://www.coursera.org/
Computer science
Data science
Information Technology
Social sciencies
Natural and technical sciences
...
There are both paid and free courses. it is possible to obtain a platform certificate. There is
a possibility of specialization (a set of courses related to one topic). Courses are available in
Russian, English and many other languages. Many well-known world Universities (over
150) are Coursera partners. To date, the portal has trained more than 25 million people
from all over the world.
Udacity is a platform for the IT pros of the future, created by the IT people of the past and
supported by the IT people of the present. It originated from one of the Stanford
programs. Course materials are provided by leading experts from companies such as
Google and Facebook. To make learning easy, Udacity brings together materials,
professional teachers, actors and editors, turning them into short, interesting, easy-to-digest
videos. The spectrum of what is taught is very diverse.
There are paid courses and free courses. There are no restrictions on free courses! Paid -
sometimes some experience / education is required.
Tuition fees range from $ 20 to $ 200 per month, depending on the course.
Business;
Technologies;
Fashion and Style;
Foreign languages
Mathematics and Science;
Life style.
Preparation for exams
Personal growth
...
Part 2
EDx Platform https://www.edx.org/
The goal of the EDX project is to create an open and free platform for distance education for
free education for everyone. This project contains online courses, the content of which
corresponds to the highest university level and is designed for an international audience.
The founders of the project consider the transformation of quality education into an elite
one as their main task . Intellectuals should emerge from their “virtual walls”, and any
employer would consider it an honor to hire them. Therefore, EDX courses have very strict
requirements and a high dropout rate. Only 5% of graduates remain from the entire mass
of those who entered the first year.
Khan Academy https://www.khanacademy.org/
The platform is named after Khan Salman. An American of Bengali descent, he quietly
worked as a stock analyst, until in 2006 he decided to help his relative Nadia with
mathematics.
He recorded videos on YouTube. Content suddenly became so popular that Salman quit his
job and started an online academy. As of 2017, this YouTube channel has over three
million subscribers.
The platform has over a hundred teachers from all over the world. Among them are school
teachers, university professors, as well as experts from various fields.
COURSERA https://www.coursera.org/
There are both paid and free courses. it is possible to obtain a platform certificate. There is
a possibility of specialization (a set of courses related to one topic). Courses are available in
Russian, English and many other languages. Many well-known world Universities (over
150) are Coursera partners. To date, the portal has trained more than 25 million people
from all over the world.
Udacity is a platform for the IT pros of the future, created by the IT people of the past and
supported by the IT people of the present. It originated from one of the Stanford
programs. Course materials are provided by leading experts from companies such as
Google and Facebook. To make learning easy, Udacity brings together materials,
professional teachers, actors and editors, turning them into short, interesting, easy-to-digest
videos. The spectrum of what is taught is very diverse.
There are paid courses and free courses. There are no restrictions on free courses! Paid -
sometimes some experience / education is required.
Tuition fees range from $ 20 to $ 200 per month, depending on the course.
Business;
Technologies;
Fashion and Style;
Foreign languages
Mathematics and Science;
Life style.
Preparation for exams
Personal growth
...
Part 2
EDx Platform https://www.edx.org/
The founders of the project consider the transformation of quality education into an elite
one as their main task . Intellectuals should emerge from their “virtual walls”, and any
employer would consider it an honor to hire them. Therefore, EDX courses have very strict
requirements and a high dropout rate. Only 5% of graduates remain from the entire mass
of those who entered the first year.
Khan Academy https://www.khanacademy.org/
The platform is named after Khan Salman. An American of Bengali descent, he quietly
worked as a stock analyst, until in 2006 he decided to help his relative Nadia with
mathematics.
He recorded videos on YouTube. Content suddenly became so popular that Salman quit his
job and started an online academy. As of 2017, this YouTube channel has over three
million subscribers.
The platform has over a hundred teachers from all over the world. Among them are school
teachers, university professors, as well as experts from various fields.
NMC (The New Media Centers) reports have been issued since 2002 and are recognized
by scientists and practitioners around the world.
All activities of the university should be aimed at the formation of a successful student
personality. To do this, according to the researchers, it is necessary to define clear goals
and objectives, create the necessary organizational support structures, train teachers in
digital technologies in pedagogy, and revise curricula and student assessment systems.
2. Teaching students real practical skills will help them in future employment, and will also
improve their professional qualifications
Entering the university, students expect that higher education will help them get a decent
job in their profession and the necessary amount of knowledge for career growth. However,
the situation with yesterday's university graduates suggests otherwise. According to a 2016
sample survey by Rosstat, unemployment among university graduates in 2015 is five times
higher than unemployment in the country as a whole.
NMC researchers draw attention to the fact that this is a signal to universities about the
need to radically revise the educational program, focus on transferring deeper theoretical
knowledge to students, and also pay considerable attention to practice using modern
technology.
Many universities enter into cooperation not only with foreign higher education institutions
(for example, an interdisciplinary research project of the University of Copenhagen and
representatives from Germany, China, the USA and Denmark on molecular prediction of
cancer risk and its progression, or a memorandum of understanding on research
cooperation between NRU-HSE and Seoul National University (SNU)), but also find
partners within the country. A good example of such a country alliance is the Institutional
Cooperation Committee, which includes 12 research universities in the US Midwest
(University of Chicago; University of Illinois; Indiana University; University of Iowa;
University of Michigan; Michigan State University; University of Minnesota; Northwestern
University; Ohio State University; Pennsylvania State University; Purdue
University; University of Wisconsin-Madison).
Part 2
4. Despite the widespread adoption of technologies and materials for online learning, they are still
not available to everyone
A key problem around the world, including Russia, is that not all population groups have the
same access to the Internet and may be limited in their development
opportunities. According to the International Telecommunication Union, 47.9% of the world's
population uses the Internet.
The largest number of people with Internet access is traditionally in developed countries
(81%), in developing countries this number is 40%, in the least developed countries - only
15%. In the Russian Federation, 59.6% of the population (87.5 million people) have access
to the Internet.
Another important factor is data transfer speed. Only 12 people out of 100 in Russia have
access to high-speed Internet, which is 2.5 times less than in the United States (based on
data from the Google Public Data Explorer platform; ICT statistics collected by ITU in 200
countries of the world for the period from 1960 to 2013 years). The situation is even worse
in Africa, Asia-Pacific, North and South America and the Arab region, where Internet speeds
hover around 2 Mbps.
6. In order to feel free in the digital world, it is not enough just to be able to use technology
In the history of mankind, until now, there has been no greater impact on the behavior and
identification of an individual, regardless of country or culture, than the cumulative effect of
digital technologies. The consequences of this shift in society are enormous and, in
particular, are the founders of key changes in human life.
But in the world of digital and technological opportunities, it is not enough to be able to use
technology, it is important to understand how technology can improve your life, increase
professional opportunities and do your job well. Universities need to develop students' deep
understanding of digital environments, the ability to intuitively adapt to new conditions and
create new content.
Teaching students to live in the era of rapidly developing digital technologies, however, as
well as to understand their own strategy for behavior in the digital world, is one of the most
difficult challenges for higher education leaders.
7. The effectiveness of online learning, as well as mobile and blended learning, is beyond
question
Online education is the greatest discovery in higher education. While universities compete
for every student, educational platforms are gaining millions of listeners. According to the
results of the Class Central study in 2016, educational platforms were represented by more
than 700 universities, 6850 courses, and 58 million students were trained on
them. According to the College Data website, the average university has between 5,000
and 15,000-20,000 students, the Coursera educational platform 23 million students, EdX 10
million, XuetangX (the first non-English language platform to be included in the top 5
leading MEPs in the world) 6 million. FutureLearn - 5.3 million, Udacity - 4 million.
It is absolutely useless for universities to compete with the MEP. Online courses enable
students to choose what they like and gain knowledge in a short period of time, anywhere,
for less money. Also, online learning gives a feeling of freedom and control over the process
of their development, which is one of the key motivators in obtaining the desired result. That
is why universities should include in the educational process the possibility of integrating the
MEP with the curriculum. We are already seeing very interesting developments focused on
educational markets that have not yet been reached, as exemplified by the Federal
Polytechnic School in Lausanne, which initiated the creation of MOOCs for French-speaking
African countries; participation of the Spanish portal Miriada X in Latin America and
"Globalization OpenupEd",
The presence of such advanced technological solutions as online education, blended and
mobile learning at the university is, in fact, a key factor in the success of the university. If the
university lacks an effective strategy for integrating these approaches, we can say that such
a university has no future. At the same time, it is necessary to monitor the impact of
educational technologies on learning outcomes, which will show the effectiveness of each
of them in a specific situation.
Part 4
8. Educational ecosystems must be flexible enough to accommodate entirely new learning methods
The effective integration of technologies into the educational process has a positive effect
on the dynamics of students' development and stimulates interest in acquiring
knowledge. However, the right environment must be prepared for the introduction of
technology and new teaching methods.
Educators using tools and platforms such as learning management systems often strive to
come up with new combinations of different learning components, such as open content or
educational applications. The key problem here is the unpreparedness of the educational
system to accept new teaching methods. One of the possible solutions is the creation of a
flexible educational environment in which there will be a place for the creative beginning of
teaching.
Stampede2 was presented on July 28, 2017 and was immediately named the most powerful
supercomputer on the territory of academic institutions in the United States, and also took
12th place in the world ranking. Its capacity reaches 100,000 desktops.
We start learning at an increasingly early age, do not stop at maturity, and continue into old
age.
Trend number 3 - traditional lecture training will give way to project and problem-oriented
Lecture-based teaching has dominated for 1,000 years as a successful scale-up model to
meet the massive demand for skilled professionals. At the same time, individual project
training has always remained expensive and not readily available, since it is based on
mentoring. Mentoring is difficult to scale, so it has always been a bottleneck that has held
the market back
Project-based education fully meets the requirements of our time, so its share will grow, up
to the full extrusion of the classical university model.
Individual training, based on an individual plan and the availability of mentors for everyone,
will gradually replace mass boxed education.
The project was implemented in order to help understand which industries will be actively
developing, which new technologies, products, management practices will be born in them,
and which new specialists will be required by employers.
Media reaction "It is time for journalists, notaries and librarians to urgently change their
profession and retrain, for example, to a gardener who breaks up front gardens on the roofs
of skyscrapers. The Moscow School of Management Skolkovo and experts from the Agency
for Strategic Initiatives presented the Atlas of New Professions." which professions will
actively develop in the coming decades, and which ones can be given up. "
“In general, the Atlas of New Professions is an attempt to create a new career guidance tool
that will open the eyes of schoolchildren, parents and working people whose professions
are becoming obsolete. Because you need to understand what you want to do in the future
and start changing today ... An important thing to understand: about 90% of the professions
will retain their names, but the tasks will change dramatically .... Today's milling cutter would
be called an engineer 20 years ago - the very concept of a “working profession” is
developing.
Blue and white collars begin to mix up a lot. stands still, then his unique competence slides
down, and the market will soon push him out.
My favorite example: The Associated Press put a robot on writing notes on financial
statements. And it turns out better: there is no human factor, the program makes fewer
mistakes and makes everything faster. And whoever writes first, everyone refers to
that. Therefore, the journalist who dealt with these notes remains unemployed. Simple, non-
author journalism is most likely a dying profession: on the one hand, a lot will be automated,
and on the other, everyone will become journalists in one way or another. "
Gamification is the process of using gaming techniques and motivating listeners in non-
gaming processes.
As we said in previous lectures, "The system of" professions for life "is dead. It will never
happen again that a person at the age of 17 chose what to do, once learned and all his life
does what he learned." (Andrey Zorin, professor at Oxford University and Russian State
University for the Humanities)
Today there is an opinion that: “In our time, it is possible to state the crisis of education,
both ideological (it is not clear what needs to be taught, and that the student himself will
Google when needed) and instrumental - it is not clear how to teach in new educational
environments. training has gained in mass, but lost in efficiency. More often than not, it's
just boring. "
There are services that combine learning with entertainment, this approach is
called Edutainment .
Modern online services are abandoning the paradigm of a unified educational program as a
"educational pipe" that the user must go through from start to finish. Online, the user is less
focused and has more freedom of choice than a student who pays for a teacher's time or a
specific course.
But online testing is much easier and more convenient. Depending on how successfully one
or another section has been mastered, the student can be directed along different
trajectories.
In the modern world, a student needs feedback much more often, in almost real time he
wants to understand whether he is making progress today, what has changed compared to
yesterday.
This is where gamification comes to help the user (for example - see above - traveling along
different trajectories / levels).
So, how can you build a learning process if you "use" the elements of gamification:
Competition --- Winning Conditions ---- Leadership Table ---- Awards ---- Social Interaction
---- Status
Examples of
1. An example of using gamification for almost any community-driven site:
Reward the user right after registration - he deserves it. Give him his first badge and
some on-site currency so he can try the benefits of higher status.
Encourage useful user actions - give more points for actions useful for the
development of the site - if the Q&A section is poorly filled on the site - give twice the
points for questions and answers there.
Use rewards - from on-site currency and badges to completely material gifts.
Maintain the ratings of the most active users, give them more authority on the site.
Encourage social connections between users - and users will come back for
communication and bring their friends.